The document discusses rational drug use and irrational drug use. It defines rational drug use according to the WHO as using the right drug at the right dose for the right duration and at the lowest cost to treat the patient's medical needs. Irrational drug use involves issues like incorrect dosages, durations, and prescribing banned or unnecessary drugs. It provides examples of factors that can contribute to irrational drug use and consequences like increased costs, harms, and drug resistance. The document advocates for strategies like essential drug lists, education, regulations, and management reforms to improve rational drug use.

1. ARUNAI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
NATIONAL CONFERENCE
ACPCON – 2022
A NAVIGATION OF PHARMACOLOGY –
FORTH WITH AND HENCE FORTH

2. RIGHT
ONE
REASON /
LOGIC
RIGHT
TIME
RATIONAL:

3. RATIONAL DRUG:
USE OF APPROPRIATE.
EFFICACY.
COST EFFECTIVE.
SAFE DRUG.

4. WHO - conference of experts Nairobi 1985
According to WHO, the rational use of
medicine requires that the patient receives the
prescribing right drug, inadequate dose for the
sufficient duration an appropriate clinical needs
of the patient at lowest cost.

5. RIGHT
DRUG
RIGHT
PATIENT
RIGHT
DOSE
RIGHT
ROUTE
RIGHT
TIME
CRITERIAFOR USINGMEDICINES:

6. IRRATIONAL USE OF DRUG:
DOSAGE REGIMEN
DURATION OF PARTICULAR AILMENT
INCORRECT USE OF DRUG
PRESCRIBING BANNED DRUGS
SELF MEDICATION
POLY PHARMACY
OVER USE,UNDER USE or MISUSE

7. Steps of
Irrational
use
DIAGNOSIS
PRESCRIPTION
DISPENSING
PATIENT
ADHERENCE

8. 1.
•INADEQUATE EXAMINATION OF PATIENT
2.
•INCOMPLETE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
DOCTOR & PATIENT
3.
•LACK OF DOCUMENTED MEDICAL
HISTORY
4.
•INADEQUATE LABORATORY TEST.

9. 1.
• INCORRECT PRESCRIBING
2.
• EXTRAVAGANT PRESCRIBING
3.
• OVER PRESCRIBING
4.
• MULTI PRESCRIBING
PRESCRIPTION

10. 1.
•ENSURE CORRECT ENTRY OF THE
PRESCRIPTION
2.
•RETRIVAL OF WRONG INGREDIENTS
3.
•INACCURATE COUNTING,
COMPOUNDING, PACKAGING
4.
•UNSANITARY PROCEDURES
DISPENSING

11. 1.
• POOR LABELLING
2.
• INADEQUATE ORAL
INSTRUCTIONS
3.
• TREATMENT THAT DO NOT
CONSIDER
PATIENT ADHERENCE

12. FACTORS
FINANCIAL
BENEFITS
TO
ENHANCE
HIS SALES
INCREASED
COST OF
TRATMENT
NO PROPER
TRAINING

13. Lack of information
Role model – Teachers or seniors
Poor communication between health professional &
patient
Lack of diagnostic facilities/Uncertainty of diagnosis
Demand from the patient
Defective drug supply system & ineffective drug
regulation
Promotional activities of pharmaceutical industries

14. Ineffective & unsafe treatment
Exacerbation or prolongation of illness
 Distress & harm to patient
Increase the cost of treatment
Increased morbidity and mortality
Increased Adverse drug reactions and drug Resistance
Loss of patient confidence in health system

15. ESSENTIALDRUGS:
Essential drugs are those that satisfy the health care
needs of the majority of population.
Uses:
Development of treatment guidelines.
Development of national drug formularies.
Drug financing.
Drug donations.
Research priorities.
Drug needed for specific disease.

16. EDUCATIONAL
- Health providers
- consumer
ECONOMIC
- Institutions
- Providers and Patients
REGULATORY
- Market or Practice
controls
- Enforcement
MANAGERIAL
- Information systems
- Drug supply
- Lab capacity
TO IMPROVE
USE OF DRUG

17. Training for Providers
Printed Materials
Media-Based Approaches

18. Avoid perverse financial incentives
 prescribers’ salaries from drug sales
 flat prescription fees that encourage poly pharmacy by
charging the same amount irrespective of number of drug
items or quantity of each item

19.  Drug registration.
 Banning unsafe drugs - but beware unexpected
results.
 Regulating the use of different drugs to different
levels of the health sector.
 Regulating pharmaceutical promotional activities.

20.  Changes in selection, procurement, distribution
to ensure availability of essential drugs.
 Strategies aimed at prescribers.
 Dispensing strategies.

21. INDICATORS:
Indicators are specific objective measures that
allow the evaluation of the baseline situation and
progress in systems and the assessment of services and
intervention.

22. COREOF DRUG
USEINDICATORS
PRESCRIBING
INDICATORS
PATIENT CARE
INDICATORS
FACILITY
INDICATORS

23. PRECRIBINGINDICATORS:
1. Average number of drugs per encounter.
2. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name.
3. Percentage of encounter with an Antibiotic prescribed.
4. Percentage of encounter with an injection prescribed.
5. Percentage of drug prescribed from an essential drug
list.

24. PATIENTCARE INDICATORS:
1. Average consultation time.
2. Average dispensing time.
3. Percentage of drug actually dispensed.
4. Percentage of drugs adequately labelled.
5. Patient knowledge of correct dosage.

25. FACILITYINDICATORS:
1. Availability of copy of essential drugs list or
formulary.
2. Availability of key drugs.

26. ROLE OF PHARMACIST:
1. Member of Drug and Therapeutic Committee.
2. Drug procurement.
3. Drug storage.
4. Dispensing.
5. Patient Education.
6. Drug Information services.
7. Pharmaceutical care.

27. 01 Prevent adverse drug
effects
02 Therapeutic uses
03 Minimizing the cost
04 Faith in doctors and
prescribers
05 Withdrawal of
hazardous

28. The demands of rational drug use are:
Availability of essential & life saving drugs and
unbiased drug information with generic name.
Adequate quality control & drug control.
Withdrawal of hazardous & irrational drugs.
Drug legislation reform.