This academic article compares the use of conceptual metaphors in the English and Albanian languages to convey text coherence. It finds that while both languages use metaphors based on animals like wolves and snakes, Albanian metaphors have different implications than their English counterparts. For example, in Albanian calling someone a "bitch" can be meant as praise for their intelligence rather than an insult. The article analyzes examples from folk songs and literature to show how Albanian uses metaphors like "ABILITY IS A BITCH" and "WISDOM IS A DEVIL" positively, unlike their meanings in English. It concludes that conceptual metaphors vary between languages and understanding these differences is important for achieving text coherence when communicating across languages.
This paper aims to analyze ‘EID’ by Auragzeb Alamgir Hashmi from stylistic perspectives including graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. The analysis will help the reader understand not only theoretical aspects of the poem but also its technical ones. So, the study is conducted to analyze graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. It has been helpful to comprehend theme, cultural aspects of Pakistani society, its structure and stylistic issues.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
This paper aims to analyze ‘EID’ by Auragzeb Alamgir Hashmi from stylistic perspectives including graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. The analysis will help the reader understand not only theoretical aspects of the poem but also its technical ones. So, the study is conducted to analyze graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. It has been helpful to comprehend theme, cultural aspects of Pakistani society, its structure and stylistic issues.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Hi Guys.. I think No one has done such a great work on text linguistics on the whole.. Me and My friend Asif has done almost 9 hour work to make it Excellent.. Guys read it and you will get all the Text Linguistics concepts in it. Insha Allah..
Abstract: This article discusses the study of occasional words in Russian and Uzbek linguistics, the features of occasional words: dependence on speech (text), creativity, perception of correct or incorrect occasional words, the relationship between occasional word and language norm, one-time use of occasional words. A word is an expressive, optional nomenclature, a synchronous and diachronic mixture of occasional words by O.Y. Tukhtasinova 2020. Occasional words Speech Unit. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 107-111. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.542 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/542/518 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/542
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Most of what is considered characteristics of literary language nevertheless has its Roots in everyday uses of language and can best be studied with some reference to these uses. Just as there are no firm lines of division between 'poetic' and ' ordinary ' language so it would be artificial to enforce a clear division between the languages of poetry considered as verse literature and that of other literary kind as prose. The creative writer and more particularly the poet enjoy unique freedom.
Among users of the language, without respect to the social or historical contexts to which they belong. This means: among other things. The poet can draw on the language of past Ages, or can borrow features belonging to other non literary use of language.
Hi Guys.. I think No one has done such a great work on text linguistics on the whole.. Me and My friend Asif has done almost 9 hour work to make it Excellent.. Guys read it and you will get all the Text Linguistics concepts in it. Insha Allah..
Abstract: This article discusses the study of occasional words in Russian and Uzbek linguistics, the features of occasional words: dependence on speech (text), creativity, perception of correct or incorrect occasional words, the relationship between occasional word and language norm, one-time use of occasional words. A word is an expressive, optional nomenclature, a synchronous and diachronic mixture of occasional words by O.Y. Tukhtasinova 2020. Occasional words Speech Unit. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 107-111. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.542 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/542/518 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/542
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Most of what is considered characteristics of literary language nevertheless has its Roots in everyday uses of language and can best be studied with some reference to these uses. Just as there are no firm lines of division between 'poetic' and ' ordinary ' language so it would be artificial to enforce a clear division between the languages of poetry considered as verse literature and that of other literary kind as prose. The creative writer and more particularly the poet enjoy unique freedom.
Among users of the language, without respect to the social or historical contexts to which they belong. This means: among other things. The poet can draw on the language of past Ages, or can borrow features belonging to other non literary use of language.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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UI automation Sample
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
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Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
Realisation of text coherence in english and albanian languages through conceptual metaphors
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Realisation of Text Coherence in English and Albanian Languages
through Conceptual Metaphors
Arbër Çeliku
Departament of German Language and Literature, State University of Tetova, Macedonia
Email: arber.celiku@unite.edu.mk
Abstract
Analyzing text coherence is a very dynamic process which depends on many factors: the speaker, the
interlocutor, situation and context. In certain cases the speaker will say something ironic, or say something in an
indirect or diplomatic way which might be misunderstood by the interlocutor and result in an incoherent text or
discourse.
While analyzing text coherence many parameters are included such as: knowledge about the world, specific
professional knowledge, and the context in which something is said, etc.
Even metaphors, as stylistic figures which are always written figuratively, play an important role in
understanding the text, thus analyzing text coherence.
As we will see below languages are very different from each other in regards to the use of metaphor. Therefore,
in order to be understood correctly it is always necessary to understand the implications of the foreign language.
In the case of the Albanian language, although it is genetically very close to major Indo-European languages like
English, German, French, etc., its use of metaphor differs from other languages specifically conceptual
metaphors.
In this paper we will compare the English and Albanian languages concerning certain metaphors on a cognitive
level which vary considerably from one language to the other. In English the word "bitch" has a negative
implication, whereas in Albanian the word can have a positive implication in order to praise a girl’s intelligence.
Keywords: text coherence, metaphors, conceptual metaphors, Albanian language, English language
The metaphor is a stylistic figure since Aristotle whose job it is to provide poetic language and philosophical or
political speech to make a lively storyline. But with the cognitive revolution of the 1970’s, with the emergence
of conceptual semantics, there was a shift in the interest of traditional treatment of metaphor for a 'modern'
treatment focusing on the concept of conceptual metaphor. "The most important claim we have made so far is
that metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of mere words." (Lakoff / Johnson 1980:06). The basic
idea was first brought to light by Max Black and Armstrong Richards and later was further developed by George
Lakoff and Mark Johnson (Metaphors at we live by, 1980). Both of these authors assume that our thoughts, our
daily lives, our self-image or the world are in the form of concepts: “The concepts that govern our thoughts are
not just matters of the intellect. They also govern our everyday functioning down to the most mundane details.
The conceptual structure what we perceive relate to how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other
people. Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities.” (ibidem. p. 3).
According to this view concepts are not primarily linguistic but cognitively large, and if we want to explain
language we need to be clearly aware of the concepts (which are systematizing our thinking). Lakoff and
Johnson illustrate this with the example of the metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR (ibid. p. 4.). That it is not a
single metaphor but a conceptual metaphor is shown by the fact that it is implicit metaphors, such as exchanges
and exchanges in a subject of debate, that maintain the upper hand in a debate. Only these implications allow the
realization of text coherence. This constructed metaphor demonstrates this fact:
A story: B and C have taken on a new book and spoken, C has already failed again.
The text is only understood by readers as consistent, which imply that B and C have discussed the book and have
had a dispute in which someone may be the subject.
It can be seen that Lakoff and Johnson do not understand metaphor as individual elements of speech or as
singular spoken sequences. However, they use thematic fields of metaphors (otherwise known as cognitive
metaphors in the terminology of Lakoff and Johnson) as the elements of a language which are directing
cognition. But, they don’t use themes that different languages develop different fields of metaphor. For instance
the metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR may not apply in all linguistic communities. This is of particular relevance
for the present work. If languages develop different cognitive metaphors then the different linguistic
communities develop different cognitive structures. Below, Albanian and English will be compared relating to
selected cognitive metaphors.
We can find animal metaphors in both languages (Wolf, Lion, and Snakes). From them we can take implications
such as: strength, courage, wisdom. For instance, the concept of "snake" has the following implications: toxic,
aggressive, dangerous. There is a metaphor of the type: 'It is toxic and dangerous like a serpent". We often hear
1
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
in everyday language the metamorphism of snakes giving the snake many characteristics throughout the world.
Such linguistic instruments are used to express positive or negative characteristics and physical and moral
assessments of people. These characteristics are hyper characterizing because they give an appropriate person an
almost unnatural property compared with the usual semantic characteristics in their daily activities.
In spoken Albanian people are categorized as animals very often:
Ai është ujk Mali! (He is a wolf!)
Ai është qen i punës! (He is a dog of the work!)
Ai është Derr! (He is a swine).
Such metamorphism in the Albanian language has a very different use than in the English language. Primarily,
the positive characteristics of a person have been expressed or someone has been blessed by his skills.
In these cases, the ‘dog of the work’ is a particularly efficient worker and a swine is a good guy with good
manners. In this context we shall also use metamorphism of this type:
Ajo është një dreq vajzë! (She is a devilish girl!)
Ai është kopil! (He is an illegitimate son!) (He is a bastard!)
Rrospia! (She is a Bitch!)
For instance, a devilish girl, an illegitimate son, or a bitch in the Albanian language is a particularly capable
person who can act very skillfully in difficult situations.
Folk songs and poetry in the Albanian language are rich in such metaphor. The following sentences are examples
of such metamorphism:
Moj nepërka pika-pika ... (O you colorful viper!)
Të dua moj qëne! (I love you my bitch!) (female dog)
Të dua mor Zagar! (I love you my stud!) (male dog)
This metamorphism shows how much a certain person is loved by someone else.
The love for or the closeness to a particular person in the Albanian language is also expressed by the
metamorphism of this type:
Sa i keq që je! (How bad you are!)
Sa budallaqe që je! (How stupid you are!)
Sa e mirë që është shtriga! (How beautiful is the witch!)
Sa i që zgjuar është dreqi! (How wise is the devil!)
Therefore, on the conceptual level, the Albanian language has metaphors like: ABILITY IS A BITCH, LOVE IS
A WITCH, WISDOM IS A DEVIL.
Conclusion
From what we saw above, conceptual metaphors play an important role in achieving text coherence; however
they vary from language to language because each language has its own operation mechanism. As Humboldt
explains, language is not static in nature, but dynamic. Similarly in this context it can be said that the concepts do
not have a static nature, but a dynamic nature.
As we noticed from the above examples, the creation of a conceptual system plays an important role in a foreign
culture, and without knowing the implications of a foreign culture, it is impossible to implement text coherence.
Bibliography
Kovercses, Z. (2002): Metaphor A Partical Introduction. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
Lakoff G. / Johnson M. (1980): Metaphors we live by. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. (1979): Metaphor and Thought-second edition. Ed. Andrew Ortony.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Feng, A. (2003): Konzeptuelle Metaphern und Textkohärenz. Tübingen: Gunther Narr.
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