Ratio analysis....

Introduction
Meaning of Financial Statement
Financial statements refer to such statements which contains financial information
about an enterprise. They report profitability and the financial position of the
business at the end of accounting period. The team financial statement includes at
least two statements which the accountant prepares at the end of an accounting
period. The two statements are: -
The Balance Sheet
Profit And Loss Account
They provide some extremely useful information to the extent that balance Sheet
mirrors the financial position on a particular date in terms of the structure of assets,
liabilities and owners equity, and so on and the Profit and Loss account shows the
results of operations during a certain period of time in terms of the revenues
obtained and the cost incurred during the year. Thus the financial statement provides
a summarized view of financial position and operations of a firm
Meaning of Financial Analysis
The first task of financial analysis is to select the information relevant to the decision
under consideration to the total information contained in the financial statement. The
second step is to arrange the information in a way to highlight significant relationship.
The final step is interpretation and drawing of inference and conclusions. Financial
statement is the process of selection, relation and evaluation.
Features of Financial Analysis
To present a complex data contained in the financial statement in simple and

understandable form.
To classify the items contained in the financial statement inconvenient and
rational groups.
To make comparison between various groups to draw various
conclusions.
Purpose of Analysis of financial statements
To know the earning capacity or profitability.
To know the solvency.
To know the financial strengths.
To know the capability of payment of interest & dividends.
To make comparative study with other firms.
To know the trend of business.
To know the efficiency of mgt.
To provide useful information to mgt
Tools of Financial Statement Analysis
Various tools are used to evaluate the significance of financial statement
data. Three commonly used tools are these:
Ratio Analysis
Funds Flow Analysis
Cash Flow Analysis

Ratio Analysis:
Fundamental Analysis has a very broad scope. One aspect looks at the general
(qualitative) factors of a company. The other side considers tangible and measurable
factors (quantitative). This means crunching and analyzing numbers from the
financial statements. If used in conjunction with other methods, quantitative analysis
can produce excellent results.
Ratio analysis isn't just comparing different numbers from the balance sheet, income
statement, and cash flow statement. It's comparing the number against previous
years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy in general. Ratios look at
the relationships between individual values and relate them to how a company has
performed in the past, and might perform in the future.
Meaning of Ratio:
A ratio is one figure express in terms of another figure. It is a mathematical yardstick
that measures the relationship two figures, which are related to each other and
mutually interdependent. Ratio is express by dividing one figure by the other related
figure. Thus a ratio is an expression relating one number to another. It is simply the
quotient of two numbers. It can be expressed as a fraction or as a decimal or as a
pure ratio or in absolute figures as “so many times”. As accounting ratio is an
expression relating two figures or accounts or two sets of account heads or group
contain in the financial statements.
Meaning of Ratio Analysis:
Ratio analysis is the method or process by which the relationship of items or group of
items in the financial statement are computed, determined and presented.
Ratio analysis is an attempt to derive quantitative measure or guides concerning the
financial health and profitability of business enterprises. Ratio analysis can be used

both in trend and static analysis. There are several ratios at the disposal of an
analyst but their group of ratio he would prefer depends on the purpose and the
objective of analysis.
While a detailed explanation of ratio analysis is beyond the scope of this section, we
will focus on a technique, which is easy to use. It can provide you with a valuable
investment analysis tool.
Objective of Ratios:
Ratios are worked out to analyze the following aspects of business organization-
A) Solvency-
1) Long term
2) Short term
3) Immediate
B) Stability
C) Profitability
D) Operational efficiency
E) Credit standing
F) Structural analysis
G) Effective utilization of resources
H) Leverage or external financing
Forms of Ratio:
Since a ratio is a mathematical relationship between two or more variables /
accounting figures, such relationship can be expressed in different ways as follows –
A] As a pure ratio:
For example the equity share capital of a company is Rs. 20, 00,000 & the
preference share capital is Rs. 5,00,000, the ratio of equity share capital to

preference share capital is
20,00,000: 5,00,000 = 4:1.
B] As a rate of times:
In the above case the equity share capital may also be described as 4 times that of
preference share capital. Similarly, the cash sales of a firm are Rs. 12,00,000 &
credit sales are Rs. 30,00,000. So the ratio of credit sales to cash sales can be
described as
2.5 [30,00,000/12,00,000] = 2.5 times are the credit sales that of cash sales.
C] As a percentage:
In such a case, one item may be expressed as a percentage of some other items.
For example, net sales of the firm are Rs.50,00,000 & the amount of the gross profit
is Rs. 10,00,000, then the gross profit may be described as
20% of sales [ 10,00,000/50,00,000]
Steps in Ratio Analysis
The ratio analysis requires two steps as follows:
1] Calculation of ratio
2] Comparing the ratio with some predetermined standards. The standard ratio may
be the past ratio of the same firm or industry‟s average ratio or a projected ratio or
the ratio of the most successful firm in the industry. In interpreting the ratio of a
particular firm, the analyst cannot reach any fruitful conclusion unless the calculated
ratio is compared with some predetermined standard. The importance of a correct
standard is oblivious as the conclusion is going to be based on the standard itself.

Classification of Ratio:
CLASSIFICATION OF RATIO
BASED ON FINANCIAL BASED ON FUNCTION BASED ON USER
STATEMENT
1] BALANCE SHEET 1] LIQUIDITY RATIO 1] RATIOS FOR
RATIO 2] LEVERAGE RATIO SHORT TERM
2] REVENUE 3] ACTIVITY RATIO CREDITORS
STATEMENT 4] PROFITABILITY 2] RATIO FOR
RATIO RATIO SHAREHOLDER
3] COMPOSITE 5] COVERAGE 3] RATIOS FOR
RATIO RATIO MANAGEMENT
4] RATIO FOR
LONG TERM
CREDITORS
Based on Financial Statement

Accounting ratios express the relationship between figures taken from financial
statements. Figures may be taken from Balance Sheet, P& P A/C, or both. One-way
of classification of ratios is based upon the sources from which are taken.
1] Balance sheet ratio:
If the ratios are based on the figures of balance sheet, they are called Balance Sheet
Ratios. E.g. Ratio of current assets to current liabilities or Debt to equity ratio. While
calculating these ratios, there is no need to refer to the Revenue statement. These
ratios study the relationship between the assets & the liabilities, of the concern.
These ratios help to judge the liquidity, solvency & capital structure of the concern.
Balance sheet ratios are Current ratio, Liquid ratio, and Proprietary ratio, Capital
gearing ratio, Debt equity ratio, and Stock working capital ratio.
2] Revenue ratio:
Ratio based on the figures from the revenue statement is called revenue statement
ratios. These ratios study the relationship between the profitability & the sales of the
concern. Revenue ratios are Gross profit ratio, Operating ratio, Expense ratio, Net
profit ratio, Net operating profit ratio, Stock turnover ratio.
3] Composite ratio:
These ratios indicate the relationship between two items, of which one is found in the
balance sheet & other in revenue statement.
There are two types of composite ratios-
a) Some composite ratios study the relationship between the profits & the
investments of the concern. E.g. return on capital employed, return on
proprietors fund, return on equity capital etc.
b) Other composite ratios e.g. debtors turnover ratios, creditors turnover ratios,
dividend payout ratios, & debt service ratios

Based on Function:
Accounting ratios can also be classified according to their functions in to liquidity
ratios, leverage ratios, activity ratios, profitability ratios & turnover ratios.
1] Liquidity ratios:
It shows the relationship between the current assets & current liabilities of the
concern e.g. liquid ratios & current ratios.
2] Leverage ratios:
It shows the relationship between proprietors funds & debts used in financing the
assets of the concern e.g. capital gearing ratios, debt equity ratios, & Proprietary
ratios.
3] Activity ratios:
It shows relationship between the sales & the assets. It is also known as Turnover
ratios & productivity ratios e.g. stock turnover ratios, debtors‟ turnover ratios.
4] Profitability ratios:
a) It shows the relationship between profits & sales e.g. operating ratios, gross
profitratios, operating net profit ratios, expenses ratios
b) It shows the relationship between profit & investment e.g. return on
investment, return on equity capital.
5] Coverage ratios:
It shows the relationship between the profit on the one hand & the claims of the
outsiders to be paid out of such profit e.g. dividend payout ratios & debt service
ratios.
Based on User:

1] Ratios for short-term creditors:
Current ratios, liquid ratios, stock working capital ratios
2] Ratios for the shareholders:
Return on proprietors fund, return on equity capital
3] Ratios for management:
Return on capital employed, turnover ratios, operating ratios, expenses ratios
4] Ratios for long-term creditors:
Debt equity ratios, return on capital employed, proprietor ratios.
Liq
uid
ity Ratio: -

Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short-term (usually up to 1 year)
obligations. The ratios, which indicate the liquidity of a company, are Current ratio,
Quick/Acid-Test ratio, and Cash ratio. These ratios are discussed below
Current Ratio
Meaning:

This ratio compares the current assets with the current liabilities. It is also known as
„working capital ratio‟ or „solvency ratio‟. It is expressed in the form of pure ratio.
E.g. 2:1
Formula:
Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
The current assets of a firm represents those assets which can be, in the ordinary
course of business, converted into cash within a short period time, normally not
exceeding one year. The current liabilities defined as liabilities which are short term
maturing obligations to be met, as originally contemplated, with in a year.
Current ratio (CR) is the ratio of total current assets (CA) to total current liabilities
(CL). Current assets include cash and bank balances; inventory of raw materials,
semi-finished and finished goods; marketable securities; debtors (net of provision for
bad and doubtful debts); bills receivable; and prepaid expenses. Current liabilities
consist of trade creditors, bills payable, bank credit, and provision for taxation,
dividends payable and outstanding expenses. This ratio measures the liquidity of the
current assets and the ability of a company to meet its short-term debt obligation.
CR measures the ability of the company to meet its CL, i.e., CA gets converted into
cash in the operating cycle of the firm and provides the funds needed to pay for CL.
The higher the current ratio, the greater the short-term solvency. This compares
assets, which will become liquid within approximately twelve months with liabilities,
which will be due for payment in the same period and is intended to indicate whether
there are sufficient short-term assets to meet the short- term liabilities.
Recommended current ratio is 2: 1. Any ratio below indicates that the entity may face

liquidity problem but also Ratio over 2: 1 as above indicates over trading, that is the
entity is under utilizing its current assets.
Liquid Ratio:
Meaning:
Liquid ratio is also known as acid test ratio or quick ratio. Liquid ratio compares the
quick assets with the quick liabilities. It is expressed in the form of pure ratio. E.g.
1:1.
The term quick assets refer to current assets, which can be converted into, cash
immediately or at a short notice without diminution of value.
Formula:
Quick assets
Liquid ratio =
Quick liabilities
Quick Ratio (QR) is the ratio between quick current assets (QA) and CL. QA refers to
those current assets that can be converted into cash immediately without any value
strength. QA includes cash and bank balances, short-term marketable securities,
and sundry debtors. Inventory and prepaid expenses are excluded since these
cannot be turned into cash as and when required.
QR indicates the extent to which a company can pay its current liabilities without
relying on the sale of inventory. This is a fairly stringent measure of liquidity because
it is based on those current assets, which are highly liquid. Inventories are excluded
from the numerator of this ratio because they are deemed the least liquid component

of current assets. Generally, a quick ratio of 1:1 is considered good. One drawback
of the quick ratio is that it ignores the timing of receipts and payments.
Cash Ratio:
Meaning:
This is also called as super quick ratio. This ratio considers only the absolute liquidity
available with the firm.
Formula:
Cash + Bank + Marketable securities
Cash ratio =
Total current liabilities
Since cash and bank balances and short term marketable securities are the most
liquid assets of a firm, financial analysts look at the cash ratio. If the super liquid
assets are too much in relation to the current liabilities then it may affect the
profitability of the firm.
Investment/ Shareholder
EA

RNING PER SHARE:-
Meaning:
Earnings per Share are calculated to find out overall profitability of the organization.
Earnings per Share representearning of the company whether or not dividends are
declared. If there is only one class of shares, the earning per share are determined
by dividing net profit by the number of equity shares.
EPS measures the profits available to the equity shareholders on each share held.
Formula:
Net Profit after Tax
Earnings per share =
Number of equity share
The higher EPS will attract more investors to acquire shares in the company as it
indicates that the business is more profitable enough to pay the dividends in time.
But remember not all profit earned is going to be distributed as dividends the
company also retains some profits for the business
Dividend Per Share:-
Meaning:
DPS shows how much is paid as dividend to the shareholders on each share held.
Formula:
Dividend Paid to Ordinary Shareholders
Dividend per Share =
Number of Ordinary Shares

Dividend Payout Ratio:-
Meaning:
Dividend Pay-out Ratio shows the relationship between the dividends paid to equity
shareholders out of the profit available to the equity shareholders.
Formula:
Dividend per share
Dividend Payout ratio = *100
Earning per share
D/P ratio shows the percentage share of net profits after taxes and after preference
dividend has been paid to the preference equity holders.
Gearing

CAPITAL GEARING RATIO:-
Meaning:
Gearing means the process of increasing the equity shareholders return through the
use of debt. Equity shareholders earn more when the rate of the return on total
capital is more than the rate of interest on debts. This is also known as leverage or
trading on equity. The Capital-gearing ratio shows the relationship between two
types of capital viz: - equity capital & preference capital & long term borrowings. It is
expressed as a pure ratio.
Formula:
Preference capital+ secured loan
Capital gearing ratio =
Equity capital & reserve & surplus
Capital gearing ratio indicates the proportion of debt & equity in the financing of
assets of a concern.
Profitability
These ratios help measure the profitability of a firm. A firm, which generates a
substantial amount of profits per rupee of sales, can comfortably meet its operating
expenses and provide more returns to its shareholders. The relationship between
profit and sales is measured by profitability ratios. There are two types of profitability
ratios: Gross Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin.

GROSS
PROFIT
RATIO:-
Meaning:
This ratio measures the relationship between gross profit and sales. It is defined as
the excess of the net sales over cost of goods sold or excess of revenue over cost.
This ratio shows the profit that remains after the manufacturing costs have been met.
It measures the efficiency of production as well as pricing. This ratio helps to judge
how efficient the concern is I managing its production, purchase, selling & inventory,
how good its control is over the direct cost, how productive the concern , how much
amount is left to meet other expenses & earn net profit.
Gross profit
Gross profit ratio = * 100
Net sales
Net Profit Ratio:-
Meaning:
Net Profit ratio indicates the relationship between the net profit & the sales it is
usually expressed in the form of a percentage.

Formula:
NPAT
Net profit ratio = * 100
Net sales
This ratio shows the net earnings (to be distributed to both equity and preference
shareholders) as a percentage of net sales. It measures the overall efficiency of
production, administration, selling, financing, pricing and tax management. Jointly
considered, the gross and net profit margin ratios provide an understanding of the
cost and profit structure of a firm.
Return on Capital Employed:-
Meaning:
The profitability of the firm can also be analyzed from the point of view of the total
funds employed in the firm. The term fund employed or the capital employed refers
to the total long-term source of funds. It means that the capital employed comprises
of shareholder funds plus long-term debts. Alternatively it can also be defined as
fixed assets plus net working capital.
Capital employed refers to the long-term funds invested by the creditors and the
owners of a firm. It is the sum of long-term liabilities and owner's equity. ROCE
indicates the efficiency with which the long-term funds of a firm are utilized.
Formula:
NPAT
Return on capital employed = *100
Capital employed
Financial
These ratios determine how quickly certain current assets can be converted into
cash. They are also called efficiency ratios or asset utilization ratios as they measure

the efficiency of a firm in managing assets. These ratios are based on the
relationship between the level of activity represented by sales or cost of goods sold
and levels of investment in various assets. The important turnover ratios are debtors
turnover ratio, average collection period, inventory/stock turnover ratio, fixed assets
turnover ratio, and total assets turnover ratio. These are described below:
DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO (DTO)
Meaning:

DTO is calculated by dividing the net credit sales by average debtors outstanding
during the year. It measures the liquidity of a firm's debts. Net credit sales are the
gross credit sales minus returns, if any, from customers. Average debtors are the
average of debtors at the beginning and at the end of the year. This ratio shows how
rapidly debts are collected. The higher the DTO, the better it is for the organization.
Formula:
Credit sales
Debtors turnover ratio =
Average debtors
Inventory or Stock Turnover Ratio (ITR)
Meaning:
ITR refers to the number of times the inventory is sold and replaced during the
accounting period.
Formula:
Cost of Goods Sold
Stock Turnover Ratio =
Average stock
ITR reflects the efficiency of inventory management. The higher the ratio, the more
efficient is the management of inventories, and vice versa. However, a high inventory
turnover may also result from a low level of inventory, which may lead to frequent
stock outs and loss of sales and customer goodwill. For calculating ITR, the average
of inventories at the beginning and the end of the year is taken. In general, averages
may be used when a flow figure (in this case, cost of goods sold) is related to a stock
figure (inventories).

Fixed AssetsTurnover (FAT)
The FAT ratio measures the net sales per rupee of investment in fixed assets.
Formula:
Net sales
Fixed assets turnover =
Net fixed assets
This ratio measures the efficiency with which fixed assets are employed. A high ratio
indicates a high degree of efficiency in asset utilization while a low ratio reflects an
inefficient use of assets. However, this ratio should be used with caution because
when the fixed assets of a firm are old and substantially depreciated, the fixed assets
turnover ratio tends to be high (because the denominator of the ratio is very low).
Proprietors Ratio:
Meaning:
Proprietary ratio is a test of financial & credit strength of the business. It relates
shareholders fund to total assets. This ratio determines the long term or ultimate
solvency of the company.
In other words, Proprietary ratio determines as to what extent the owner‟s interest &
expectations are fulfilled from the total investment made in the business operation.
Proprietary ratio compares the proprietor fund with total liabilities. It is usually
expressed in the form of percentage. Total assets also know it as net worth.
Formula:
Proprietary fund
Proprietary ratio = OR
Total fund
Shareholders fund

Proprietary ratio=
Fixed assets + current liabilities
Stock Working Capital Ratio:
Meaning:
This ratio shows the relationship between the closing stock & the working capital. It
helps to judge the quantum of inventories in relation to the working capital of the
business. The purpose of this ratio is to show the extent to which working capital is
blocked in inventories. The ratio highlights the predominance of stocks in the current
financial position of the company. It is expressed as a percentage.
Formula:
Stock
Stock working capital ratio =
Working Capital
Stock working capital ratio is a liquidity ratio. It indicates the composition & quality of
the working capital. This ratio also helps to study the solvency of a concern. It is a
qualitative test of solvency. It shows the extent of funds blocked in stock. If
investment in stock is higher it means that the amount of liquid assets is lower.
Debt Equity Ratio:
Mening:
This ratio compares the long-term debts with shareholders fund. The relationship
between borrowed funds & owners capital is a popular measure of the long term
financial solvency of a firm. This relationship is shown by debt equity ratio.
Alternatively, this ratio indicates the relative proportion of debt & equity in financing
the assets of the firm. It is usually expressed as a pure ratio. E.g. 2:1
Formula:
Total long-term debt
Debt equity ratio =
Total shareholders fund

Debt equity ratio is also called as leverage ratio. Leverage means the process of the
increasing the equity shareholders return through the use of debt. Leverage is also
known as „gearing‟ or „trading on equity‟. Debt equity ratio shows the margin of safety
for long-term creditors & the balance between debt & equity.
Return on Proprietor Fund:
Meaning:
Return on proprietors fund is also known as „return on proprietor‟s equity‟ or „return
on shareholders‟ investment‟ or „investment ratio‟. This ratio indicates the
relationship between net profits earned & total proprietor‟s funds. Return on
proprietors fund is a profitability ratio, which the relationship between profit &
investment by the proprietors in the concern. Its purpose is to measure the rate of
return on the total fund made available by the owners. This ratio helps to judge how
efficient the concern is in managing the owner‟s fund at disposal. This ratio is of
practical importance to prospective investors & shareholders.
Formula:
NPAT
Return on proprietors fund = * 100
Proprietor’s fund
Creditors Turnover Ratio:
It is same as debtors turnover ratio. It shows the speed at which payments are made
to the supplier for purchase made from them. It is a relation between net credit
purchase and average creditors
Net credit purchase
Credit turnover ratio =
Average creditors
Months in a year
Average age of accounts payable =

Credit turnover ratio
Both the ratios indicate promptness in payment of creditor purchases. Higher
creditors turnover ratio or a lower credit period enjoyed signifies that the creditors are
being paid promptly. It enhances credit worthiness of the company. A very low ratio
indicates that the company is not taking full benefit of the credit period allowed by the
creditors.
Purpose of Ratio Analysis:
1] To identify aspects of a business‟s performance to aid decision making
2] Quantitative process – may need to be supplemented by qualitative factors to get
a complete picture.
3] 5 main areas-
Liquidity – the ability of the firm to pay its way
Investment/shareholders – information to enable decisions to be made on
the extent of the risk and the earning potential of a business investment
Gearing – information on the relationship between the exposure of the
business to loans as opposed to share capital
Profitability – how effective the firm is at generating profits given sales and or
its capital assets
Financial – the rate at which the company sells its stock and the efficiency
with which it uses its assets
Role of Ratio Analysis:
It is true that the technique of ratio analysis is not a creative technique in the sense
that it uses the same figure & information, which is already appearing in the financial

statement. At the same time, it is true that what can be achieved by the technique of
ratio analysis cannot be achieved by the mere preparation of financial statement.
Ratio analysis helps to appraise the firm in terms of their profitability & efficiency of
performance, either individually or in relation to those of other firms in the same
industry. The process of this appraisal is not complete until the ratio so computed
can be compared with something, as the ratio all by them do not mean anything.
This comparison may be in the form of intra firm comparison, inter firm comparison
or comparison with standard ratios. Thus proper comparison of ratios may reveal
where a firm is placed as compared with earlier period or in comparison with the
other firms in the same industry.
Ratio analysis is one of the best possible techniques available to the management to
impart the basic functions like planning & control. As the future is closely related to
the immediate past, ratio calculated on the basis of historical financial statements
may be of good assistance to predict the future. Ratio analysis also helps to locate &
point out the various areas, which need the management attention in order to
improve the situation.
As the ratio analysis is concerned with all the aspect of a firms financial analysis i.e.
liquidity, solvency, activity, profitability & overall performance, it enables the
interested persons to know the financial & operational characteristics of an
organisation & take the suitable decision.
Fund Flow Analysis
Fund may be interpreted in various ways as
(a) Cash,
(b) Total current assets,
(c) Net working capital,

(d) Net current assets.
For the purpose of fund flow statement the term means net working capital. The flow
of fund will occur in a business, when a transaction results in a change i.e., increase
or decrease in the amount of fund.
According to Robert Anthony the funds flow statement describes the sources from
which additional funds were derived and the uses to which these funds were put.
In short, it is a technical device designed to highlight the changes in the financial
condition of a business enterprise between two balance sheets.
Different names of Fund-Flow Statement
A Funds Statement
A statement of sources and uses of fund
A statement of sources and application of fund
Where got and where gone statement
Inflow and outflow of fund statement
Objectives of Fund Flow Statement
The main purposes of FFS are:]
To help to understand the changes in assets and asset sources which are not
readily evident in the income statement or financial statement.
To inform as to how the loans to the business have been used.
To point out the financial strengths and weaknesses of the business.
Format of Fund Flow Statement
Sources Applications
Fund from operation Fund lost in operations

Non-trading incomes Non-operating expenses
Issue of shares Redemption of redeemable preference
share
Issue of debentures Redemption of debentures
Borrowing of loans Repayment of loans
Acceptance of deposits Repayment of deposits
Sale of fixed assets Purchase of fixed assets
Sale of investments (Long
Term)
Purchase of long term investments
Decrease in working
capital
Increase in working capital
Steps in Preparation of Fund Flow Statement.
1. Preparation of schedule changes in working capital (taking current items
only).
2. Preparation of adjusted profit and loss account (to know fund from or fund
lost in operations).
3. Preparation of accounts for non-current items (Ascertain the hidden
information).
Preparation of the fund flow statement.
Cash Flow Analysis
Cash is a life blood of business. It is an important tool of cash planning and control.

A firm receives cash from various sources like sales, debtors, sale of assets
investments etc. Likewise, the firm needs cash to make payment to salaries, rent
dividend, interest etc.
Cash flow statement reveals that inflow and outflow of cash during a particular
period. It is prepared on the basis of historical data showing the inflow and outflow of
cash.
Objectives of CFS
1. To show the causes of changes in cash balance between the balance sheet
dates.
2. To show the actors contributing to the reduction of cash balance inspire of
increasing of profit or decreasing profit.
Uses of CFS
1. It explaining the reasons for low cash balance.
2. It shows the major sources and uses of cash.
3. It helps in short term financial decisions relating to liquidity.
4. From the past year statements projections can be made for the future.
5. It helps the management in planning the repayment of loans, credit
arrangements etc.
Objective of Study
To understand the information contained in financial statements with a view to know
the strength or weaknesses of the firm and to make forecast about the future
prospects of the firm and thereby enabling the financial analyst to take different
decisions regarding the operations of the firm.

Research Methodology
Research is defined as a systematic, gathering recording and analysis of
data about problem relating to any particular field.
It determines strength reliability and accuracy of the project.
1. Research Design: Research Design pertains to the great research approach or
strategy adopted for a particular project. A research project has to be the
conducted scientifically making sure that the data is collected adequately and
economically.
The study used a descriptive research design for the purpose of getting an
insight over the issue. It is to provide an accurate picture of some aspects of market
environment. Descriptive research is used when the objective is to provide a
systematic description that is as factual and accurate as possible.
2. Method of Data Collection:
Secondary Data: Through the internet and published data
Limitation of the study
Significant business decisions are frequently made using one or more of the
analytical tools illustrated in this term paper. But, one should be aware of the
limitations of these tools and of the financial statements on which they are based.
Company profile:
COMPANY PROFILE

Stock Holding Corporation of India ltd (SHCIL) was incorporated under the companies Act,
1956 on July 28, 1986 at the initiative of the Government of India, with an authorized capital
of Rs.25 cores and a paid up capital of Rs.10.5 cores, subscribed by seven All India financial
and investment institutions and insurance companies, viz.
Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
Unit Trust of India (UTI)
Life insurance corporation of India (LIC)
ICICI Ltd
Industrial finance corporation of India Ltd (IFCI)
Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI)
General Insurance corporation of India and its subsidiaries, viz.
 Oriental insurance co ltd
 New India insurance co ltd
 National insurance co ltd
 United India insurance co ltd.
SHCIL was incorporated as a public limited company on July 28, 1986 and provides
custodial services to institutional investors and depository services to retail investors. SHCIL
commenced operations in August 1988 and has been providing custodial and related services
of international standards for nearly a decade to the promoter and other institutions, foreign
institutional investors (FIIs), commercial banks and mutual funds.
Other auxiliary services provided by SHCIL include derivatives clearing, PF fund
accounting, SGL constituent account services and distribution of mutual funds and other
capital market instruments, besides distribution of life and non-life insurance policies.
SHCIL works in a highly computerized environment and employs the state of the art
technology to facilitate its business and to minimize risk. SHCIL has been awarded a citation
by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. for the visionary use of IT and by the
Computer Society of India for the Best IT usage.
SHCIL has a network of more than 200 branches spread across the country
providing services at customer s doorstep. They can select state to locate the nearest branch

address and contact details. By calling up any of SHCIL’s nearest branch for information on
Products and Services.
SHCIL is the first and the only Indian custodian to have received a ‘NO ACTION OF
LETTER’ from the securities exchange commission, U.S.A. under section 17(f) of the US
Investment company Act, 1940 and rule 17 f-5 framed there under, which enables it to
provide custodial and related services to US-based funds as well. With the introduction of the
depository system in the country, SHCIL commenced offering depository related services to
the retail segment and over the last few years, it has come to acquire the stature of being one
of the largest depository participants besides being the country s largest custodian.
The total value of assets held in the custody of the corporation as on March 31, 2005 were
Rs.2847 billion. Handling such large volume of securities would not have been possible but
for the state-of-the-art technology in use at SHCIL. SHCIL has been earning profit
consistently and declaring and dividend right from its inception. With a share capital of
Rs.211 Million, SHCIL s tangible net worth reached Rs.1721 million as on March 31, 2005.
SHCIL’s CREDENTIAL
SHCIL, apart from being the country’s premier Custodian and Depository Participant, SHCIL
is also the largest Professional Clearing Member; backed by an immense capacity to process
volumes with precision. To give an idea of our capability, every year we process around….
 40% of number of transaction on NSE & BSE
 20% of the market capitalization of all scrip’s listed transaction on BSE, in terms of
value processed
SHCIL also provides Derivatives clearing, PF fund accounting, SGL constituent account
services, distribution of mutual funds and other capital market instruments, besides
distribution of life and non-life insurance policies.
Other offerings added to the bouquet are online net trading, loan against shares, Western
Union Money Transfer & E-stamping. In the pipeline are a host of services that will
complement the range of services offered by SHCIL.
 WHY SHCIL?
Why customer would choose SHCIL as a preferred Service Provider?

 Well integrated front and back office, paper and electronic systems. A focused Client
Relation Team to manage your needs & queries. A single point contact for your
comfort.
 In-house capability to address all IT needs in terms of software development,
maintenance, back office processing, database administration, network maintenance,
backups and disaster recovery.
 Multilevel security is maintained in software, applications and guards to access to
various data, client and internal reports.
 Expertise in running processes utilizing digital signatures.
 Regular Audits internal and external, by SEBI, Depositories, Clients and compliance
to rules and regulations
 Constant review and benchmarking of processes to ensure adherence to global best
practices
 Insurance cover with international re-insurance
 Full Confidentiality of business operations
VALUES OF SHCIL
 Safety & Efficiency of Operations is a hallmark of SHCIL
 Professionalism & Integrity
 Customer First
 Relationship building
 Commitment to Quality irrespective of asset size
SHCIL at a Glance
Type Public
Industry Stock markets & financial services
Founded 1986, Mumbai
Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
Area served Custodial services, Depository Services, E-
Stamping, Share Broking
Key people Ashok Motwani ( Current MD)

Services Depository, Broking, Derivatives & E-Stamp
Website Official Website
Board of Directors
Shri. Ashok Motwani Chairman
Shri. Sanjeev Vivrekar MD & CEO
Shri. G.S.P. Sinha Director
Shri. R.H.Mewawala Director
Shri. L. Viswanathan Director
Shri. Jagdish Thakur Director
Shri. Umesh Punde Director
Executive teams
Ms. Jyoti Katira Head (Finance)
Ms. P.Sreelakshmi Chief Operating Officer
Mr. Mandar Vasmatkar Company Secretary & Legal
Mr. Rajendra More Deputy Manager - Marketing(West Zone)
Ms. Sophiya Raj Business Development Manager
Mr. E R Subramanian Manager - Operations
Mr. Placid Miranda Deputy Manager - Operations
Ms. G.Vijaylakshmy Deputy Manager - I.T.
ACCOLADES AND CERTIFICATION
BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE TEAM MEMBERS

Citation and Medal from Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C, U.S.A. for " Visionary and
Innovative use of Technology in Finance, Insurance and Real Estate". First South Asian
Corporate to receive this.
 Computer Society of India Award for best IT usage in the Country.
 Our software processes have been assessed at SEI CMM Level 3.
 Accepted industry leader and pioneer in Custodial Systems.
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES:-
The corporation has always been striving to direct its product and services for the all-round
benefit of the investors or the end-users. Making available more and more financial services
under one roof has always been a priority while safety and investor friendliness have been the
hallmark of SHCIL products and services. SHCIL orient its various products and services to
be more and more customer oriented to result inquantum benefits with safety of operations to
its clients in all the segments.
RETAIL SEGMENT
Products and services offered by SHCIL for the retail segment can be broadly divided into
four categories, viz., the plain vanilla depository service, securities related products,
distribution products and auxiliary services.
Since 1998, SHCIL has been extending depository related services to the retail
segment. The services offered SHCIL include account opening, dematerialization and
dematerialization of securities, transaction processing and creation/closure of pledge.
Securities related products offered by SHCIL include Stock Direct & Equibuy. The
corporation distributes Mutual Funds Equities / Debt IPO s , Government of India saving and
fixed deposits of institutions, Life & non-Life insurance product and loan against
dematerialized shares.
Other auxiliary services provided by SHCIL include extension of professional
clearing member services in future and option (F&O) segment of stock exchanges and

commodity exchanges and PF accounting services. SHCIL is one the largest professional
clearing members of the country.
INSTITUTIONAL SEGMENTS
Services rendered by SHCIL to the institutional segment includes custodial services, SGL
constituents account services and securities lending services. Custodial services provided by
SHCIL include post trade settlement, safekeeping, corporate action and reporting.
SHCIL s online trading product Stock Direct has been modified to make it more
investor friendly while Equibuy compliments SHCIL s Depositary participant activities.
Both products have been received good response from the clients. The securities lending
activity has also registered steady growth. SHCIL s distribution activity includes add shares
arranging (loans against dematerialized shares), fund investment (Distribution of Units of
Mutual Funds, Infrastructure Bonds, Capital Gain Bonds, Private Placements, Fixed Deposit )
and GOI Relief Bond. A phenomenal growth was witnessed in the fund mobilized by the
corporation for GOI Relief Bonds.
WEB INITIATIVE
The corporate web site www.shcil.com provides a host of value added features to
its clients. End of the day (EOD) reports, intra-day statements and other time-critical
settlement report like Delivery Out and Pay Out receipt reports are made available to all
registered clients through the website .clients can access personalized portfolio tracker, which
tracks changes in their portfolio valuation updated to the hour.
The corporate actions tracker alert forthcoming corporate events relevant to their holdings.
An IPO alert system provides alerts and details pertaining to ongoing and forthcoming IPO s.
As before, the website continues to the offer livestock-quotes and various updated capital
market and company related information.
Besides, the website also provides various capital market and company related
information of use to the investors. The website receives 2, 00,000 to 2, 20,000 pages
impressions a day.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SHCIL has in-house capability to address all IT needs in terms of software
developed and network maintenance, back-office processing, database administration and
network maintenance. The IT wing of SHCIL has been certified for CMM level-III for
Development & maintenance methodologies. The Corporations Disaster Recovery center has
become operational in institutional segment and will become fully operational by the year-
end. Beside, a new updated Data center was also set at Mumbai during the year.
OTHER INFORMATION
SHCIL offers the facility of operating beneficiary account for individuals and
corporate as well as clearing account for brokers. Being a premier custodian, SHCIL today
holds more than 90000 cores worth of client s assets. SHCIL already has securities worth
30000 cores in electronic form. SHCIL is currently holding more than 20 million certificates
in its custody. As the largest custodian, SHCIL accounts for more than 50% of institutional
business in the country.
AUTOMATION
Handling such large volume of paper-based securities has been facilitated
mainly by the state of the art technology in use at SHCIL. All the branches and facilitations
centers of SHCIL are connected through a VSAT network. SHCIL s innovative automated
custodial services has won acclaim from all those concerned. The Smithsonian institute has
honored the achievement of SHCIL by conferring a medal and citation for its visionary use of
information technology. SHCIL is the first Indian company to receive this prestigious award.
SHCIL has been honored by the computer society of India with national it award for best it
usage.
VARIOUS PRODUCTS PROVIDED BY SHCIL
1. EQUIBUY
Even after payments have been made, Company have to wait patiently to see
those shares reflected in the Demat account. With the odd surprise of not seeing them at all

which you cannot discount! As customer s depository participant, SHCIL assures you of safe
delivery of shares every time you buy on the exchange. Company has lined up a panel of
reputed brokers who process customer s orders on priority.
Their position as the clearing corporations of leading stock exchanges ensures smooth and
sure credits into customer s account. An initial advance and timely replenishments into the
Purchase Advance account take care of the payment for customer s purchases. Go through the
detailed Equibuy procedure and you will see how Equi buy is a one stop shop for customer s
share purchases.
Features
 An Equibuy instruction from you gets the shares credited into customer’s account the
next day of payout.
 Payment for customer s purchase made from a running account called purchase
advance into which you remit an initial advance of Rs.1000 and maintain a minimum
balance of Rs.250 at all times.
 Choose one or more brokers from a list of 77 brokers empanelled with SHCIL.
Registration with broker is not necessary if you are already registered under any of
SHCIL s other product schemes.
 Purchase on BSE or NSE.
 Available at 120 plus SHCIL centers across the country.
2. FUND INVESTS
Fund Invest is a basket of financial products, ranging from fixed income
securities like fixed deposits, Infrastructure bonds and Capital Gain Bonds to variable income
securities like Initial Public Offers (IPO s) of Equities and Mutual Funds. It is an attempt to
offer financial products that cater to the various investment needs of SHCILs esteemed
clients. An effort to guide the investor to a product portfolio that best suits his risk- returns
profile. Applications for investments can be source from any of the SHCIL offices. Apart
from guiding SHCIL s investor to pick up the right combination of investment instruments,
Company help them 'after-sales' service, by acting as an interlocutor between the investor and
the issuer of the securities. SHCIL is an AMFI Registered Mutual Fund Advisor (ARMFA).

Features
At present, SHCIL is distributing schemes of 25 different Mutual Funds. All these
Funds offer a wide variety of investment option depending on the risk appetite of the
investor. Some of the major categories are:
Debt Funds: The Debt Funds have the mandate of investing primarily in Debt papers.
Equity Funds: The Equity Funds have the mandate of investing primarily in Equities.
Balanced Funds: The Balanced Funds have the mandate of investing both in Equities as well
as Debt papers.
Capital Gains Bonds come under 54 EC Capital Gains Bonds, where investors get
exemption from Capital Gain tax. These are 'on -tap ' issues. At present, SHCIL is
distributing Capital Gain Bonds of Rural Electrification Corporation, National Housing Bank,
Small Industries Development Bank of India and National Highway Authority of India.
Infrastructure Bonds are issued by ICICI Bank and IDBI, with Section 88 as the main feature.
3. GOI BONDS
A government bond is a bond issued by a national government, generally promising
to pay a certain amount (the face value) on a certain date, as well as periodic interest
payments. Bonds are debt investments whereby an investor loans a certain amount of money,
for a certain amount of time, with a certain interest rate, to a company or country.
Government bonds are usually denominated in the country's own currency. Bonds issued by
national governments in foreign currencies are normally referred to as sovereign bonds,
although the term "sovereign bond" may also refer to bonds issued in a country's own
currency.
8.0% Taxable Bond
These bonds are held in electronic form in an account called Bond Ledger Account
(BLA). Bond Ledger Accounts can be opened and operated with RBI designated receiving

offices. Savings bonds being sovereign in nature are absolutely safe and an attractive
investment option in the current volatile market situation.
ADVANTAGES
Hassle-free maintenance: The GOI Bonds are held in electronic form in an account called
Bond Ledger Account. This ensures smooth investing minus paperwork.
Easy access: You can apply for subscriptions into these bonds in any SHCIL center across
the country.
Electronic Clearing Services: You can avail of electronic clearing system (ECS) services.
This ensures automatic credit of benefits and redemptions when they accrue.
Feature 8.0 % Taxable
Investment Limit Minimum investment is Rs.1000 and there is no maximum
Limit
Interest option Payable half yearly on 1st Feb, 1st Aug or cumulative on
Maturity.
Tax benefit Interest is taxable under IT Act 1961. Exempt from Wealth
Tax under Wealth Tax Act 1957
Transferability Non-transferable, non-tradable and cannot be used as
collateral for borrowings
Nomination Available. Only sole holder or surviving holder can
Nominate
Repayment Repayable on expiry of 6 years from date of issue. No
interest would accrue after maturity
Premature Encashment Not available
STOCK DIRECT:

STOCK direct has changed the way you look at trading in securities. From customers
desktop you can now send instructions for buying/selling shares. A three-way handshake
between leading brokers, national and international banks and SHCIL is the crux of STOCK
direct.
STOCK direct - India's first online trading platform was launched in 1999. Today STOCK
direct is the most secure online trading platform which combines encryption technology /
digital signature as well as Smart Card security features.
A few clicks will seamlessly check customer s funds and security positions, route the order to
the broker of customer s choice and do the necessary fund and share movements for you. For
people who are not inclined to trading on the net, Company have Request Transmitting
Machines (RTMs) placed at specified SHCIL centers. This is an electronic touch screen kiosk
where you can insert customer s smart card and trade effortlessly.
Features
 A single instruction enables you to combine customer s trading, fund and share
transfers with SHCIL taking care of the settlement.
 Trade from home on the Internet with a floppy containing the STOCK direct software
or use the Smart Card to trade through the Request Transmitting Machines (RTMs)
placed at specified SHCIL centers and partner banks' designated branches.
 Security measures based on encryption and digital signature coupled with smart card
technology make customer s online deals 100% secure.
INSURANCE
SHCIL, a company promoted by Insurance majors & Financial Institutions, is a Corporate
Agent of LIC for Life Insurance products and NIA for General Insurance products.
SHCIL has a dedicated team of IRDA Certified Insurance Advisors to provide all services
relating to Insurance. They also provide Free Professional advice to clients on need base

insurance. SHCIL has 100 odd Branches all over India to take care of all customer s
Insurance related queries and needs.
Features:
An insurance policy compensates you against the financial impact that can arise following
loss, damage or destruction of customer s property (such as home or vehicle) or customer s
health or life.
A fundamental principle of insurance is to put you in the same financial position
after a loss or accident that you enjoyed before the loss. This is relatively easy with repair or
replacement of (say) a car, but is much more difficult with the loss of a life.
The insurance policy is a contract and like any contract contains clauses and conditions.
Claims are settled in accordance with the conditions detailed in the policy. SHCIL distributes
Life insurance policies of LIC and Non-Life insurance policies of NIA.
ADD SHARES
SHCIL arranges loan against demat shares. Tie up with reputed banks which offer you the
most competitive interest rates in the market. Customer can use the shares in customer s free
account as collateral and take a loan from any of SHCIl’s empanelled banks. SHCIL
complete customer s documentation and processing and give you the cheque within 48 hours
of application. This is a pure value-add to customer s depository account with them. ADD
shares are available at SHCIL centers in all the major cities.
Feature
 Loan against demat shares held in the DP account with SHCIL
 Competitive interest rates from a range of Banks SHCIL have tied up with.
 SHCIL processes the entire paperwork required with the bank
The service is available at any of over 100 branches of SHCI
VARIOUS SERVICES PROVIDED BY SHCIL

A.DP SERVICES
SHCILs Depository Participant services address customers individual investment needs. With
a parentage of leading financial institutions and insurance majors and a proven track record in
the Custodian business, Company have reiterated their past success by establishing ourselves
as the first ever and largest Depository Participant in India. From a tentative foray in 1998
into the individual investor arena to servicing around seven lakh accounts, it have endeavored
to constantly add and innovate to make business a pleasure for you.
Over 100 of SHCIL s networked branches ensure they are available where you
look out for company. Across the country, fourteen Depository Participant Machines (DPMs)
connected to NSDL and seven connected to CDSL ensure fast and direct processing of
customers instructions.
Matching of customers scanned signature on every debit instruction with a digitally scanned
original in SHCIL s system makes all customers trading transactions absolutely secure.
Proactive backup of customer s instructions prior to execution in the Depository makes them
oblivious to system crashes.
At SHCIL, company places a very high premium on client reporting. Periodic
statements sent to you keep you informed of customers account status. Dedicated Customer
Care lines manned by trained staff answer customer queries on demat / trades / holdings. The
latest in client response at SHCIL is Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system for round the
clock information on customers account. Registration on companies website, SHCIL
Interactive, enables you to check customer s account-related information, stock market
reports and statistics, Corporate benefits declared by companies, real-time quotes of scripts
on BSE and NSE and so much more online.
B.DEMAT
Dematerialization is the process of conversion of shares from physical form to the electronic
mode. Companies dedicated demat team enable you to convert customer s physical holdings
into electronic mode in a quick and hassle-free manner.
C. CM SERVICES
SHCIL's long-standing association with Clearing Members has enabled it to develop services
based on an understanding of their working and their requirement for timely and accurate

information It accepts deposits of base capital and Additional base capital requirements
stipulated by NSE for clearing members trading on its capital market segment. Besides,
SHCIL s new products with a broker empanelment clause ensure a mutually beneficial tie-up.
Clearing members stand to earn a steady income from SHCIL s product transactions and new
add to their client-base, while they capitalize on their rapport with the market.
It currently offers Depository services to more than 680 clearing members of various
exchanges connected with NSDL and CDSL. SHCIL s Customer Care lines answer all
customers DP queries while the Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system gives you
information on customers account and other valuable data like CC calendar details, tariff,
ISIN information, etc. via telephone, fax and e-mail.
ADVANTAGE
 For Institutional & Retail clearing members SHCIL have customized tariff for
clearing members benefiting.
1. Brokers having very high average trade value.
2. Brokers with big retail clientele.
 Special tariffs for :
1. CM Principal Accounts
2. NSCCL CM Accounts
3. Unified Settlement Pool Accounts on CDSL.
 SHCIL s Customer Care help line gives timely and accurate information to CMs. The
Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system at SHCIL gives round the clock information
on holdings & transactions Pay in / Pay out details, overdue cum holding details, etc.
via telephone, fax or e-mail
 Updated Transaction Statements are available on the website FREE of any charge
whatsoever. Members have a choice of accessing their statements date-wise for the

last one month or settlement-wise for the same period. Current trading day
transactions are also made available , updated to the hour
 Besides the transaction statements, the Delivery-Out report, which is an extremely
critical report for Clearing Members, is also made available on the website, updated to
the hour.
4. DERAVATIVE SERVICE
SHCIL provides Clearing Services for derivative segment of BSE/NSE and Commodity
segment of MCX/NCDEX.
 STOCK DERIVATIVE
SHCIL is a Custodian/Professional Clearing Member of derivative segment at the
Bombay Stock Exchange and at the Futures & Options Segment of the NSEIL respectively.
 COMMODITY DERIVATIVE
SHCIL is the first Professional Clearing Member of Commodity segment on the Multi
Commodity Exchange (MCX) and National Commodity & Derivative Exchange (NCDEX).
SHCIL has a full-fledged in-house back office systems and procedures to cater to the needs
of trading members and other institutional / corporate clients in this segment. A dedicated
team of professionals handles derivative operations and assists its clients.
As a professional clearing member, SHCIL performs the following functions;
Clearing - Computing obligations of all his TM s i.e. determining positions to settle
Settlement - Performing actual settlement.
Collateral Management - Collection of collateral (cash and cash/cash equivalents and
setting up exposure limits for TMs and Institutional clients

Risk Management - Setting position limits based on upfront deposits/margins for each
TM and monitoring positions on a continuous basis.
ADVANTAGE
SHCIL has always been a pioneer in clearing and settlement services in the cash and F & O
segment on NSE and BSE. SHCIL has the capability to handle large volumes of business
with greatest accuracy, keeping customer interests as the top priority.
SHCIL in its endeavor to serve various entities in the Commodity segment has developed
indigenous solution keeping in view the strict regulatory requirements.
Privacy of each TM's operations strictly maintained:
SHCIL being a professional clearing member has no trading interests in the Commodity
segment. There is strictly no dissemination of information on trading or any other operation
of any of its clients.
One-point contact for all the activities:
SHCIL's Commodity segment is centralized and all operations are handled by an exclusive
Commodity team.
Dedicated team of professionals to handle Commodity operations: SHCIL has a well-trained
team of professionals supported by best systems, to handle Commodity operations at MCX
and NCDEX. Clients can approach the team for troubleshooting, conceptual understanding or
any other operational issue related to derivatives trading.
Collateral Management:
SHCIL has excellent system to manage cash and cash equivalents deposited as collateral for
derivatives trading. Clients are informed as and when expiry of any instrument approaches.
Continuous Patronage from Institutional clients:

SHCIL being a custodian clearing member having major institutional clients, provides more
credibility. Tie-up with banks having nation-wide reach for banking activities: Since
settlement in derivatives trading takes place daily. Funds movement has to be fast. SHCIL
has tie up with new generation banks having wide reach and modern facilities like TT
anywhere banking etc. to contain the time lag in banking transactions.
Competitive service charges:
SHCIL is the pioneer in introducing Derivatives Clearing and Settlement services in the
country. Service charges are so competitively structured to facilitate any entrant.
Low investments:
The clearing function in the Commodity derivative segment requires huge investment in back
office systems and requires strict compliance to the regulatory framework By choosing a
PCM like SHCIL, a trading member need not deploy huge resources for post trading
functions.
Confidentiality of Trades:
Since SHCIL has no trading rights, the business details of a trading member are not likely to
be misused. There is no overlapping of business interests.
Focus:
Due to highly competitive nature of the market, SHCIL's service charges are normally very
low and it makes more business sense for a TM to outsource the clearing and settlement
activities and focus on the core business of trading
BROKING
Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. (SHCIL) in its endeavour to provide one stop shop
to its large retail & institutional clients has promoted SHCIL Services Limited (SSL) as its
broking arm.
SHCIL has been promoted by All India Public Financial Institutions and
Insurance Majors. SHCIL is known for its Security, Integrity, wide network and focus on
technology. SHCIL Services Ltd will continue this tradition.

SSL has a well-established research team, which will be used to provide advisory services to
institutional & retail investors in Capital market. SSL is providing broking services through
BSE from March 14, 2006. NSE operations will commence shortly, after necessary
regulatory approvals.
NRI SERVICES:-
Over the years, SHCIL has grown to become a major player in the capital market. With a
network of more than 120 offices operating across the country and franchisees operating
abroad, SHCIL provides Depository Participant and related services close to 0.7 million
satisfied investors out of which over 6000 are NRI Clientele.
SHCIL has a full-fledged NRI cell operating specifically to cater needs
pertaining to Depository account opening and maintenance. NRI cell co-ordinates with
prospective NRI customers, collects and assists in obtaining the relevant documents and
ensures the Depository Account is opened hassle free.
NRI Cell collects physical certificates to be sent for demat and ensures that the certificates
are in order and can be sent for dematerialization under the existing guidelines issued by the
depositories. Instructions for trade are accepted by fax on request by NRI Cell to ensure
timely settlement of trades. In this case later on the client needs to regularize by sending the
original trade delivery instruction. Any tariff and billing related query are addressed by NRI
Cell.
CUSTODIAL SEGMENT:
Since its commencement in 1988 as the first dedicated Custodian in the
country, SHCIL has been providing Custodial Services of international standards to Domestic
Mutual Funds, Financial Institutions and Foreign Institutional Investors
With almost 70% of the Institutional business in its fold, SHCIL has evolved
over the times to meet the changing requirements of dynamic markets and demanding clients.
A dedicated pool of trained and highly experienced professionals work
literally round the clock on state of the art computer systems, dedicated communication
channels, well connected to Client institutions, Stock Exchanges, Clearing houses,

Depositories and leading Institutional brokers. In terms of collective man-years, SHCIL has
the most experienced team in the entire Industry.
E-STAMPING
This is one of the latest service provided by the SHCIL.The corporation has been authorized
by the ministry of finance, Government of India to act as Central Record-keeping Agency
(CRA) to design and implement an electronic method of stamp duty collection. E-stamping is
a based solution for payment and collection of non-judicial stamp duty. SHCIL is the sole
CRA for e-stamping in India. The corporation has entered into agreements and implemented
e-stamping system in the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, NCT of Delhi, Maharashtra, Assam
and Tamil Nadu. SHCIL has signed agreement with the government of Bihar. SHCIL is in
discussion with other State Governments.

Ratio analysis....

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to Ratio analysis....

Ratio analysis....