Regulation of blood glucose is largely done through the endocrine hormones of the pancreas, a beautiful balance of hormones achieved through a negative feedback loop. The main hormones of the pancreas that affect blood glucose include insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and amylin.

1. Mr. Abhijit Bhoyar
Assistant Professor
Department of
Part-III
REGULATION
OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
Child Health Nursing
CARBOHYDRATE
Hormonal Regulation of Blood glucose

2. Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the students will be
able to
• Describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose.
• Explain the regulation of blood glucose.

3. Hormonal Regulation of Blood glucose
There are two categories of endocrine influences.
a) Hormone which will decrease the blood glucose
levels : Insulin
b) Hormones which will increase the blood glucose
levels: Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol and
Glucocorticoids .

4. Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose
• Thyroxine
• Adrenocorticotrop
ic Hormone
(ACTH)
• Growth Hormone
(GH)
• Adrenal medulla -
Epinephrine
• Adrenal cortex -
Cortisol
• Insulin
• Somatostatin
• Glucagon
• Amylin
Hormones
from
pancreas
Hormones
from
adrenal
glands
Hormone
From
Thyroid
Gland
Hormones
from
anterior
pituitary
gland

5. Insulin
• Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells
in the pancreas.
• It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and
fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from
the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by
causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy.
Tissue of Origin- Pancreatic β cells in the islets of
Langherans.

6. Cont….
Metabolic Effect
 Enhances entry of glucose into cells.
 Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion
to fatty acids.
 Enhances synthesis of fatty acids , proteins and nucleic
acids.
 Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids of
adipose tissue into free fatty acids.
Effect on Blood Glucose- decrease .

7. Glucagon
• Glucagon is polypeptide hormone with 29 amino acids.
• It is secreted by the alpha cells of pancrease in
response to hypoglycaemia .
• Glucagon has half- life in plasma at about 4-6
minutes.
• It is inactiveated in the liver.

8. Cont….
• Entero-glucagon is peptide hormone secreted by
duodenal mucosa, having same immunological and
physiological properties of glucagon.
• The major regulator of secretion of glucagon is
glucose.
• Increase blood glucose level inhibits secretion of
glucagon.

10. Somatostatin
• It is also known as growth hormone-inhibiting
hormone (GHIH).
• It is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine
system and affects neurotransmission and cell
proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled
somatostatin receptors.
• Inhibition of the release of numerous secondary
hormones.
• Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

11. Cont…
Tissue of Origin - Pancreatic δ (Delta) Cells
Metabolic Effect -
• Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts
locally).
• Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic
hormones, gastrin and secretin.
Effect on Blood Glucose- decrease

12. Epinephrine
• The second early response hyperglycemic hormone.
• This effect is mediated through the hypothalamus in
response to low blood glucose
• Stimulation of sympathetic neurons causes release
of epinephrine from adrenal medulla .
• Epinephrine causes glycogen breakdown,
gluconeogenesis, and glucose release from the liver.

13. Cont….
• It also stimulates glycolysis in muscle
• Lipolysis in adipose tissue.
• Decreases insulin secretion and Increases
glucagon secretion.
Effect on Blood Glucose- increase

15. Cortisol
Tissue of Origin - Adrenal cortex
• These are long term hyperglycemic hormones
• Activation takes hours.
• Cortisol and GH act to decrease glucose utilization in
most cells of the body.
• Effects of these hormones are mediated through the
CNS.
Metabolic Effect
• Enhances Gluconeogenesis
• Antagonizes Insulin.
Effect on Blood Glucose- increase

16. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Tissue of Origin- Anterior pituitary
Metabolic Effect
• Enhances release of cortisol.
• Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Effect on Blood Glucose- increase

17. Growth Hormone
Tissue of Origin- Anterior pituitary
GH increased cause insulin resistance.
Metabolic Effect - Antagonizes Insulin
Effect on Blood Glucose- increase

18. Thyroxin
Tissue of Origin- Thyroid
Metabolic Effect
• Enhances release of glucose from glycogen.
• Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine
• Effect on Blood Glucose- increase

19. Amylin
• Secreted by pancreatic beta-cells
• An anorectic hormone(Decrease the appetite)
• Works on the brain to stimulate the feeling of satiety.
• This results in decreased gastric motility.
• decrease carbohydrate absorption, and decreased
appetite.
• B cell damage also have amylin deficiency so may
feel hungry more.
Effect on Blood Glucose- decrease

20. Gastrointestinal hormones
• Insulin secretion is enhanced by secretin ,
pancreozymin, and gastrin .
• After taking food , these hormones are increased .
• Proteins and amino acids: leucine and arginine are
stimulants.
• Parasympathetic and beta –adrenergic stimulation
• Glucagon and growth hormone .

21. • Normal blood glucose level is 70 -110 mg/dl in the
fasting state.
This level is maintained by the balance between
glucose entering and leaving the blood.
This balance is managed by hormones – mainly
insulin & glucagon
Cont….

22. Cont….
• Normal blood glucose level (fasting) is 70-100mg/dl
• Post-prandial blood glucose level is 120-140mg/dl.
• Above and below the above level is consider as
abnormal.
• Hyperglycemia - Levels above the normal range
• Hypoglycemia - Levels below the normal range

23. Entry of glucose into blood
Depends on
a) Absorption of glucose from intestine.
b) Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to
glucose)
c) Gluconeogenesis
d) Hyperglycemic hormone – glucagon

24. Leaving of glucose from blood - Depletion
Depends on
a) Utilization of glucose by tissues for energy
b) Glycogenesis – Synthesis of glycogen from glucose)
c) Lipogenesis – conversion of glucose to fat
d) Hypoglycemic hormone - insulin

25. 1) Post prandial
regulation
2) Regulation
in Fasting State
Regulation
Occurs at two levels

26. • After a meal, blood glucose level increases –
secretion of insulin.
• Insulin favours glucose uptake by Increased
peripheral utilization of glucose – by glycogenesis
and lipogenesis
Post Prandial Regulation

28. 2 to 2 & 1/2 hours after a meal ,the blood glucose level
falls below normal- stimulate the secretion of
glucagon.
Glucagon increases blood glucose level by
1) Glycogenolysis
2) Gluconeogenesis
Regulation in Fasting State

29. Blood glucose regulation in fasting state

31. Expected Questions
Short
• Describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose.
• Explain the regulation of blood glucose.

32. THANK YOU