Reactive white lesions oral pathology Linea Alba (White Line)
Frictional (Traumatic) Keratosis
Cheek Chewing
Chemical Injuries of the Oral Mucosa
Actinic Keratosis (Cheilitis)
Smokeless Tobacco–Induced Keratosis
Nicotine Stomatitis
Sanguinaria-Induced Leukoplakia
In this presentation, it describes about the periapical diseases, for dental students.
very useful for endodontic purpose.
remember it does not include the pulpal diseases.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
The presentation explain white lesions in oral cavity and the classification the demonstrate the etiology, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment for each one.
In this presentation, it describes about the periapical diseases, for dental students.
very useful for endodontic purpose.
remember it does not include the pulpal diseases.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
The presentation explain white lesions in oral cavity and the classification the demonstrate the etiology, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment for each one.
Actinic keratoses: Erythematous scaly lesions on sun-damaged skin & considered “precancerous” lesions that have the potential to progress into invasive SCC.
Bowen’s disease: SCC in situ It has the potential to progress to invasive SCC.
Leukoplakia: Leukoplakia refers to a white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be wiped off and cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Salivary Gland Diseases - A Summary.pptxssusere4339d
Diseases, infections, cysts, benign and malignant tumors of the salivary glands. All categorised and summarised with most important points: location, description, signs and symptoms, causative agents, risk factors, metastasis potential and recurrence potential.
'Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders' includes a variety of lesions with risk of progression to malignancy. It is widely prevalent in the Indian population, and early diagnosis and management is the need of the hour.
Here's a discussion of the same with methods of early diagnosis of such lesions.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Reactive white lesions
1. Linea Alba (White Line)
2. Frictional (Traumatic) Keratosis
3. Cheek Chewing
4. Chemical Injuries of the Oral
Mucosa
5. Actinic Keratosis (Cheilitis)
6. Smokeless Tobacco–Induced
Keratosis
7. Nicotine Stomatitis
8. Sanguinaria-Induced Leukoplakia
3. Linea Alba (White Line)
Definition
• It is a horizontal streak on the buccal mucosa at
the level of the occlusal plane.
• It is a very common finding most likely
associated with pressure, frictional irritation, or
sucking trauma from the facial surfaces of the
teeth.
4. Linea Alba (White Line)
a horizontal streak at the level occlusal
plane.
5. Linea Alba (White Line)
Tretment
• No treatment is indicated for patients with
linea alba.
• The white streak may disappear spontaneously
in some people.
6. Frictional (Traumatic) Keratosis
Definition
• defined as a white plaque with a rough and
frayed surface that is clearly related to an
identifiable source of mechanical irritation
• Usually resolve on elimination of the irritant.
8. Frictional (Traumatic) Keratosis
Tretment
• Upon removal of the offending agent, the
lesion should resolve.
• within 2 weeks, Biopsies should be performed
on lesions that do not heal to rule out a
dysplastic lesion.
9. Cheek biting
Definition
• Ragged, irregular white tissue of the buccal
mucosa in the line of occlusion
• May be ulcerated
• Due to chewing or biting the cheeks
• May also be seen on labial mucosa
11. Cheek biting
Tretment
• Since the lesions result from an unconscious
and/or nervous habit, no treatment is
indicated.
• For those desiring treatment and unable to
stop the chewing habit, a plastic occlusal night
guard may be fabricated.
12. Chemical Injuries of the Oral Mucosa
Definition
• Transient nonkeratotic white lesions of the oral
mucosa .
• Are often a result of chemical injuries caused by
a variety of caustic agents retained in the mouth
for long periods of time.
• The white lesions are attributable to the
formation of a superficial pseudomembrane
composed of a necrotic surface tissue and an
inflammatory exudates.
13. Chemical Injuries of the Oral Mucosa
B- Aspirin burn, creating
a pseudomembranous
necrotic white area.
C- Extensive tissue
necrosis caused by
injudicious use of
silver nitrate.
A- Severe ulceration
and sloughing of
mucosa, caused by
use of a cinnamon-
containing dentifrice
A B C
14. Chemical Injuries of the Oral Mucosa
Tretment
• The best treatment of chemical burns of the oral
cavity is prevention.
• Most superficial burns heal within 1 or 2 weeks.
• A protective emollient agent such as a film of
methyl cellulose may provide relief.
• However, deep-tissue burns and necrosis may
require careful débridement of the surface,
followed by antibiotic coverage
15. Actinic Keratosis (Cheilitis)
Definition
• Actinic (or solar) keratosis is a premalignant
epithelial lesion directly related to long-term
sun exposure
• classically found on the vermilion border of
the lower lip as well as on other sun-exposed
areas of the skin.
• A small percentage of these lesions will
transform into squamous cell carcinoma.
17. Actinic Keratosis (Cheilitis)
Tretment
• The mainstay of treatment of actinic keratosis
is surgery.
• Chemotherapeutic agents such as topical 5-
fluorouracil have been used with some
success.
• Patients treated with nonsurgical methods
therefore require long-term follow-up, about
10% of these lesions will undergo malignant
transformation.
18. Nicotine Stomatitis
Definition
• Palate initially becomes diffusely erythematous
and eventually turns grayish white secondary
to hyperkeratosis .
• multiple keratotic papules with depressed red
centers correspond to dilated and inflamed
excretory duct openings of the minor salivary
glands .
19. Nicotine Stomatitis
A B
A- Histologic appearance of
nicotine stomatitis, showing
hyperkeratosis and acanthosis
with squamous metaplasia of the
dilated salivary duct.
B- Nicotine stomatitis with diffuse
white change in the palatal
mucosa, along with elevated
papules with red centers.
20. Nicotine Stomatitis
Tretment
• Nicotine stomatitis is completely reversible once
the habit is discontinued.
• The lesions usually resolve within 2 weeks of
cessation of smoking.
• Biopsy of nicotine stomatitis is rarely indicated
except to reassure the patient.
• biopsy should be performed on any white lesion
of the palatal mucosa that persists after month
of discontinuation of smoking habit
21. Smokeless Tobacco–Induced Keratosis
Definition
• Chewing tobacco is an important established risk
factor for the development of oral carcinoma .
• Smokeless tobacco keratosis is the term for white
plaques that form on the oral mucosa, usually
vestibule, and the gingiva in the areas which
habitually come into direct contact with tobacco
in a smokeless tobacco user .
• These lesions are characterized by thickened,
white mucosa that is typically wrinkled.
22. Smokeless Tobacco–Induced Keratosis
A B C
C- Snuff pouch
showing extensive
periodontal tissue
destruction and a
thickened area of
leukoplakia.
B- Snuff pouch with a
white wrinkled
mucosal surface.
A- White leathery
nodular tobacco pouch.
These thickened areas
are more worrisome for
malignant
transformation
23. Smokeless Tobacco–Induced Keratosis
Tretment
• Cessation of use almost always leads to a normal
mucosal appearance within 1 to 2 weeks.
• The risk of malignant transformation is increased
fourfold for chronic smokeless tobacco users
24. Sanguinaria-Induced Leukoplakia
Definition
• a mixture of benzophenanthridine alkaloids
derived from the common bloodroot plant (
Sanguinaria canadensis ), has been used in oral
rinses and toothpaste.
• The most widely used product with Sanguinaria,
Viadent, has been shown, through extensive
clinical trials, to be effective against plaque
buildup and gingivitis.
25. Sanguinaria-Induced Leukoplakia
A- Typical white corrugated
leukoplakia in the maxillary
vestibule, associated with
sanguinaria use.
A B
B- Mandibular vestibular lesion in
the same patient
26. Sanguinaria-Induced Leukoplakia
Tretment
• No appropriate treatment has been established
for sanguinariainduced leukoplakia .
• In all cases, complete discontinuation of
Sanguinaria-containing products and cessation
of any other harmful habits such as tobacco or
alcohol use is mandatory.
• All patients should be given careful clinical
followup, with a biopsy of any recurrent or
worsening lesion(s).