This document discusses rakthamokshana karma or bloodletting therapy in Ayurveda. It defines rakthamokshana as the removal of blood and describes different types including siravyadha using sharp instruments, suchi using needling, and jalaukavacharana using medicinal leeches. It outlines the historical use of bloodletting, provides details on leech collection and use procedure, and explains the therapeutic mechanisms and indications of leech therapy for reducing doshas in conditions like skin diseases.
Jalaukavacharana - Leech Therapy in AyurvedaDr Adithya J V
Leech Therapy in Ayurveda - A unique modality of treatment in Ayurveda - Insights into Scientific Aspects, Mode of Usage and its scope in treatment of Various Diseases.
ANALYSIS OF PANCHAKARMA RESEARCHES DONE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIDHRASI
Presented by Dr.Annie sebastien ,PG Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, SDMCAH Hassan
Gridhrasi is defined as Stambha (stiffness), Ruk (pain), Toda (pricking pain) in a radiating manner along with Spandana (tingling sensation) starting from Kati Pradesha (low back) to Prushtha (back), Janu (knee joints), Jangha (calf muscles) and Pada (dorso lateral aspect of feet) of either one side of the lower limb or may involve both lower limbs. This condition makes raising of the affected leg difficult.
Jalaukavacharana - Leech Therapy in AyurvedaDr Adithya J V
Leech Therapy in Ayurveda - A unique modality of treatment in Ayurveda - Insights into Scientific Aspects, Mode of Usage and its scope in treatment of Various Diseases.
ANALYSIS OF PANCHAKARMA RESEARCHES DONE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIDHRASI
Presented by Dr.Annie sebastien ,PG Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, SDMCAH Hassan
Gridhrasi is defined as Stambha (stiffness), Ruk (pain), Toda (pricking pain) in a radiating manner along with Spandana (tingling sensation) starting from Kati Pradesha (low back) to Prushtha (back), Janu (knee joints), Jangha (calf muscles) and Pada (dorso lateral aspect of feet) of either one side of the lower limb or may involve both lower limbs. This condition makes raising of the affected leg difficult.
Kriya kalp is a special procedures mentioned in samhita's, under the heading of shalakya tantra to cure disease of Netra(Eyes).
Its Various Topical ocular Therapeutics Specifically Designed According to stage, severity and site of the disease
of Netra (Eyes).
Which is Mentioned in Netra roga chikitsa adhyay.
It's a Bahirparimarjana chikitsa having several Advantages over oral Administration.
other chikitsa upkrama i.e Nasya, Murdha tail etc. also included with the kriya kalpa.
PPT BY- DR. SEJAL D. GAMIT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/ CONSULTANT
SHALAKYA TANTRA DEPARTMENT
SUMANDEEP AYURVEDICMEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL(SAMCH),
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH,
AT. PO. - PIPARIA, TA. WAGHODIA
DIST. VADODARA
Kayachikitsa IMP Schlok – Part 7 - PPT
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following features –
• Imp Contents – Vata Vyadhi Chikitsa,Gudagat-Aamashayagat –Pakwashayagat – Siragat, Asthi Majjagat –Vata ,Ardit or Facial Palsy ,Pakshaghat or Hemiplegia, Grudhrasi or Sciatica ,Pashangardabha or Mumps, Kadar or corn ,Indralupta or Alopecia areata ,Darunak or Dandruff, Niruddha Prakash or Phimosis ,Unmad or Hysteria ,Apasmar or Epilepsy ,
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Raktamokshana or therapeutic bloodletting is one of the important therapeutic procedure in Ayurveda which due to its wide range of effects, is considered as one half of the treatment. It is of importance even as a preventive measure in various skin as well as hematological disorders and has therapeutic indications in skin ailments, inflammatory conditions, joint afflictions, toxaemia, disorders of eye, ENT etc. Leech therapy and siravedhana (therapeutic phlebotomy) are two of the important forms of raktamokshana.
Kriya kalp is a special procedures mentioned in samhita's, under the heading of shalakya tantra to cure disease of Netra(Eyes).
Its Various Topical ocular Therapeutics Specifically Designed According to stage, severity and site of the disease
of Netra (Eyes).
Which is Mentioned in Netra roga chikitsa adhyay.
It's a Bahirparimarjana chikitsa having several Advantages over oral Administration.
other chikitsa upkrama i.e Nasya, Murdha tail etc. also included with the kriya kalpa.
PPT BY- DR. SEJAL D. GAMIT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/ CONSULTANT
SHALAKYA TANTRA DEPARTMENT
SUMANDEEP AYURVEDICMEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL(SAMCH),
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH,
AT. PO. - PIPARIA, TA. WAGHODIA
DIST. VADODARA
Kayachikitsa IMP Schlok – Part 7 - PPT
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following features –
• Imp Contents – Vata Vyadhi Chikitsa,Gudagat-Aamashayagat –Pakwashayagat – Siragat, Asthi Majjagat –Vata ,Ardit or Facial Palsy ,Pakshaghat or Hemiplegia, Grudhrasi or Sciatica ,Pashangardabha or Mumps, Kadar or corn ,Indralupta or Alopecia areata ,Darunak or Dandruff, Niruddha Prakash or Phimosis ,Unmad or Hysteria ,Apasmar or Epilepsy ,
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Raktamokshana or therapeutic bloodletting is one of the important therapeutic procedure in Ayurveda which due to its wide range of effects, is considered as one half of the treatment. It is of importance even as a preventive measure in various skin as well as hematological disorders and has therapeutic indications in skin ailments, inflammatory conditions, joint afflictions, toxaemia, disorders of eye, ENT etc. Leech therapy and siravedhana (therapeutic phlebotomy) are two of the important forms of raktamokshana.
Kshar Sutra Therapy is an Ayurvedic Parasurgical Technique used to cure all kind of Complicated Anal Fistula, Fissure, Piles (Hemorrhoids) and Pilonidal Sinus.
This Technique is safer and more effective than any surgery.
It involves absolutely NO RISK of INCONTINENCE (Loss of Power to Control passing stools).
For Further information kindly visit : www.ksharsutratherapy.com
Most of the world's snakes are what are referred to as clinically non-venomous. This means they do not produce a toxin that is clinically significant to people.
Leech therapy is a type of regimenal therapy in Unani system of Medicine.Leech therapy or Hirudotherapy is the therapeutic application of a living medicinal leech to the skin in order to evacuate blood from localized area of body.
The basic physiology of the menstrual cycle is a complex mechanism. This involves sequence of phases in coordination with the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovary and endometrium. Normalcy and rhythmic menstruation are prime factors for normal reproduction. The menstrual cycle with all its complexities can be easily perturbed and lead to Oligomenorrhoea and Hypomenorrhea, the most common conditions seen in the present era. Its prevalence from different studies is 13.5 and 12.95 respectively. In classics, based on the pathophysiology of Lakshana by considering Dosha, Dushya, Agni, Srotas etc. this condition can be considered as Artava Kshaya. It is Agnimandhyajanya Vikara having Bahudoshavastha with Kapha Vata Dushti where Kapha produces Avarana to Vata Dosha and obstructs Artava Vaha Srotas. So, Deepana Pachana, Shodhana followed with Shamana Chikitsa corrects the pathophysiology Artava Kshaya. Dr. Padmavati Venkatesh | Dr. Priyanka Bhadargade | Dr. Anita Halgatti "Critical Review on Artava Kshaya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60080.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60080/critical-review-on-artava-kshaya/dr-padmavati-venkatesh
A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sheravydha and Jalo...ijtsrd
The aim of the entire human is to attain happiness. To achieve this, a healthy state of physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual plans is necessary. Ayurveda is the science of life has an aim of preservation of health of a healthy person and cures the diseases. It has eight branches, which comprises of kaya chikitsa, shalya tantra, shalakya tantra, bhutavidhya, kaumarabrithya, agada tantra, rasayana and vajikarana chikitsa. Dr. Santhosh S Pujari "A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sheravydha and Jaloukaacarana in Ardhavabhedaka with Special Reference to Migraine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52650.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52650/a-randomised-controlled-trial-to-evaluate-the-efficacy-of-sheravydha-and-jaloukaacarana-in-ardhavabhedaka-with-special-reference-to-migraine/dr-santhosh-s-pujari
Raktapitta with Reference to Thrombocytopenia A Conceptual Studyijtsrd
Raktapitta is a bleeding disorder where in the blood Rakta vitiated by Pitta flows out of the orifices openings of the body. 1 This disease entity is included in fourty nanatmaj vyadhis of pitta dosha. It is also included in the list of Raktaj Vyadhis. This disease is catagorised as Mahagada or Maharoga as its attacks are severe and acute like that of fire. Charakacharya has described it in the chapter imediately after Jwara as it arises due to the result of Santapa, which is Pratyatma Lakshana of Jwara. But Sushruta Acharya has described it after discussing Pandu Roga due to their common causative factors. Dr. Milind Dalutrao Nimbalkar | Dr. Vihar Bidwai "Raktapitta with Reference to Thrombocytopenia - A Conceptual Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49893.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/49893/raktapitta-with-reference-to-thrombocytopenia--a-conceptual-study/dr-milind-dalutrao-nimbalkar
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Objectives
To define the rakthamokshana karma
To describe the types of rakthamokshana karma
To describe the mechanism, procedure and clinical
usage of leech therapy
To indicate the complication of leech therapy
3. Introduction
Bloodletting has a long, venerable history of use in
traditional and pre-scientific medicine.
It is still used in alternative medicine as part of Unani,
Ayurveda, and traditional Chinese medicine.
It is one of pancakarma therapy which belong to the
shodhana karma of Ayurvedic treatment.
4. Definition of Rakthamokshana
The word ‘Rakta’ means:
रक्त - coloured, dyed, tinged, painted, Red, crimson,
blood red.
Mokshana: मोक्षण
The word ‘Mokshana’ is derived from the root ‘moksha’
means ‘to relieve’ or ‘to let out’. Therefore letting out of
blood is known as Raktamokshana.
5. Normal blood
प्रसन्न वर्णेन्द्न्ियं इन्द्न्ियार्ाा ननच्छन्तमव्याहत पक्तृवेगम्।
सुखान्द्न्वतं पुन्द्टिबलोपपन्नं ववशुद्धरक्तं पुरुषं वदन्द्न्त ॥५३॥
Excellence of color and complexion, improved power
of the sense organs, good perception of objects by
sense organs, good digestive activity, enjoyment of
comforts endowed with good nutrition and immunity-
are the characteristics of the person having non
vitiated blood.
6. Dushtarakta Lakshana (
characteristics of impure blood)
Blood vitiated by Vata, will be blue or crimson in color,
dry- nonslimy, flows with force, clear and frothy.
Blood vitiated by pitta will be yellow or black, has foul
smell, not thick because of increase of heat and mixed
with glistening particles.
Blood vitiated by Kapha will be unctuous, pale -
yellowish- white in color, has small threads, is slimy
and thick.
By combination of 2 Doshas, there will be mixed
features.
Blood vitiated by all the Doshas will be dirty and thick.
8. Historical background of blood
letting …..
bloodletting technique Sravana being described in
approximately the 6th or 7th century B.C. in the Ayurvedic
surgery.
Greek humorism (black bile, yellow bile, blood, and
phlegm) spread, gradually became Europe's chief medical
practice.
And arrived in Asia, where it was adopted by Islamic
cultures and adapted in the form of Unani in about the 10th
century A.D.]Avicenna was a proponent of Unani.
Today, the term phlebotomy refers to the drawing of blood
for hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, porphyria
cutanea tarda.
9. Ancient instrument for blood
letting
Leeches
sharpened sticks, shark’s teeth, knives.
Scarificators
The "superficial" vessels were attacked, a
springloaded lancet, or a glass cup that contained
heated air, producing a vacuum within.
12. Cupping instrument
Once a scarificator was used to slice and dice the
patient, a cup was often placed over the wound
as a receptacle for the blood. Cups were made of
tin, brass, rubber, horn, and most commonly
glass.
14. Types of raktamokshana
01. Pracchana
Multiple incisions are made with Scalp blade,
vertically & parallel to the course of local blood
vessels at the desired site.
15. 2. Siravyadha
Siravyadha is done with
sharp instrument and as
such it is a more severe
form of blood – letting.
Indications:
The bad blood causes
abscess, enlargement of
the spleen and liver ,loss
of appetite, fever, disease
of mouth, eye and head,
Vericose vein, loss of
consciousness.
17. Siravyadhanapoorvakarma:
Snehana karma – consume meat-juice and boiled rice
mixed with ghee,
Sweda karma - niragni sweda ( eg : sun light, heat with
a light, fire etc.)
Tied a band above the veins
Should tap the raised vein with physician’s middle
finger tripped off by the thumb;
18. Pradhana karma
The lancets (shastra) is incerted quickly neither too
deep nor superficial in the middle of the vein without
injuring the marma points
The maximum quantity of blood that may be let out
should not exceed one prastha
19. Siravyadha …..
Paschat karma:
apply spirit Fine powder
of haridra and laksha to
the site of blood letting
Samsarjena karma
followed.
20. Action of siravyadha:
Choice of treatment in Pitta and Rakta
Reduces intravascular pressure and volume which will
reduce pain and swelling Reduce the breakage of RBC,
in turn reduces pigmentation and itching.
21. 3. Rakthamokshana by suchi
Charaka has
indicated suchi
blood letting
. Most probably he
means that blood
letting should be
donne by needling
and made to ooze
out the blood from
the site of blood
23. Alabu
creating vacuum and extracting blood through the
vacuum using a bottle guard or Alabu; Pungent, rough
Medium sized alabu selected.
Dried in hot sun Round hole is made at the bottom
and contents emptied.
Procedure: Incisions is made on the skin Leaf is
placed near the incision Candle is
placed on the leaf and ignited Covered with bottom of
alabuyantra Vacuum is created in alabu and blood
rushes out.
24. Shrungavacharana
scratching the site, blood letting should be done by
means of the cow horn to which piece of thin urinary
bladder (of an animal) has been tide as a cover by a
thread , till blood is sucked out by manual mouth
suction.
26. Jalaukavacharana (Leech therapy)
It is considered as most unique and most effective
method of bloodletting.
It is safely indicated in all mankind including the
patients having poor threshold to pain
In Ayurveda and Sri Lankan traditional medicine, in
bloodletting therapy through leeches, purified and
cleaned medicinal leeches are applied in management
of various disorders, especially which are caused due to
vitiation of pitta and rakta dosha.
28. Jalauka ….
Scientific classification :
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Annelida
Class : Clitellata
Order : Hirudinea
Family : Hirudidae
Binomial name : Hirudomedicinalis
31. Other indication of leech therapy
Peripheral vasculardiseases
Diabetic foot ulcer
Non healing ulcer
Thrombosed Haemorrhoids
Tenosynovitis
Vitiligo
Warts
Foot Corn
32. Contraindications of leech
therapy (jalaukavacharana)
Absolute Hemophilia
Severe Anaemia
Erosive gastritis and potential gastrointestinal bleeding
During chemotherapy ( or people who are on immunosuppressive
medication)
Individuals with HIV infection
Cachexia (of any cause)
Severe allergic diathesis (allergy to foreign proteins)
Hypotension
Active tuberculosis
Pregnancy
Mental disorders during acute episodes
Severely ill and bed ridden patients
Extremely fearful patient
33.
34. Mode of action of hirudotherapy
When leeches bite, they create a tunnel to the lymphatic system remove toxins
from the lymph system.
The main effects of the medicinal leech on the body include:
decreased blood clotting
thrombolytic (clot destruction)
antiischemic (improving blood supply to tissues and organs)
antihypoxia (improved blood supply oxygen to the tissues and organs)
hypertensive (normotensive)
draining the blood and lymph system of toxins and blood clots
restoration of the microcirculation
recovery of neuromuscular impulse transmission
restoration of vascular permeability
bacteriostatic (death of microorganisms, causing inflammation)
immunostimulatory
35. The important constituents present
in the leech saliva
Hirudin - It is a powerful anticoagulant, it inhibit blood
coagulation by preventing conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Hyaluronidase - It breaks down the hyaluronic acid. As a
“spreading factor”, it opens the interstices, paving the way for other
active substances in leech saliva to reach the deeper tissues.
Hyaluronidase also possesses antibiotic property.
Destabilase - Amonomerizing enzymes that dissolves fibrin
Eglins - Are anti-inflammatory proteins. They inhibit the activity
of alpha-chymotrypsin, chymase, subtilisin, and the neutrophilic
proteinase elastase and cathepsin G.
Calin - Inhibits blood coagulation
36. The important constituents
preesent in the leech saliva …
Bdellins - Anti-inflammatory, inhibits
trypsin, plasmin, and acrosin.
Acetylcholine - Vasodilator
Histamine like substance - Vasodilator
Carboxypeptidase A inhibitor - Increases the
inflow of blood at the site of bite.
37. Collection
should be kept in a bottle with broad lid filled with
water.
Feed them with powder of dried meat and aquatic
bulbs leaves of water plants
The water should be changed every third day and feed
should be dropped
39. Purva Karma (Before procedure)
the patient should be subjected to snehana (oleation)
and swedana (fomentation), to enhance the mobility
of dosha
Fresh leeches should be taken, and a mixture of
mustard and turmeric paste in water should be applied
upon them.
40. Pradhana karma
The patient should be made to sit or lie down
The leeches should be hold at its neck and should be
applied directly to the affected part.
They should be covered with wet cotton and cold water
should be poured on them from above time to time
41. Paschata karma (after procedure)
The site should be cleaned with normal saline and
bandaging should be done after sprinkling turmeric
powder with beehoney to the bleeding site.
After falling off, the leeches should be made to vomit.
This is carried out by applying turmeric powder at
their mouths.
When the blood comes from the anterior sucker,
gentle squeezing from caudal to front end is required
for proper emesis
If the leech is active when placed in water, it indicates
that the vomiting is proper.
42. The leeches should be made to
vomit,applying turmeric powder at
leeches’s mouths.
43. bandaging should be done after sprinkling
turmeric powder to the bleeding site.
44. Complications of leech therapy
The bleeding was not controlled by applying pressure
with sterile gauze upon the wounds. Allergy to leech
bites, even severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions has
been reported .
45.
46. Research findings on
Rakthamokshana
1. Raut S.Y, Rasale P.L et.al study found that there is no
effect on sirawedha on RBC indices.
2. Motial .R and Shrilata K. study found that, the
combination of sarivadyasava and jalaukavacharana
showed a statistically highly significant response in
reducing the symptoms and signs of Yuvanapidaka.
3.Weinfeld AB and Yuksel E et.al study reveal that the
Leech therapy has been proven to help patients suffering
from venous diseases
4. Bapat RD and Acharya BS et.al mention that medicinal
leech is effective in the management of complicated
varicose veins, it heals ulcer, decreases the oedema and
limb girth, and decreases hyperpigmentation.
47. Research findings on
Rakthamokshana …
5. Dwivedi, A. P study found that applying leeches on
diabetic foot ulcer , Leech therapy improve the blood
circulation and reduce the congestion due to presence
of Carboxypeptidase. Leech application has anti-
inflammatory action nerves due to presence of
substance like Bdellin and Eglins in saliva, hence
correct diabetic neuropathy
6. A single course of leech therapy was effective in
relieving pain in the shortterm in patients suffering
from chronic lateral epicondylitis (Tennis elbow) and
reduced disability in intermediate-term.
48. Referances
Sathish H.S., Baghel M.S., Bhuyan C., Vaghela D.,B.., Narmada M.,G., Mithun B., , Outline of researches on
raktamokshana,11/09/2013
SushrutaSamhita – Ayurveda tattvasandipika commentary by
DrAmbikaDattaShastri, sutra sthana published by
Chaukhambhasamskritsamsthan, Varanasi; p. 43-46.
Vidyalankara.A, Ayurveda BrihatItihas.1st Ed. Varanasi; BhargavaBhushana
Press; 1960.p. 127.
"Leeching".Encyclopaedia Britannica.Encyclopaedia Britannica
Online.Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc
2013.Web.05<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/750132/leeching>.
Textbook of Natural Medicine, Barnes & Noble, available on www.barnesand
noble .com/w/text book-of-natural-medicine-joseph-e-pizzorno/1100325443
Naturopathy Embraces the Four Humors, Jann Bellamy, Science-Based
Medicine, available on,science based medicine .org/index.php/naturopathy-
embraces-the four-humors/