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Hudson River Valley 
GEOG 111 “Regions” Assignment 
Fall 2014
Task 1: Location 
Source: Google earth satellite imagery
Task 1: Map No. 2 
Source: http://www.hvedc.org/webpages/map_of_counties.aspx
Task 1: Map No. 3 
Source: http://hudsonvalleyweather.com/zone-map/
Task 2: Temperature and Precipitation 
The Hudson River Valley generally borders both the Hudson and Mohawk 
rivers. Due to the influence of high insolation levels, correlating high 
temperatures tend to be between the months of April and September. 
Because of its latitude is farther away from the equator the insolation isn’t 
as direct and covers larger areas of land, so an obliquity increase would 
make sense. During the winter months Hudson Valley gets 8-9 hours of 
sunlight a day, 11-12 in the fall and spring months, and 13-15 during the 
summer. The presence of the river contributes to precipitation levels, but 
current climate change factors have made New York as a state much 
warmer and more dry on average. Precipitation levels are higher in the 
summer months. 
Source: http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/calculation-of-solar-insolation
Task 2a & 2b: Climograph 
Source: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html?_page=1&state=NY&stationID=14735
Task 2a & 2b: Climograph 
Source: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KGFL_Normals_1981-2010.pdf
Task 2a & 2b: Climograph 
Source: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KPSF_Normals_1981-2010.pdf
Task 3: Atmospheric Disturbances 
The Hudson River Valley frequently suffers from high winds, 
thunderstorms, and occasional tornadoes. The low pressure 
systems throughout the east coast cause the cold fronts and 
strong winds within the valley. When high pressures create strong 
trade winds in lower atmospheres it creates more instability, which 
can cause discrete thunderstorms that top off into tornadoes in the 
valley. Air masses in this region also have a very large effect on 
atmospheric disturbances. The fact that the estuary acts as an 
inland wetland helps prevent atmospheric disturbances such as 
flooding in this region. 
Source: cbsalbany.com wind patterns and tornado
Task 3: Atmospheric Disturbances 
Source: http://www.cbs6albany.com/shared/weather/images/maps/ClimateData/weather_historical_daily/2012/Sept8_Severe.html
Task 4: Evapotranspiration and Precipitation 
Source: http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/of96395/OF96-395.plate2.pdf
Task 4: Mean Annual Precipitation 
Source: http://www.weather.gov/images/btv/climo/NY_annual_precip.png
Task 4: Mean Annual Evaporation 
Source: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/NCh/images/NCH-40.fig8.gif
Task 4: Net Moisture Regimes 
Source: http://atlas.gwsp.org/atlas/img/map/viwb1_0_wl.png
Task 5: Climate Description 
Hudson Valley is a microthermal Dfb climate because of its warmer 
summers that are above 71.6 degrees while being humid 
continental but with less precipitation in the winters. Precipitation 
levels can go down to less than an inch and max out around 6 
inches, with an average of 2.6 inches. The average temperature is 
about 55 degrees, but in the winter months can get as cold as 18 
degrees. Polar easterlies winds are what contribute to the colder 
weather. 
Source: http://www.cee.cornell.edu/academics/graduate/upload/FinalWindReportSpring2010.pdf
Task 6: Rock Types and Processes 
Hudson River Valley is a physiographic section of the Ridge 
and Valley province, which is part of the Appalachain region. 
The Valley is made up of many different rock types ranging 
the south and eastern edges of New York state, cutting 
through sandstones, redbeds, and gneisses dating back to 
the Triassic and Precambrian eras. Over the centuries and 
through the ice ages the rivers have formed a fjord cut 
caused by glacial erosion. 
Source: http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/valleyandridge/hudsonvalley.htm
Task 6: Rock Types and Processes 
● sandstone - sedimentary 
● redbed - sedimentary 
● gneiss - metamorphic 
Source: http://www.co.dutchess.ny.us/CountyGov/Departments/Planning/nrichapthree.pdf
Task 6: New York State Geologic Map 
Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JY0j7bwFtww/T7Yse-B4ijI/AAAAAAAACRA/HgWAGtfSEaM/s1600/nys.gif
Task 7: Crustal Formation 
The valley is basin within the Canadian 
shield that was subject to jointing. The basin 
was probably caused by lithospheric 
stretching. 
Source: http://einstein.byu.edu/~masong/htmstuff/textbookpdf/C28.pdf 
http://www1.gly.bris.ac.uk/~ibastow/DOCS/Pawlak11.pdf
Task 8: Weathering and mass wasting 
I believe that the hudson valley underwent 
the process of physical weathering, abrasion 
in particular because of the large fjords 
within the valley.
Task 9: Streams, Rivers, and Associated Landforms 
The Hudson river is a graded river and the most 
obvious landform in the Hudson River Valley. The 
Hudson river doubles as both a river and a tidal estuary, 
but is currently suffering major pollution issues draining 
into the Atlantic discharge basin. The spring run-off from 
the estuary contributes to the levels of high precipitation 
in some months and prevents droughts in others. 
Sources: http://www.centralia.edu/academics/earthscience/cheh_geo/lectures/streams.pdf 
http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4923.html
Task 10c: Glacial and periglacial landforms 
A glacial landform in the Hudson River Valley is a 
fjord, formed by flood in which sea extends and fills 
lower reaches of steep valleys. It appeared in this 
region because the glacial trough intersected with 
the ocean, eroding the landscape below sea level. 
Source: Elemental Geosystems book
Task 10c: Glacial and periglacial landforms 
Source: http://hikewestchester.myvolition.com/hudson-highlands-state-park-breakneck-ridge-loop/
Task 11: Soil Regimes 
The Hudson River Valley is a udic soil regime because it can be 
considered a subhumid climate. The specific soil type is alfisols, 
which has a moderate to high amount of base saturation and is 
moderately weathered with an illuviated clay accumulation. It is 
common among high latitudes. If it is supplemented with adequate 
precipitation and temperature it can make agriculture extremely 
active. In this particular area it would be more likely to produce 
grains, hay, and dairy products. 
Sources: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447033&topicorder=11&maxto=13
Task 11: Soil Regimes 
Source: same as slide above
Task 12: Plant and animal regimes 
The Hudson River Valley is known as a biological crossroads for both plants and 
animals. Because of its location it brings together animals of all habitats and houses 
over two thousand species. Specifically, the Valley is ranked in the top four 
drainages 
in the world for turtle species richness. An 
example is the eastern box turtle, pictured to 
the left, which is for the most part New York 
state specific as it needs several different 
types of habitats to live. 
Sources: http://blog.pennlive.com/midstate_impact/2009/05/large_boxturtle.jpg , 
http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrebch3.pdf 
Although the valley isn’t in a 
coastal region, the fact that it doubles as an 
estuary creates housing for many different 
coastal species. Examples of these are the 
blue crab, hudson river water nymph, least 
bittern, and the black-crowned night heron.
Task 12: Plant and animal regimes 
Plant harvesting is somewhat of a problem in the valley. As many plant 
species die out, it is thought that botanical industries and other commercial 
companies are overharvesting plants in the area that they can use to their 
advantage (building canoes, tanning of leather, etc.). With that being said, 
some of the plants that are currently present are the gayfeather, the native 
“pink lady’s sleeper”, hummingbird mint, etc. These are able to survive 
because of the estuary and the inland wetlands of the region as well as the 
good amount of sunlight that stays within the region for most of the year. 
Sources: http://brianaltonenmph.com/6-medical-anthropology/hudson-valley-plant-heritage/, 
http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/June-2010/Habitat-Gardening/
Task 12: Plant and animal regimes 
Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F94QjaUMpO8/TzgzWpZFlyI/AAAAAAAABgU/3WO5ufzd_Ss/s1600/USDA+hardiness+zone+map.jpg 
http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Images/150dpi/NE_reg_150.jpg
Task 13: References 
Task 1: Reference #1: Google earth satellite imagery 
Reference #2: http://www.hvedc.org/webpages/map_of_counties.aspx 
Reference #3: http://hudsonvalleyweather.com/zone-map/ 
Task 2: Reference #1: http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/calculation-of-solar-insolation 
Reference #2: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html?_page=1&state=NY&stationID=14735 
Reference #3: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KGFL_Normals_1981-2010.pdf 
Reference #4: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KPSF_Normals_1981-2010.pdf 
Task 3: Reference #1: cbsalbany.com wind patterns and tornado 
Reference #2: http://www.cbs6albany.com/shared/weather/images/maps/ClimateData/weather_historical_daily/2012/Sept8_Severe.html 
Task 4: Reference #1: http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/of96395/OF96-395.plate2.pdf 
Reference #2: http://www.weather.gov/images/btv/climo/NY_annual_precip.png 
Reference #3: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/NCh/images/NCH-40.fig8.gif 
Reference #4: http://atlas.gwsp.org/atlas/img/map/viwb1_0_wl.png
Task 13: References 
Task 5 Reference #1: http://www.cee.cornell.edu/academics/graduate/upload/FinalWindReportSpring2010.pdf 
Task 6 Reference #1: http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/valleyandridge/hudsonvalley.htm 
Reference #2: 
http://www.co.dutchess.ny.us/CountyGov/Departments/Planning/nrichapthree.pdf 
Reference #3: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JY0j7bwFtww/T7Yse- 
B4ijI/AAAAAAAACRA/HgWAGtfSEaM/s1600/nys.gif 
Task 7 Reference #1: http://einstein.byu.edu/~masong/htmstuff/textbookpdf/C28.pdf 
Reference #2: http://www1.gly.bris.ac.uk/~ibastow/DOCS/Pawlak11.pdf 
Task 8 Reference #1: http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/7-8/1067.full.pdf 
Task 9 Reference #1: http://www.centralia.edu/academics/earthscience/cheh_geo/lectures/streams.pdf 
Reference #2: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4923.html 
Task 10 Reference #1: Elemental Geosystems book 
Reference #2: http://hikewestchester.myvolition.com/hudson-highlands-state-park-breakneck-ridge- 
loop/
Task 13: References 
Task 11 Reference #1: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447033&topicorder=11&maxto=13 
Task 12 Reference #1: http://blog.pennlive.com/midstate_impact/2009/05/large_boxturtle.jpg 
Reference #2: 
http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrebch3.pdf 
Reference #3: http://brianaltonenmph.com/6-medical-anthropology/hudson-valley-plant-heritage/ 
Reference #4: http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/June- 
2010/Habitat-Gardening/ 
Reference #5: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- 
F94QjaUMpO8/TzgzWpZFlyI/AAAAAAAABgU/3WO5ufzd_Ss/s1600/USDA+hardiness+zone+map.jpg 
Reference #6: 
http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Images/150dpi/NE_reg_150.jpg

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Regions assignment geog 111

  • 1. Hudson River Valley GEOG 111 “Regions” Assignment Fall 2014
  • 2. Task 1: Location Source: Google earth satellite imagery
  • 3. Task 1: Map No. 2 Source: http://www.hvedc.org/webpages/map_of_counties.aspx
  • 4. Task 1: Map No. 3 Source: http://hudsonvalleyweather.com/zone-map/
  • 5. Task 2: Temperature and Precipitation The Hudson River Valley generally borders both the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. Due to the influence of high insolation levels, correlating high temperatures tend to be between the months of April and September. Because of its latitude is farther away from the equator the insolation isn’t as direct and covers larger areas of land, so an obliquity increase would make sense. During the winter months Hudson Valley gets 8-9 hours of sunlight a day, 11-12 in the fall and spring months, and 13-15 during the summer. The presence of the river contributes to precipitation levels, but current climate change factors have made New York as a state much warmer and more dry on average. Precipitation levels are higher in the summer months. Source: http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/calculation-of-solar-insolation
  • 6. Task 2a & 2b: Climograph Source: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html?_page=1&state=NY&stationID=14735
  • 7. Task 2a & 2b: Climograph Source: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KGFL_Normals_1981-2010.pdf
  • 8. Task 2a & 2b: Climograph Source: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KPSF_Normals_1981-2010.pdf
  • 9. Task 3: Atmospheric Disturbances The Hudson River Valley frequently suffers from high winds, thunderstorms, and occasional tornadoes. The low pressure systems throughout the east coast cause the cold fronts and strong winds within the valley. When high pressures create strong trade winds in lower atmospheres it creates more instability, which can cause discrete thunderstorms that top off into tornadoes in the valley. Air masses in this region also have a very large effect on atmospheric disturbances. The fact that the estuary acts as an inland wetland helps prevent atmospheric disturbances such as flooding in this region. Source: cbsalbany.com wind patterns and tornado
  • 10. Task 3: Atmospheric Disturbances Source: http://www.cbs6albany.com/shared/weather/images/maps/ClimateData/weather_historical_daily/2012/Sept8_Severe.html
  • 11. Task 4: Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Source: http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/of96395/OF96-395.plate2.pdf
  • 12. Task 4: Mean Annual Precipitation Source: http://www.weather.gov/images/btv/climo/NY_annual_precip.png
  • 13. Task 4: Mean Annual Evaporation Source: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/NCh/images/NCH-40.fig8.gif
  • 14. Task 4: Net Moisture Regimes Source: http://atlas.gwsp.org/atlas/img/map/viwb1_0_wl.png
  • 15. Task 5: Climate Description Hudson Valley is a microthermal Dfb climate because of its warmer summers that are above 71.6 degrees while being humid continental but with less precipitation in the winters. Precipitation levels can go down to less than an inch and max out around 6 inches, with an average of 2.6 inches. The average temperature is about 55 degrees, but in the winter months can get as cold as 18 degrees. Polar easterlies winds are what contribute to the colder weather. Source: http://www.cee.cornell.edu/academics/graduate/upload/FinalWindReportSpring2010.pdf
  • 16. Task 6: Rock Types and Processes Hudson River Valley is a physiographic section of the Ridge and Valley province, which is part of the Appalachain region. The Valley is made up of many different rock types ranging the south and eastern edges of New York state, cutting through sandstones, redbeds, and gneisses dating back to the Triassic and Precambrian eras. Over the centuries and through the ice ages the rivers have formed a fjord cut caused by glacial erosion. Source: http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/valleyandridge/hudsonvalley.htm
  • 17. Task 6: Rock Types and Processes ● sandstone - sedimentary ● redbed - sedimentary ● gneiss - metamorphic Source: http://www.co.dutchess.ny.us/CountyGov/Departments/Planning/nrichapthree.pdf
  • 18. Task 6: New York State Geologic Map Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JY0j7bwFtww/T7Yse-B4ijI/AAAAAAAACRA/HgWAGtfSEaM/s1600/nys.gif
  • 19. Task 7: Crustal Formation The valley is basin within the Canadian shield that was subject to jointing. The basin was probably caused by lithospheric stretching. Source: http://einstein.byu.edu/~masong/htmstuff/textbookpdf/C28.pdf http://www1.gly.bris.ac.uk/~ibastow/DOCS/Pawlak11.pdf
  • 20. Task 8: Weathering and mass wasting I believe that the hudson valley underwent the process of physical weathering, abrasion in particular because of the large fjords within the valley.
  • 21. Task 9: Streams, Rivers, and Associated Landforms The Hudson river is a graded river and the most obvious landform in the Hudson River Valley. The Hudson river doubles as both a river and a tidal estuary, but is currently suffering major pollution issues draining into the Atlantic discharge basin. The spring run-off from the estuary contributes to the levels of high precipitation in some months and prevents droughts in others. Sources: http://www.centralia.edu/academics/earthscience/cheh_geo/lectures/streams.pdf http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4923.html
  • 22. Task 10c: Glacial and periglacial landforms A glacial landform in the Hudson River Valley is a fjord, formed by flood in which sea extends and fills lower reaches of steep valleys. It appeared in this region because the glacial trough intersected with the ocean, eroding the landscape below sea level. Source: Elemental Geosystems book
  • 23. Task 10c: Glacial and periglacial landforms Source: http://hikewestchester.myvolition.com/hudson-highlands-state-park-breakneck-ridge-loop/
  • 24. Task 11: Soil Regimes The Hudson River Valley is a udic soil regime because it can be considered a subhumid climate. The specific soil type is alfisols, which has a moderate to high amount of base saturation and is moderately weathered with an illuviated clay accumulation. It is common among high latitudes. If it is supplemented with adequate precipitation and temperature it can make agriculture extremely active. In this particular area it would be more likely to produce grains, hay, and dairy products. Sources: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447033&topicorder=11&maxto=13
  • 25. Task 11: Soil Regimes Source: same as slide above
  • 26. Task 12: Plant and animal regimes The Hudson River Valley is known as a biological crossroads for both plants and animals. Because of its location it brings together animals of all habitats and houses over two thousand species. Specifically, the Valley is ranked in the top four drainages in the world for turtle species richness. An example is the eastern box turtle, pictured to the left, which is for the most part New York state specific as it needs several different types of habitats to live. Sources: http://blog.pennlive.com/midstate_impact/2009/05/large_boxturtle.jpg , http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrebch3.pdf Although the valley isn’t in a coastal region, the fact that it doubles as an estuary creates housing for many different coastal species. Examples of these are the blue crab, hudson river water nymph, least bittern, and the black-crowned night heron.
  • 27. Task 12: Plant and animal regimes Plant harvesting is somewhat of a problem in the valley. As many plant species die out, it is thought that botanical industries and other commercial companies are overharvesting plants in the area that they can use to their advantage (building canoes, tanning of leather, etc.). With that being said, some of the plants that are currently present are the gayfeather, the native “pink lady’s sleeper”, hummingbird mint, etc. These are able to survive because of the estuary and the inland wetlands of the region as well as the good amount of sunlight that stays within the region for most of the year. Sources: http://brianaltonenmph.com/6-medical-anthropology/hudson-valley-plant-heritage/, http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/June-2010/Habitat-Gardening/
  • 28. Task 12: Plant and animal regimes Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F94QjaUMpO8/TzgzWpZFlyI/AAAAAAAABgU/3WO5ufzd_Ss/s1600/USDA+hardiness+zone+map.jpg http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Images/150dpi/NE_reg_150.jpg
  • 29. Task 13: References Task 1: Reference #1: Google earth satellite imagery Reference #2: http://www.hvedc.org/webpages/map_of_counties.aspx Reference #3: http://hudsonvalleyweather.com/zone-map/ Task 2: Reference #1: http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/calculation-of-solar-insolation Reference #2: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html?_page=1&state=NY&stationID=14735 Reference #3: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KGFL_Normals_1981-2010.pdf Reference #4: http://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/KPSF_Normals_1981-2010.pdf Task 3: Reference #1: cbsalbany.com wind patterns and tornado Reference #2: http://www.cbs6albany.com/shared/weather/images/maps/ClimateData/weather_historical_daily/2012/Sept8_Severe.html Task 4: Reference #1: http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/of96395/OF96-395.plate2.pdf Reference #2: http://www.weather.gov/images/btv/climo/NY_annual_precip.png Reference #3: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/NCh/images/NCH-40.fig8.gif Reference #4: http://atlas.gwsp.org/atlas/img/map/viwb1_0_wl.png
  • 30. Task 13: References Task 5 Reference #1: http://www.cee.cornell.edu/academics/graduate/upload/FinalWindReportSpring2010.pdf Task 6 Reference #1: http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/valleyandridge/hudsonvalley.htm Reference #2: http://www.co.dutchess.ny.us/CountyGov/Departments/Planning/nrichapthree.pdf Reference #3: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JY0j7bwFtww/T7Yse- B4ijI/AAAAAAAACRA/HgWAGtfSEaM/s1600/nys.gif Task 7 Reference #1: http://einstein.byu.edu/~masong/htmstuff/textbookpdf/C28.pdf Reference #2: http://www1.gly.bris.ac.uk/~ibastow/DOCS/Pawlak11.pdf Task 8 Reference #1: http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/7-8/1067.full.pdf Task 9 Reference #1: http://www.centralia.edu/academics/earthscience/cheh_geo/lectures/streams.pdf Reference #2: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4923.html Task 10 Reference #1: Elemental Geosystems book Reference #2: http://hikewestchester.myvolition.com/hudson-highlands-state-park-breakneck-ridge- loop/
  • 31. Task 13: References Task 11 Reference #1: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447033&topicorder=11&maxto=13 Task 12 Reference #1: http://blog.pennlive.com/midstate_impact/2009/05/large_boxturtle.jpg Reference #2: http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrebch3.pdf Reference #3: http://brianaltonenmph.com/6-medical-anthropology/hudson-valley-plant-heritage/ Reference #4: http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/June- 2010/Habitat-Gardening/ Reference #5: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- F94QjaUMpO8/TzgzWpZFlyI/AAAAAAAABgU/3WO5ufzd_Ss/s1600/USDA+hardiness+zone+map.jpg Reference #6: http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Images/150dpi/NE_reg_150.jpg