Recent advances in antibacterials include several newly approved drugs and those in development. Oxazolidinones like linezolid and newer glycopeptides like telavancin are effective against resistant strains. Lipopeptides like daptomycin and ketolides provide alternatives. Newer carbapenems like ertapenem and doripenem have improved properties. The development pipeline remains limited due to high costs and resistance. Future targets may include virulence factors, host pathways, and antimicrobial peptides. Antibiotic stewardship programs aim to optimize use and minimize unintended consequences of resistance development.
All new antibacterial agents which have been approved after the year 2000 have been described along with their mechanism of action, development of resistance, spectrum of activity and the stage of developmental in case of yet to be approved drugs.
Drug resistance has increased significantly over the past decades as various resistance mechanisms have emerged and spread globally. The document discusses the history of drug resistance beginning with penicillin in the 1940s and the subsequent emergence of resistance to various classes of antibiotics. It describes several factors that have led to increased resistance such as inappropriate antibiotic use in medicine, agriculture, and genetically modified crops. Common resistance mechanisms involve production of antibiotic-modifying enzymes like beta-lactamases, altered antibiotic targets, decreased antibiotic permeability, and active efflux of antibiotics. Detection methods for various resistance enzymes and phenotypes like ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases are also summarized.
This document provides information about aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside discovered in 1944. Aminoglycosides contain amino sugars linked to an aminocyclitol ring. They are obtained from soil actinomycetes and include natural antibiotics like streptomycin and gentamicin as well as semi-synthetic derivatives. Aminoglycosides are rapidly bactericidal and concentrate in bacterial cells, where they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. While highly effective, they can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially in high and prolonged doses. Resistance develops through enzymatic modification or decreased antibiotic uptake.
All new antibacterial agents which have been approved after the year 2000 have been described along with their mechanism of action, development of resistance, spectrum of activity and the stage of developmental in case of yet to be approved drugs.
Drug resistance has increased significantly over the past decades as various resistance mechanisms have emerged and spread globally. The document discusses the history of drug resistance beginning with penicillin in the 1940s and the subsequent emergence of resistance to various classes of antibiotics. It describes several factors that have led to increased resistance such as inappropriate antibiotic use in medicine, agriculture, and genetically modified crops. Common resistance mechanisms involve production of antibiotic-modifying enzymes like beta-lactamases, altered antibiotic targets, decreased antibiotic permeability, and active efflux of antibiotics. Detection methods for various resistance enzymes and phenotypes like ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases are also summarized.
This document provides information about aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside discovered in 1944. Aminoglycosides contain amino sugars linked to an aminocyclitol ring. They are obtained from soil actinomycetes and include natural antibiotics like streptomycin and gentamicin as well as semi-synthetic derivatives. Aminoglycosides are rapidly bactericidal and concentrate in bacterial cells, where they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. While highly effective, they can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially in high and prolonged doses. Resistance develops through enzymatic modification or decreased antibiotic uptake.
The document discusses various molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. It describes 3 main categories of resistance mechanisms: 1) preventing access to antibiotic targets through reduced permeability or increased efflux, 2) modifying antibiotic targets by genetic mutation or target protection/modification, and 3) directly inactivating antibiotics through hydrolysis or chemical modification. Recent studies have greatly expanded understanding of resistance genes and mechanisms, which can inform new drug development and clinical use of antibiotics.
The document summarizes antifungal chemotherapy. It discusses the different types of antifungal therapy and the various classes of antifungal agents, including azoles, allylamines, polyenes, pyrimidines, benzofurans, and lipopeptides. It describes the biochemical targets of these agents as inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, squalene epoxidase, membrane sterols, thymidylate synthetase, nucleic acid synthesis, and glucan synthesis. The goal of antifungal therapy is to selectively target differences between fungal and mammalian cells, such as fungal cell membrane ergosterol content and cell wall composition.
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
Pharmacology of cephalosporins, monobactums and carbapenums including their mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects.
The various generations of cephalosporins and their spectrum of action
Principles of antimicrobial therapy - PharmacologyAreej Abu Hanieh
This document discusses antimicrobial therapy and antibiotic selection and use. It provides information on:
- How antimicrobials target biochemical differences between microbes and humans
- Factors to consider when selecting an antibiotic, including the microbe, site of infection, and patient factors
- How bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs work differently
- Key concepts regarding pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs
- Common classes of antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and their mechanisms of action
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including their structure, mode of action, examples, and mechanisms of resistance. It begins by discussing the bacterial cell wall structure and how beta lactams work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Major classes of beta lactams covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Examples such as methicillin, amoxicillin, and imipenem are described. The document also discusses beta lactamase resistance and concludes with a brief overview of classification.
Antimicrobial peptides a novel therapeutic agentkarimbscdu
This document discusses antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are small proteins that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi and cancer cells. AMPs are part of the innate immune system and are produced by all multicellular organisms as a first line of defense. There are several classes of human AMPs including defensins, cathelicidins and histatins. AMPs kill microbes through mechanisms such as disrupting microbial membranes and interfering with intracellular processes. Due to their ability to rapidly kill pathogens, broad activity and modularity, AMPs show promise as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
To understand the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the classification of antimicrobial drugs.
To explain the process of microbial resistance.
To understand the spread of resistant microbes.
Outlines the prevention of microbial resistance.
This document discusses various antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses. It covers major drug classes like azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Key drugs discussed include amphotericin B, which disrupts fungal cell membranes; azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, which inhibit ergosterol synthesis; and echinocandins like caspofungin that target fungal cell wall synthesis. The document provides details on pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, resistance, administration routes and adverse effects of these important antifungal medications.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. It covers natural resistance, acquired resistance, and various resistance mechanisms including biochemical mechanisms like reduced drug entry, efflux pumps, and drug inactivation. It also discusses mutation, gene transfer through transduction, transformation and conjugation, cross resistance, and strategies for preventing drug resistance like prudent antimicrobial use and combination therapy.
FLOW OF THE SEMINAR
1. Definition – antibiotic resistance, Multi-resistance, cross-resistance in antibiotics
2. Evolution of resistance
3. Impact of resistance
4. The scenario of resistance: Global, India
5. Factors causing resistance
6. Mechanisms of resistance: Intrinsic and Acquired
7. Acquired mechanism of resistance
8. Quorum sensing
9. Mechanism of resistance in commonly used antibiotics
10. Methods for determining the resistance
11. Strategies to contain resistance
12. Antibiotic stewardship
13. Role of Pharmacologist
14. Initiatives undertaken by India to control resistance
This document provides an overview of immunomodulators. It begins with definitions of immunity and antigens. It describes the types of immunity and components of the immune system. It then discusses mechanisms of immunomodulation and how drugs can suppress or stimulate the immune response. The document focuses on clinically used immunomodulators, dividing them into immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. Several commonly used immunosuppressants are described in detail, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and toxicities.
This document outlines the course Bio 319: Antibiotics, including the course topics, lecture schedule, assessment breakdown, and course instructor Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh. The course covers the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times to modern developments. It will address bacterial classification, antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance, and applications in human health, agriculture, and livestock production. Lectures and labs will explore antibiotic production, testing, and selection as well as emerging issues like bioterrorism.
- β-Lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. They contain a β-lactam ring structure and inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- Penicillins were the first discovered from the mold Penicillium and include natural penicillin G as well as semi-synthetic derivatives like ampicillin. Cephalosporins were later derived from the fungus Cephalosporium and have greater gram-negative spectrum.
- Carbapenems like imipenem and meropenem have a very broad spectrum including Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to most β-lactamases. Monobactams such as aztre
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
This document discusses the history and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. It begins with an overview and then discusses the history of antibiotic resistance, how it was first observed by Alexander Fleming. It explains intrinsic and acquired resistance in bacteria, how resistance can be transmitted between organisms, and various mechanisms of resistance including efflux pumps, enzymatic inactivation, and modification of drug targets. The document provides specific examples of resistance mechanisms for different classes of antibiotics in various bacterial species.
1. Beta-lactam antibiotics work by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis, disrupting cell wall formation.
2. Bacteria develop resistance to beta-lactams through several mechanisms including beta-lactamase production, modifications of penicillin binding proteins, decreasing outer membrane proteins, and using efflux pumps to export antibiotics.
3. Beta-lactamases are classified into four classes (A-D) based on amino acid sequences and substrate profiles. Class A serine beta-lactamases are commonly found in pathogens and may have extended spectra.
The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are structurally similar to penicillins. They were first isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium and are now produced semisynthetically. Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their antimicrobial spectra and resistance to β-lactamases. They are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. First generation cephalosporins are used for skin infections while third generation agents treat serious infections caused by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and other pathogens. Fourth generation cephalosporins like cefepime are reserved for nosocomial infections with antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics. It describes their structure, including that they contain amino sugars linked to an aminocyclitol ring. Examples are provided such as streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, and gentamicin. Their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria is summarized. Toxicities like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity limit their clinical use to serious infections.
This document discusses various classes of newer antimicrobials that are used to treat resistant bacterial infections. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and modes of resistance for classes such as oxazolidinones, glycopeptides, lipopeptides, ketolides, glycylcyclines, carbapenems, cephalosporins, pleuromutilins, macrocyclic antibiotics, rifamycins, streptogramins, and quinolones. Newer drugs within these classes have improved properties compared to older drugs like having additional mechanisms of action, fewer drug interactions and side effects, and activity against drug-resistant bacteria.
This document discusses guidelines for antibiotic use in periodontal therapy. It provides an overview of different classes of antibiotics including beta lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, nitroimidazoles, lincosamides, macrolides, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides and their mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, indications and toxicity. It covers principles for antibiotic selection including patient factors, microbial profile and achieving sufficient drug concentrations at the site of infection. Guidelines for dosing antibiotics effectively in periodontal therapy are also reviewed.
The document discusses various molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. It describes 3 main categories of resistance mechanisms: 1) preventing access to antibiotic targets through reduced permeability or increased efflux, 2) modifying antibiotic targets by genetic mutation or target protection/modification, and 3) directly inactivating antibiotics through hydrolysis or chemical modification. Recent studies have greatly expanded understanding of resistance genes and mechanisms, which can inform new drug development and clinical use of antibiotics.
The document summarizes antifungal chemotherapy. It discusses the different types of antifungal therapy and the various classes of antifungal agents, including azoles, allylamines, polyenes, pyrimidines, benzofurans, and lipopeptides. It describes the biochemical targets of these agents as inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, squalene epoxidase, membrane sterols, thymidylate synthetase, nucleic acid synthesis, and glucan synthesis. The goal of antifungal therapy is to selectively target differences between fungal and mammalian cells, such as fungal cell membrane ergosterol content and cell wall composition.
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
Pharmacology of cephalosporins, monobactums and carbapenums including their mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects.
The various generations of cephalosporins and their spectrum of action
Principles of antimicrobial therapy - PharmacologyAreej Abu Hanieh
This document discusses antimicrobial therapy and antibiotic selection and use. It provides information on:
- How antimicrobials target biochemical differences between microbes and humans
- Factors to consider when selecting an antibiotic, including the microbe, site of infection, and patient factors
- How bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs work differently
- Key concepts regarding pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs
- Common classes of antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and their mechanisms of action
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including their structure, mode of action, examples, and mechanisms of resistance. It begins by discussing the bacterial cell wall structure and how beta lactams work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Major classes of beta lactams covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Examples such as methicillin, amoxicillin, and imipenem are described. The document also discusses beta lactamase resistance and concludes with a brief overview of classification.
Antimicrobial peptides a novel therapeutic agentkarimbscdu
This document discusses antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are small proteins that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi and cancer cells. AMPs are part of the innate immune system and are produced by all multicellular organisms as a first line of defense. There are several classes of human AMPs including defensins, cathelicidins and histatins. AMPs kill microbes through mechanisms such as disrupting microbial membranes and interfering with intracellular processes. Due to their ability to rapidly kill pathogens, broad activity and modularity, AMPs show promise as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
To understand the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the classification of antimicrobial drugs.
To explain the process of microbial resistance.
To understand the spread of resistant microbes.
Outlines the prevention of microbial resistance.
This document discusses various antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses. It covers major drug classes like azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Key drugs discussed include amphotericin B, which disrupts fungal cell membranes; azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, which inhibit ergosterol synthesis; and echinocandins like caspofungin that target fungal cell wall synthesis. The document provides details on pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, resistance, administration routes and adverse effects of these important antifungal medications.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. It covers natural resistance, acquired resistance, and various resistance mechanisms including biochemical mechanisms like reduced drug entry, efflux pumps, and drug inactivation. It also discusses mutation, gene transfer through transduction, transformation and conjugation, cross resistance, and strategies for preventing drug resistance like prudent antimicrobial use and combination therapy.
FLOW OF THE SEMINAR
1. Definition – antibiotic resistance, Multi-resistance, cross-resistance in antibiotics
2. Evolution of resistance
3. Impact of resistance
4. The scenario of resistance: Global, India
5. Factors causing resistance
6. Mechanisms of resistance: Intrinsic and Acquired
7. Acquired mechanism of resistance
8. Quorum sensing
9. Mechanism of resistance in commonly used antibiotics
10. Methods for determining the resistance
11. Strategies to contain resistance
12. Antibiotic stewardship
13. Role of Pharmacologist
14. Initiatives undertaken by India to control resistance
This document provides an overview of immunomodulators. It begins with definitions of immunity and antigens. It describes the types of immunity and components of the immune system. It then discusses mechanisms of immunomodulation and how drugs can suppress or stimulate the immune response. The document focuses on clinically used immunomodulators, dividing them into immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. Several commonly used immunosuppressants are described in detail, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and toxicities.
This document outlines the course Bio 319: Antibiotics, including the course topics, lecture schedule, assessment breakdown, and course instructor Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh. The course covers the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times to modern developments. It will address bacterial classification, antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance, and applications in human health, agriculture, and livestock production. Lectures and labs will explore antibiotic production, testing, and selection as well as emerging issues like bioterrorism.
- β-Lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. They contain a β-lactam ring structure and inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- Penicillins were the first discovered from the mold Penicillium and include natural penicillin G as well as semi-synthetic derivatives like ampicillin. Cephalosporins were later derived from the fungus Cephalosporium and have greater gram-negative spectrum.
- Carbapenems like imipenem and meropenem have a very broad spectrum including Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to most β-lactamases. Monobactams such as aztre
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
This document discusses the history and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. It begins with an overview and then discusses the history of antibiotic resistance, how it was first observed by Alexander Fleming. It explains intrinsic and acquired resistance in bacteria, how resistance can be transmitted between organisms, and various mechanisms of resistance including efflux pumps, enzymatic inactivation, and modification of drug targets. The document provides specific examples of resistance mechanisms for different classes of antibiotics in various bacterial species.
1. Beta-lactam antibiotics work by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis, disrupting cell wall formation.
2. Bacteria develop resistance to beta-lactams through several mechanisms including beta-lactamase production, modifications of penicillin binding proteins, decreasing outer membrane proteins, and using efflux pumps to export antibiotics.
3. Beta-lactamases are classified into four classes (A-D) based on amino acid sequences and substrate profiles. Class A serine beta-lactamases are commonly found in pathogens and may have extended spectra.
The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are structurally similar to penicillins. They were first isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium and are now produced semisynthetically. Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their antimicrobial spectra and resistance to β-lactamases. They are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. First generation cephalosporins are used for skin infections while third generation agents treat serious infections caused by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and other pathogens. Fourth generation cephalosporins like cefepime are reserved for nosocomial infections with antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics. It describes their structure, including that they contain amino sugars linked to an aminocyclitol ring. Examples are provided such as streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, and gentamicin. Their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria is summarized. Toxicities like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity limit their clinical use to serious infections.
This document discusses various classes of newer antimicrobials that are used to treat resistant bacterial infections. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and modes of resistance for classes such as oxazolidinones, glycopeptides, lipopeptides, ketolides, glycylcyclines, carbapenems, cephalosporins, pleuromutilins, macrocyclic antibiotics, rifamycins, streptogramins, and quinolones. Newer drugs within these classes have improved properties compared to older drugs like having additional mechanisms of action, fewer drug interactions and side effects, and activity against drug-resistant bacteria.
This document discusses guidelines for antibiotic use in periodontal therapy. It provides an overview of different classes of antibiotics including beta lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, nitroimidazoles, lincosamides, macrolides, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides and their mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, indications and toxicity. It covers principles for antibiotic selection including patient factors, microbial profile and achieving sufficient drug concentrations at the site of infection. Guidelines for dosing antibiotics effectively in periodontal therapy are also reviewed.
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and their classification. It begins with an introduction to antimicrobial drugs and their sources, then covers various classifications of antimicrobial drugs including their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and examples. Key classifications discussed include beta-lactam drugs like penicillins and cephalosporins, which inhibit cell wall synthesis, and protein synthesis inhibitors like tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. The document also addresses indications, side effects, and resistance mechanisms for several common antimicrobial drug classes and agents.
Antibiotics lecture- 13- medical rev.pptAhmedKasem39
This document provides an overview of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents presented by Prof Hanan Habib and Dr. Ali Somily. The objectives are to define key antibiotic concepts, recognize antibiotic classes and their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, and side effects. It discusses various classes of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis, alter cell membranes, inhibit protein synthesis, or act on nucleic acids. Ideal antibiotic criteria and principles of antimicrobial therapy are also reviewed. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and criteria for an ideal antimicrobial are presented. References for further information include the textbook Sherries Medical Microbiology.
Antibiotics are chemical substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They can be classified based on their source (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), spectrum of activity (broad or narrow), or mechanism of action. Common mechanisms include inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and cell membrane function. Examples provided include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, and metronidazole.
The document discusses antimicrobial drugs and provides details about classification of antimicrobial agents. It describes various classes of antibacterial drugs including penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, indications and side effects. It also discusses ideal properties of antimicrobial drugs and history of antimicrobial therapy.
- Antibiotics selectively target microbial processes without harming human host cells. Proper antibiotic use and hand hygiene have improved patient outcomes.
- Many antibiotics are naturally produced by bacteria and fungi to inhibit competition. Major classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides.
- Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall, protein, or nucleic acid synthesis. However, antibiotic resistance has emerged through various mechanisms and poses a growing challenge.
Infectious diseases are clinically evident illnesses caused by pathogenic biological agents like bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa infecting a host organism. Tuberculosis is a global epidemic caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an airborne pathogen. It infects macrophages in the lungs, with two possible outcomes - the macrophage can eradicate the pathogen or the pathogen can multiply, destroying cells and infecting new ones. Most infections are asymptomatic but latent infections can progress to active disease, which if left untreated kills over 50% of infected individuals. The first line drugs used to treat TB include isoniazid and rifampin, discovered in the 1950s. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis while rif
1. Antibiotics such as aminoglycosides and tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
2. Aminoglycosides cause misreading of mRNA codons leading to improper protein production while tetracyclines block attachment of tRNA.
3. Other antibiotics like macrolides, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein synthesis and bacterial growth.
The document defines various terms related to antibiotics such as antimicrobials, bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and antibiotic resistance. It describes different types of antibiotics like narrow and broad spectrum and discusses minimum inhibitory concentration. It provides historical context on the discovery of penicillin and discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and development of resistance for penicillins and cephalosporins. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses antimicrobial therapy in periodontics. It provides an overview of the history and rationale for using antibiotics in periodontal therapy. It classifies antibiotics based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, type of action, types of organisms affected, and spectrum of activity. Specific antibiotics discussed in detail include beta-lactams like penicillins and cephalosporins. Guidelines for use of antibiotics in periodontal diseases are presented.
This document defines various terms related to chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It discusses how antibiotics like penicillin work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It notes that penicillin was the first effective antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Resistance can be intrinsic, due to properties of the bacterial species, or acquired through genetic changes. Later generations of cephalosporin antibiotics were developed with broader spectra of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through resistance to beta-lactamases. Fifth generation cephalosporins like ceftaroline maintain activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
The document discusses the role of antibiotics in dentistry. It provides background on the history and discovery of antibiotics. It describes different classifications of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. Specific antibiotics commonly used in oral infections are discussed in detail, including penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and tetracyclines. Their uses, dosages, side effects and other pharmacokinetic properties are summarized. The document overall examines the importance and applications of different antibiotics in treating dental infections and conditions.
This document provides an overview of current antibiotic drugs, organized by their mechanism of action. It begins by introducing penicillins like benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin, noting the rise of resistance. It then discusses beta-lactamase inhibitors that are combined with penicillins. The document also covers cephalosporins, carbapenems, glycopeptides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and other antibiotic classes. It provides examples of common drugs for each class and their typical uses. The document concludes by discussing new approaches to developing antibiotics that target bacterial virulence factors or inhibit cell surface protein secretion.
This document discusses antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. It begins by defining antibiotics and describing their targets in bacteria, such as cell wall synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and protein biosynthesis. It then discusses various classes of antibiotics like beta-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. The document also covers antibiotic mechanisms like inhibition of cell wall, nucleic acid, and protein synthesis. It provides examples of antibiotics that target these different processes.
The document discusses various classes of anti-infective agents (antibiotics), including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and common side effects. It covers sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and macrolides. For each class, it provides one to three examples of commonly used drugs and briefly outlines their antimicrobial spectrum, dosing routes, and adverse effect profiles.
This document provides an overview of various classes of anti-infective agents (antibiotics) including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It discusses sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and macrolides. Nursing implications for each class focus on monitoring for effectiveness and potential adverse drug reactions.
Similar to Recent advances in Antibacterials by Dr.Harmanjit Singh, GMC, Patiala (20)
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine (EBM) presented by Dr. Harmanjit Singh. It begins with definitions of EBM and discusses its history from ancient Greek and Chinese medicine to its modern conception in the 1990s. The principles of EBM are explained, including formulating questions based on patient information and evaluating the best evidence from a hierarchy of studies. Critically appraising evidence and integrating it with clinical expertise and patient values are emphasized. Limitations of EBM are addressed.
The document discusses the history and development of thalidomide and its analogues. Thalidomide was originally introduced in the late 1950s as a sedative but was found to cause birth defects in thousands of children after being prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness. This led to it being withdrawn in 1961. Researchers later discovered that thalidomide and its analogues have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to FDA approval to treat cancers and inflammatory diseases. New analogues like lenalidomide and pomalidomide were developed that are more potent with fewer side effects.
This document summarizes the contributions of various scientists to the field of pharmacology. It discusses early pioneers like Hippocrates, Dhanvantari, and Paracelsus, as well as later scientists who made important discoveries, such as Rudolf Buchheim establishing the first pharmacology chair, Oswald Schmiedeberg founding modern pharmacology, John Jacob Abel giving pharmacology its name, and Otto Loewi proving chemical transmission of nerve impulses. It also discusses scientists like Alexander Fleming discovering penicillin, and Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovering insulin. Overall, the document provides a brief history of pharmacology and highlights some of the key figures and discoveries that advanced the field.
This document provides an overview of the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It discusses the etiology and pathology of RA and describes the diagnostic criteria. It then outlines various treatment approaches for RA including physical therapies, medications like NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, DMARDs, and biologics. Newer targeted biologic therapies that inhibit cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 are discussed. The goals of RA treatment and factors influencing treatment choice are also summarized.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are monospecific antibodies produced by a single clone of cells. They have specific structures and functions that allow them to recognize antigens and induce immune responses. mAbs are produced using hybridoma technology and have evolved from murine to humanized and human forms to reduce immunogenicity. They are used widely in treatment of diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection and infections.
The document provides information on the management of chloroquine resistant malaria. It discusses the life cycle of malaria parasites, various antimalarial drugs including their mechanisms of action and treatment of chloroquine sensitive and resistant malaria. It summarizes that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects over 500 million people annually, especially children in developing countries. Resistance to chloroquine, previously the first-line treatment, has emerged and led to the use of alternative antimalarial drugs.
A pharmacologist has several key roles:
1. Medical education - Teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students about rational drug use, effects, toxicity, and interactions.
2. Research - Conducting both basic and clinical research, ensuring adherence to guidelines for clinical trials and ethical reviews.
3. Regulatory affairs - Involved in essential drug lists, national drug policy, and regulatory bodies like drug authorities.
This document discusses vasopeptidase inhibition as a new direction in cardiovascular treatment. It describes the renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptide system, which are important regulators of blood pressure and vascular tone. A new class of drugs called vasopeptidase inhibitors simultaneously inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase. These drugs have potential benefits for treating both hypertension and congestive heart failure by affecting both protective and harmful pathways. Clinical trials show vasopeptidase inhibitors lower blood pressure while preserving kidney function, representing a promising new antihypertensive treatment approach.
More from Govt Medical College & Hospital, Sector-32 (9)
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
11. Selman Waksman discoveredStreptomycin In 1947, Chloramphenicol was first used clinically to treat Typhus G.Brotzu discovered Cephalosporins Benjamin M. Duggar isolated Chlortetracyclinefrom a mud sample obtained from a river in Missouri.
12. 1960 onwards second generation anttibiotics like Methicillin were discovered Following this, semi synthetic derivatives of older antibiotics with more desirable properties & different spectrum of activity were produced e.g. Fluoroquinolones, Oxazolidinones etc.
16. COMMON MODES OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE e.g. aminoglycosides & tetracyclines e.g. aminoglycosides , chloramphenicol & penicillins e.g. Penicillins e.g.tetracyclines
17. Why do we need newer antimicrobials Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials-health and economic problem Chronic resistant infections contribute to increasing health care cost Increase morbidity & mortality with resistant microorganisms
40. Ketolides Drug resistance in community acquired respiratory tract infections discovery and development of ketolides Semisynthetic 14 membered ring macrolides Carbonyl group at the C3 position,responsible for sensitivity to macrolide resistant strains
134. Average cost per each new drug is estimated to be US$ 800 million to 1.7 billion
135. Increasing number of pharmaceutical companies are withdrawing from the market of antibiotic development
136.
137. Goals of Antimicrobial Stewardship Primary goal Optimize clinical outcome/minimize unintended consequences of antimicrobial use Unintended consequences: Toxicity Selection of pathogenic organisms Emergence of resistant pathogens Secondary goal Reduce healthcare costs without adversely impacting quality of care
138. TO SUMMARISE There is a great need of newer antibiotics because of increasing microbial resistance Because of increase cost of development and increasing resistant, only few drugs are in pipeline Some of the newer agents are effective against resistant strains programs like Antibiotic stewardship can be helpful to combat the resistance Rational use of antibiotics remains the most important measure
1945The “golden age of antibiotics” begins with the introduction of cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, erythromycin, vancomycin, gentamicin and many variations on the penicillin (b-lactam) nucleus
1908 – Paul Ehrlich – salvarsan – arsenic compound –effective treatment of syphilis First systematic approach to find compounds to treat infections
Discovery of antibiotics – 1928 – Alexander Fleming– growth of Staphylococcus aureuson an agar plate inhibited by growth of a common blue-green mould (fungus) – Penicilliumnotatum
Pencillin:1943.resistance in 1947 within 4 yearsMethicillin :1959,resistance in 1961Vancomycin :1958VRE:1987VRSA:2002
4–8 fold more active than linezolid in linezolid-susceptible and resistant strains of staphylococci and enterococci and upto 4-fold higher against anaerobes
Telavancin is a new intravenous lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with activity against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci, and vancomycin-susceptible enterococci. It is dosed once daily and does not require serum-level monitoring.Indication:Telavancin is FDA approved for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSTIs) in adults. It was found to be noninferior to vancomycin for this purpose in a pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials. The FDA recently denied approval of telavancin for nosocomial pneumonia, requesting additional datThis class of drugs inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. They bind to the amino acids within the cell wall preventing the addition of new units to the peptidoglycan. In particular they bind to acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine in peptidoglycan
Replacement of the terminal D-alanine residuein the cell wall peptidoglycan substrate for the cross-linking transpeptidase enzyme by D-serine orD-lactate confers moderate and full resistance to vancomycin, respectively
Vancomycin is unable to bind to D-Ala-D-Lac precursor substrate compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. The VanA-type is characterized by high-level inducibleresistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin and is mediated by transposon Tn1546 orclosely related elements [4]. VanB-type strains have variable levels of inducible resistanceto vancomycin only Glycopeptide resistance is due to the presence of an alternative pathway forpeptidoglycan synthesis which allows (i) synthesis of low-affinity precursors in which theC-terminal D-Ala residue is replaced by a D-lactate (D-Lac) in VanA, VanB, and VanDphenotypes and by a D-serine (D-Ser) in the VanC, VanE, and VanG types and (ii)elimination of precursors normally produced by the host. Replacement of the D-AlaC-terminal residue by a D-Lac eliminates a hydrogen bond critical for antibiotic bindingand considerably reduces the affinity for glycopeptides whereas substitution by a D-Serdoes not alter the hydrogen bonds but is responsible for conformational changes whichreduce slightly the affinity for vancomycin
withdrawn its approval of telithromycin in December 2006 for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) and acute sinusitis
Active against wide variety of mDr pathogenic nosocomials
he Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four carbapenems: imipenem (a primary component of Primaxin IM, Merck)meropenem (Merrem IV, Astra-Zeneca)ertapenem (Invanz, Merck)Doripenemhe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four carbapenems: imipenem (a primary component of Primaxin IM, Merck)meropenem (Merrem IV, Astra-Zeneca)ertapenem (Invanz, Merck)doripenemhe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four carbapenems: imipenem (a primary component of Primaxin IM, Merck)meropenem (Merrem IV, Astra-Zeneca)ertapenem (Invanz, Merck)doripenemhe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four carbapenems: imipenem (a primary component of Primaxin IM, Merck)meropenem (Merrem IV, Astra-Zeneca)ertapenem (Invanz, Merck)doripenemremain the drugs of choice for extended-spectrum, beta-lactamase–producing organisms, resistance may emerge via other beta-lactamases, such as metallo–beta-lactamases, alteration of porin channels, or up-regulation of efflux pumps. Therefore, carbapenems should be used judiciously, and the appropriate use of these agents must be considered carefully.
recommended duration of therapy is 5 – 14 days for complicated intra-abdominal infection 10 days for complicated UTI
Ceftobiprole was approved earlier this year in Canada, and most recently it was approved in SwitzerlandSeveral novel agents to treat MRSA infections have been approved within the last decade, including quinapristin/dalfopristin (Synercid, King), approved in 1999; linezolid (Zyvox, Phamacia, Upjohn), approved in 2000l; daptomycin (Cubicin, Cubist), approved in 2003; and tigecylcine (Tygacil, Wyeth), approved in 2005
Target 1 eg:Platensimycin, class of antibiotics which act by blocking enzymes involved in the condensation steps in fatty acid biosynthesis,[3] which Gram-positive bacteria need to biosynthesise cell membranes (β-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)) synthase I/II (FabF/B))Platensimycin is an experimental new drug in preclinical trials in an effort to combat MRSA
. Phages are common in bacterial populations and control the growth of bacteria in many environments, including in the intestine, the ocean, and the soil.Natural phenomenon of Inactivation of antibacterial drugs by enzymatic hydrolysis or formation of inactive derivatives causes widespread drug resistance : A combination of β-lactamase enzyme and a β-lactam antibacterial drug can significantly reduce emergence of resistant microbes
. A study in 2004 showed that only 6 out of 506 drugs in development by 15 largepharmaceutical companies and 7 major biotechnology companies were antibiotics
OK, we are back to our definitionRemember infection control and its importance
Do not include outpatient recommendationsFinancially self-supporting Improve patient careShould be evidence based