2. RATIO ANALYSIS
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INTRODUTION
Ratio Analysis was pioneered by Alexander
presented a system of ratio analysis in the year 1909.
relationship between two items
RATIO
A Ratio is a mathematical
expressed in a Quantitative form.
RATIO ANALYSIS
It is “The process of determining and presenting the relationship
of items and groups of items in the financial statements”.
3. STEPS IN RATIO ANALYSIS
Selection of relevant information
Comparison of calculated Ratio
Interpretation and Reporting
4. MODES OF EXPRESSION OF RATIO
⚫ In Proportion
Two items expressed in a common Denominator.
Ex. Current Ratio 2:1
⚫ RateorTimeorCo-efficient
A Quotient obtained by dividing one items by another is taken
as unit of expression.
Ex. Costofsales
Avg. stock
( say 8. thus 8 times in the ratio between cost of sale and stock)
⚫ In Percentage
A quotient obtained by dividing one items by another is
multiplied by one hundred to show the relationship in terms of
percentage.
Ex. Net profit × 100
Sales
( may be expressed as say 25%)
5. MERITS OF
RATIO ANYSIS
DEMERITS OF RATIO
ANAYSIS
Forecasting
Managerial control
Facilitates
communications
Measuring efficiency
Facilitating Investment
Decision
Useful in measuring
Financial Solvency
Inter Firm Comparisons
Practical knowledge
Ratios are means
Inter- relationship
Non- availability of
Standard or Norms
Time lag
Charge in Price Level
7. 1.PROFITABILITYRATIO
⚫ “Profitability” means, Ability to make maximum profit from
optimum utilisation of resources by a business concern.
⚫ “Profit” is an absolute measure of earning capacity. “Profitability”
depends on sales, cost and utilisation of resources.
The profitability Ratio are
ROI
Net Profit Ratio
Gross Profit Ratio
Expenses Ratio
Operating Profit Ratio
8. I.ROI(ReturnOnInvestment)
⚫ It measures the sufficiency or otherwise of profit in relation to
capital employed.
⚫ It helps to measure “operational and Managerial” efficiency.
⚫ Viz, How efficiently the long term funds of owners and
creditors being put into use
9. ROI = Operating Profit × 100
Capital Employed
Where,
⚫ Operating profit = Profit Before Interest and
Tax.
⚫ Capital Employed =
i) Total Assets (Fixed+ current)
ii) Total Fixed Assets Only.
iii) Total of Long Term Funds i.e
(share capital + Reserve and surplus
+ Long Term Loans) – (Non
business Assets + Fictitious Assets) .
iv) Net Working Capital + Fixed Assets
⚫ It is also know as, Over all Profitability Ratio/ Return on
capital employed.
10. (a). Return on Shareholder Funds
Which determines the profitability from shareholders
point of view
R.S.F = Net Profit After Interest and Tax × 100
Shareholder Fund
where ,
⚫ Net Profit = net income after payment of
interest and Tax ( include, net
non operating income).
⚫ Non- operating income = Non-Operating Income
– Non-Operating Expenses.
⚫ Shareholder Funds = Equity share capital +
Preference share + All reserves
( Belonging to
shareholder)
11. b). Return on Equity Shareholder Fund
⚫ It is known as Return on Equity or Return Net worth.
⚫ This ratio signifies the return on equity shareholder funds.
⚫ The profit considered for computing the ratio is taken after
payment of preference dividend.
R.O.E.S.F = Net profit after Interest, Tax and
Preference dividend × 100
Equity Shareholders Fund
( Equity shareholder Fund: Equity share capital + Reserves + profits
– Accumulated Losses )
12. (c). Return on Total Assets
⚫ This ratio is calculate to measure the productivity of total assets.
Calculate by two way
R.O.T.A = Net profit after tax × 100
R.O.T.A
Total Assets
= Net profit after Tax + Interest × 100
Total Assets (Excluding Fictitious
Assets)
⚫ Fictitious Assets is not really assets. No amount can be realised
on further benefit derived from the expenditure concerned.
⚫ Ex. Preliminary exp., exp on issues of shares and debenture Debit
balance of P&L, etc..
13. II.GROSSPROFITRATIO
⚫ It is also know as “Gross Margin or Trading Margin Ratio”.
⚫ It Indicates the difference between sales and Direct costs.
G.P Ratio = Gross Profit × 100
Net Sales
Higher Ratio Indicates Higher Profitability.
14. III.OPERATINGRATIO
⚫ This ratio indicates the relationship between total operating
expenses and sales.
operating Ratio = Cost of sales + Operating
Expenses × 100
Net sales
⚫ It measures the amount of expenditure incurred in production
sales and distribution of output.
⚫ “Lower” the ratio indicated more efficiency.
Sold +
⚫ Operating Expenses Incurred, Cost of goods
administrative exp, & selling & distribution exp.
⚫ Generally Finance Exp not included (Interest)...
15. IV.OPERATINGPROFITRATIO
⚫ It made from the operating sources to the sales.
⚫ It shows the operational efficiency of the firm and it is a
measures of the management efficiency in running the routine
operations of the firm.
Operating Profit Ratio = Operating Profit ×100
⚫ Operating profit
Sales
= Net profit + Non.op.Exp –
Non-op.Income (or)
gross profit – operating exp.
⚫ Operating expenses include administration, selling and
distribution exp. ( exclude Finance exp)
16. V.EXPENSESRATIO
⚫ These ratio are also known as supporting ratios to operating Ratio.
⚫ It shows the concern to know how it is able to save or waste over
expenditure in respect of different items of expenses.
⚫ Each aspect of cost of sales and operating expenses are analysed.
formula:
Administration Exp = Administrative Exp × 100
Net sales
= Selling & Distribution exp × 100
Selling and
Distribution exp
Financial Exp. Ratio
Net sales
= Financial Exp × 100
Net Sales
Further, Direct Material exp. Ratio, Direct Wages & Factory
overhead (net sales)
17. VI.NETPROFITRATIO
⚫ It indicates the return on shareholder’s investment .
⚫ It is also known as “Net Profit to Sales Ratio”
Net Profit Ratio = Net profit × 100
sales (Net)
Net Profit = Net Profit Includes Non-Operating –
incomes and profit
(But reduce non-operating expenses & provision for tax)
18. VII.EPS(EarningPerShare)
⚫ It reflects upon the capacity of the concern to pay dividend to
its equity shareholders.
⚫ It is help to determining market price of equity share.
E.P.S = Net Profit after tax and preference
dividend
No. Of Equity shares.
19. IX.PAYOUTRATIO
⚫ This ratio also indirectly throws light on the financial policy of
the management in ploughing black
P.O.R = Equity dividend × 100
Net Profit after tax & preference
Dividend.
(or)
P.O.R = Dividend per Equity Share × 100
Earning per Equity share
20. VIII.PRICEEARNINGRATIO(P.E.R)
⚫ It is use to prospective investors to decide whether to invest in
the equity share of a company at a particular market price or
not.
⚫ This ratio indicates earnings per share reflected by the market
price.
P.E.R = Market price per Equity share
Earning per Equity share
21. X.RETAINEDEARNIGSRATIO
⚫ The proportion of profits retained in the business out of the
current year’s profits.
⚫ Retained earning are essential for growth and expansions.
⚫ In fact declaring and dividend is a statutory requirement.
R.E.R= Retained Earning × 100
R.E.R=
Net Profit after tax & preference Dividend
(or)
Retained Earning per Equity share × 100
Earning per Equity Share
22. XI.INTERESTCOVERS/FIXEDCHARGESCOVERS
⚫ The ability of the concern to meet interest commitments and
its capacity to raise additional Funds in future. ( For Debenture
holder & Lender/ creditors).
⚫ Relationship between profit before interest and tax fixed
interest charges.
Interest Cover = profit before Interest and Tax
Fixed interest charges
Higher ratio, better is the position of long-term
creditors.
23. XII.DIVIDENDYIELDRATIO
⚫ It is very significant from the view point of those investors who
are interest in dividend income.
⚫ In this ratio the dividend is related to the market value of
shares.
Dividend yield = Dividend per share × 100
Market price per share
24. 2. TURNOVER RATIOS
⚫ It is also called Efficiency Ratio and Activity Ratio. (velocity)
⚫ It shows operational efficiency of the business.
⚫ i.e., Effective, profitable and rational use of resources available
to the concern.
⚫ Which is calculated with reference to sales or cost of sales and
expressed in number of times, i.e., rate of turning over or
rotation
The Turnover ratios are:
Stock Turnover Ratio
Debtors Turnover Ratio
Creditors Turnover Ratio
Working Capital TurnoverRatio
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
Capital Turnover Ratio
25. I.A. Inventory / stock turnover ratio
⚫ It is also called stock velocity Ratio
to meet the
⚫ It Indicates whether the investment is optimum.
⚫ The quantity of stock should be enough
requirements of the business.
⚫ But it should not be too excessive
⚫ In short, the number of times the inventory is turned over
during a particular accounting period.
26. stock Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold
Avg. Inventory (or)
= Net Sales
Avg. Inventory cost (or)
= Net sales
Avg. Inventory at selling price
Cost of Goods Sold = (op. stock+ purchase+ direct
exp)- cls. Stock
(or)
= (Total cost of production+ op.
Stock of finished goods) – cls. Stock
(or)
= sale - Gross profit.
High ratio = Efficient Inventory mgt.
27. B. Stock turnover period/ inventory turnover
period
⚫ Inventory turnover Ratio can be related to “time”
⚫ The ratio can be expressed in term of “ Days or Months”.
Inventory Turnover =
period
Days or Months in the
year
Inventory Turnover
Ratio
⚫ It refers with in a particular days or months the stock can used
or sold.
28. II.DEBTORTURNO
V
E
RRATIO
⚫ It is also called, Receivable turnover Ratio or debtors velocity.
⚫ It measures the number of times the receivables are rotated in a year in
terms of sales.
⚫ It is relationship between total sales and closing balance of debtors.
D.T.R = Net Credit sales (total sales- [cash sales + sales
returns])
Avg. Debtors – avg. B/R (Trade Debtor)
Note: Bad debts & their provision are not deducted from total Debtors .
The higher ratio indicates that the debts are being collected
promptly.
AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD ( Avg. No of days for which a firm
has to wait before its receivables are collected into cash).
A.C.P= Months or days in a year
Debtors turnover Ratio
29. III. Creditors turnover ratio / accounts payable
turnover
⚫ It is also called “creditors velocity”.
⚫ It indicates the number of times the payable rotate in a year.
⚫ It shows the relationship between credit purchase and accounts
payable i.e., ( sundry creditors, B/P).
C.T.R = Net credit purchase
Avg. Accounts payable
Avg. Payment = Days or months in a year
period Creditors Turnover Ratio
Lower Ratio shows creditors being paid promptly.
30. Iv.Workingcapitalturnoverratio
⚫ It establishes relationship between cost of sales and working
capital.
⚫ It explain the effective utilisation of working capital.
⚫ Higher sales in comparison to working capital indicates
overtrading.
W.C.T = sales/ cost of sales
Net working capital ( C.A- C.L)
31. V.Fixedassetsturnoverratio
⚫ It determines effectives utilisation of fixed assets.
⚫ It is relationship between sales and fixed assets.
F.A.T.R = Net sales
Net Fixed Assets
N.F. Assets = value of Assets – depreciation.
32. VI.Capitalturnoverratio
⚫ It established by relationship between cost of sales or sales with the
amount of capital invested.
⚫ It helps to evaluating Management Efficiency.
C.T.R = cost of sales
capital Employed
Capital employed = shareholders funds + long-term loans
Owned C.T = cost of sales
shareholders funds
Total Capital Turnover = cost of sales/ sales
Total Capital employed
Total capital Employed = total assets.
Higher Ratio indicates Higher Efficiency.
33. 3.SOLVENCY/FINANCIALRATIOS
of balance
⚫ Financial Ratio are calculated on the basis of items
sheet, so that called as Balance sheet Ratios.
⚫ The term Financial position generally refers to short- term and
long- term solvency of the business concern.
parties such as,
⚫ It Indicating safety of different interested
creditors Banks, Mgt, Investors, & Auditors.
Solvency Ratio
Overall solvency
Short term solvency
Long term Solvency
34. I.OVERALLSOLVENCYRATIO
⚫ It is related to total tangible Assets with the total Borrowed
funds. In a sense, it is the “other side of the coin” for
proprietary ratio.
⚫ It shows the proportion of assets needed to repay the debt.
⚫ A higher ratio indicates greater risk and lower safety to the
owner.
35. II.SHORT-TERMSOLVENCYRATIO
a) Current Ratio
It indicates the ability of a concern to meet its current
obligations as and when they are due for payment.
Current Ratio = Current Assets
Current Liability
current Ratio is 2:1. current Assets shall be 2 times to
currents Liabilities.
36. b) Liquid Ratio
It is also called “Quick” or “Acid Text” ratio. It is calculated by
are quickly
comparing the quick assets with current Liabilities.
Quick or Liquid Assets refers to assets which
convertible into cash.
Liquid Ratio 1:1.
L. R = Quick Assets or Liquid Assets
Current Liabilities
Quick Assets = current Assets – ( stock + prepaid exp).
37. c) Cash Position Ratio
It is also called “Absolute Liquidity Ratio” (or) “Super Quick
Ratio”
This ratio measures Liquidity in terms of cash and near cash
items and short- term current Liabilities.
C.P.R = cash and Bank Balance + Marketable
securities
Current Liabilities
An Idea cash Position Ratio is 0.75:1
38. III.LONGTERMSOLVENCYRATIO
Fixed Assets Ratio
⚫ This ratio should not generally be more than “I”.
⚫ If the ratio is less than one it indicates that a portion of working
capital has been financed by long term funds.
⚫ An idea Fixed Assets Ratio is “ 0.67”
⚫ If more than “one” implies that the Fixed asset are purchased with
short terms funds, which is not good.
F.A.R = Fixed Assets
Long-term Funds
Fixed Assets= Fixed Assets – Depreciation
Long terms = share capital + Reserves & surplus +
Long Term loans – Fictitious Assets
39. Debt Equity Ratio
⚫ It is also called “External Internal Equity Ratio”
⚫ It determines long term solvency position of a company.
D.E.R = External Equities
Internal Equities
External Equities = Total Outsides Liabilities.
Internal Equities = shareholders Funds
shareholder = Equity shareholders
40. Ideal Ratio = “1”
Also Calculated by
D.E.R = Total Long Term Debt
D.E.R =
Total Long-term Fund
Shareholder
D.E.R =
Total Long-term Fund
Total Long-term debt
Shareholder Funds
41. Proprietary Ratio
⚫ It express relationship with proprietor’s funds and total tangible
Assets.
⚫ It shows the General Soundness of the company.
⚫ Particularly for creditors get alarming to know the companies position,
whether repay their (credit) Debt or not.
P.R = Shareholder Funds
Total Tangible Assets
42. Capital Gearing Ratio
⚫ It is known as “Capitalisation or Leverage Ratio”
⚫ It is used to analyse the capital structure of the company.
⚫ It establishes relationship between Fixed Interest and dividend
bearing funds and Equity shareholder funds.
⚫ It mainly emphasis is on indication of proportion between Owner’s
Funds and Non owner’s Funds.
C.G = Long-term Loans + Debentures + pre.
Shareholders Funds
Equity Shareholder’s Funds
High Ratio = Under Capitalisation
Low Ratio = Over Capitalisation
should achieve
“ Fair
Capitalisation”
