Gene regulation foundin all steps of gene expression in prokaryotes
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(Simmons MJ and Snustad DP, 2010)
10.
What is “Operon”?
•Bacterial gene organization
•Cluster of genes under the control of the same promoter and operator
•Promoter, operator & structural gene(s)
•In E.coli 25 operons controlling 250 genes
•Inducible & Repressible operons
•Lac operon and Trp operon
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Inducible & repressibleoperons
•Defined by the response of operon to metabolite
(small molecule)
Adapted from :http://www.bx.psu.edu/~ross/workmg/PosNegCntrlCh15.htm
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Type of operon
Presence of metabolite
Effect on operon
Example
Inducible
Lactose
ON
Lac operon
Repressible
Tryptophan
OFF
Trp operon
Terminology (II)
•Operator:เป็นตาแหน่ง DNA sequence ที่ให้
regulatory protein เข้ามาจับ •Inducer : โมเลกุลของสารที่เหนี่ยวนาให้เกิดการ
แสดงออกของยีน •Repressor: โปรตีนที่เข้าจับกับส่วน operator แล้วยับยั้ง
กระบวนการ transcription
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17.
Lac operon
•F.Jacop and J. Monod (1961)
•Inducible operon (inducer: allolactose)
•Enzyme synthesis for lactose metabolism
(-galactosidase)
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http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/micro229/terry/229sp00/lectures/regulation.html
18.
Components of lacoperon
•Regulatory gene (I or lac I gene)
•Promoter gene (P or lac P gene)
•Operator gene (O or lac O gene)
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19.
Components of lacoperon (II)
•Structural genes
- lac Z gene: ควบคุมการสร้างเอนไซม์ -galactosidase
- lac Y gene: ควบคุมการสร้างเอนไซม์ permease เพื่อช่วย
ในการ pump lactose เข้าเซลล์
- lac A gene ควบคุมการสร้างเอนไซม์ transacetylase
19
20.
Components of lacoperon
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http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-23/23_02.jpg
21.
Gene regulation inlac operon
•Negative regulation
- repressor protein
•Positive regulation
- presence or absence of glucose
- การทางานของโปรตีนควบคุม CAP (Catabolic
Activator Protein)
- Active form: CAP-cAMP
21
22.
Negative regulation oflac operon
•Absence of lactose but presence of glucose
Lac I สร้าง repressor protein ไปจับบริเวณ operator
Inhibit transcription and translation of lac ZYA
-galactosidase
22
23.
Negative regulation oflac operon
•Presence of lactose but absence of glucose
Inducer binds with repressor protein & inhibit repressor
binding with lac O
Transcription of lac ZYA -galactosidase
Lactose analog
เช่น IPTG
(isopropyl thiogalactoside)
Inducer
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Summary of lacoperon
Glucose
cAMP
Lactose
Expression of lac operon
+
-
No mRNA
+
+
Slow mRNA synthesis
-
-
No mRNA
-
+
Rapid mRNA synthesis
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Adapted from : http://biocadmin.otago.ac.nz/fmi/xsl/bioc2/learnbitsdetail.xsl?-db=BIOC2web.fp7&-lay=AllFieldsLayout&- max=100&RecID=158&-find
•Negative regulation: lac repressor
•Positive regulation: CAP-cAMP
• glucose cAMP
31.
Trp operon
•CharlesYanofsky and his colleaque(1981)
•Repressible operon
•Enzyme for tryptophan synthesis (anabolic pathway)
•Chorismic acid tryptophan
•Controlled by operator and attenuation mechanism
•Repressor protein & corepressor (tryptophan)
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32.
Components of Trpoperon
•Promoter, operator, attenuator (leader region)
•Structural genes
- trp E antranilate synthetase component I
- trp D antranilate synthetase component II
- trp C N-(5’phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate isomerase
Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase
- trp B tryptophan synthase (-subunit)
- trp A tryptophan synthase (-subunit)
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Regulation of trpoperon
Presence of tryptophan
34
Tryptophan binds with inactivate (aporepressor) repressor protein
Active repressor protein binds with operator
Inhibit function of RNA polymerase
No tryptophan synthesis in bacterial cell
35.
Regulation of trpoperon
Absence of tryptophan
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No tryptophan binds with inactivate repressor protein
No active repressor protein binds with operator
No inhibition of RNA polymerase
Tryptophan synthesis in bacterial cell