Dr Hannah Reid, consultant with the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) CBA7, Dhaka Bangladesh 21-25 April 2013

1. Integrating CBA and Ecosystem-
based Approaches to Adaptation
(EbA) into adaptation
planning, programming and
implementation:
Key issues and challenges
Dr Hannah Reid, consultant with the
International Institute for Environment
and Development (IIED)
CBA7 – 23 April 2013

3. Key issues and challenges
1. What are the key considerations for designing and implementing integrated CBA-EbA
approaches?
2. What are the co-benefits and costs (social, economic, environmental) of integrated CBA-EbA?
3. How can trade-offs (social versus economic versus environmental, or management at
different timescales and geographical scales) be identified and managed?
4. How can we ensure CBA-EbA projects benefit the most vulnerable?
5. How can top-down and bottom-up approaches be combined in CBA-EBA planning? How can
we ensure that activities are community-driven and that genuine community participation
occurs whilst nesting activities within a broader supportive policy, institutional and planning
framework?
6. What M&E tools are available to help demonstrate impact and measure emerging
social, economic and environmental costs and benefits?
7. What could an integrated CBA-EbA planning and implementation framework look like
structured, for example, around the four components of the EbA Decision Support
Framework (Travers et al. 2012)?
8. How can we use pilot projects to improve the evidence base regarding conditions for the
success or otherwise of EbA-CBA approaches?
9. What institutional and policy related issues need addressing for the effective upscaled
adoption of CBA-EbA principles into relevant national/local adaptation policies and broader
national planning frameworks?

4. Characteristics
Passive participation People are told what is going to happen or has already happened. Such
unilateral announcements do not listen to people’s responses.
Participation in
information giving
People answer questions posed by extractive researchers. They cannot
influence proceedings and research findings may not even be shared with
them.
Participation by
consultation
People are consulted, but external professionals largely define both problems
and solutions. Decision-making is not shared, and professionals are under no
obligation to take on board people’s views.
Participation for
material incentives
People provide resources, for example labour, in return for food, cash or other
material incentives.
Functional
participation
People form groups to meet predetermined objectives related to the project.
Such involvement tends to be during later project cycle stages after major
decisions have been made.
Interactive
participation
People participate in joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the
formation of new local institutions or the strengthening of existing ones. These
groups take control over local decisions so people have a stake in maintaining
emerging structures or practices.
Self-mobilisation People take initiatives independent of external institutions. They develop
contacts with external institutions for the resources and technical advice they
need, but retain control over how resources are used.
Source: adapted from Adnan et al. (1992)

5. Source: Spearman and McGray (2011)

6. Characteristics of high adaptive capacity at the local level from the ACCRA Local
Adaptive Capacity Framework (Jones et al. 2010)
Asset base Availability of key assets that allow the system to
respond to evolving circumstances
Institutions and
entitlements
Existence of an appropriate and evolving institutional
environment that allows fair access and entitlement to
key assets and capitals
Knowledge and
information
The system has the ability to collect, analyse and
disseminate knowledge and information in support of
adaption activities
Innovation The system creates an enabling environment to foster
innovation, experimentation and the ability to explore
niche solutions in order to take advantage of new
opportunities
Flexible forward-looking
decision-making and
governance
The system is able to anticipate, incorporate and
respond to changes with regards to its governance
structures and future planning

7. Modular approach to EBA Decision Support Framework
Source: Travers et al. 2012