The document discusses ionizing radiation, detailing its types, such as particulate (including alpha, beta, and neutron particles) and electromagnetic radiation (gamma rays and x-rays). It outlines sources of ionizing radiation, both natural and manmade, alongside examples of radioactive isotopes that emit various types of radiation. Additionally, the document covers processes like alpha emission, beta decay, positron emission, and neutron emissions, providing specific isotopes and their characteristics.

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Radiation

3. BIG CONCEPT
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4. Henri Becquerel
Marie curie

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Ionizing Radiation

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9. I am Jayden Smith
I am here because I love to give presentations.
You can find me at @username
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10. BIG CONCEPT
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11. Use big image
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12. Type of i oni zi ng radi ati on
1. PARTICULATE RADIATION (w
i t h m
ass)
• Al pha parti cl es (α)
• Beta parti cl es (β-) and Posi trons (β+)
• Neutron parti cl es
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (no m
ass and no charge)
• Gam
m
a rays (γ)
• X- rays
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Sources of Ioni zi ng Radi ati on
1. Natural
• Radi oacti ve m
ateri al s : Urani umand radi umf ound i n the earth
2. Manmade
• Radi ati on- generati ng m
achi nes : Accel erator or reactor

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w
hat m
ateri al s are cal l ed
radi oacti ve
• Unstabl e nucl ei
• Radi oacti ve i sotope (Radi oi sotope), Radi onucl i de

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PARTICULATE RADIATION
1. Al pha parti cl es (α)
2. Beta parti cl es (β-) and Posi trons (β+)
3. Neutron parti cl es
• w
i t h m
ass

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Al pha parti cl es (α)
• Posi t i vel y charged part i cl e
• t w
o prot ons and t w
o
neut rons
• Hel i um
• l ow neut ron- t o- prot on rat i o

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Radi onucl i des that em
i t al pha parti cl es
i ncl ude:
 Uranium-238 (U-238), U-234, U-235
 Radium-226 (Ra-226), Ra-223, Ra-224, (decay products of uranium)
 Radon-222 (Rn-222), Rn-219, Rn-220 (decay products of radium)
 Thorium-230 (Th-230), Th-227, Th-228
 Americium-241 (Am-241)
 Polonium-210 (Po-210)

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Atomic number and mass number
• A = p + n
• Z = p = e
• Charge = p - e

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Polonium-210 (Po-210)
Po
p = 84
n = 126
Emits alpha : 2n and 2p
Pb
p = 82
n = 124

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Beta parti cl es (β−
)
Negat i vel y- charged part i cl e
1n  1e & 1p & 1v𝑒
el ect rons em
i t t ed f rom t he nucl eus
hi gh neut ron- t o- prot on rat i o

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Radi onucl i des that em
i t Bata parti cl es i ncl ude:
 Strontium-90 (Sr-90)
 Phosphorus-32 (P-32)
 Carbon-14 (C-14)

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Carbon-14 (C-14)
C
p 6
n = 8
Emits β−
: 1n  1e & 1p & 1v𝑒
N
p = 7
n = 7

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Posi trons (β+
)
• Posi t i vel y- charged part i cl e
• 1p  1n & 1e+ & 1𝑣𝑒
• el ect rons em
i t t ed f rom t he nucl eus
• l ow neut ron- t o- prot on rat i o

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Radi onucl i des that em
i t Posi trons i ncl ude:
• Fluorine-18 (F-18)

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Fluorine-18 (F-18)
F
p = 9
n = 9
Emits β+
: 1p  1n & 1e+
& 1𝑣𝑒
O
p = 8
n = 10

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Neutron parti cl es
• Neut ral part i cl es
• Nucl ear f i ssi on and f usi on

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Radi onucl i des that em
i t Neutron parti cl es
i ncl ude:
• neutron-rich sources (Cf - 252)
• part i cl e accel erat ors

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cal i f orni um
-252 (Cf - 252)
• 96.9% emits alpha  curium
• 3.1% Spontaneous fission (SF)
 emits n & γ
Z = 98

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Spontaneous f i ssi on (SF)
• 1 Atom  2 different atoms + n
• n > 90

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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
1. Gam
m
a rays (γ)
2. X- rays
• no m
ass and no charge

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Gam
m
a rays (γ)
• Hi gh- energy phot ons
• Em
i t t ed f rom t he nucl eus

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Radi onucl i des that em
i t Gam
m
a rays i ncl ude:
 Iodine-131 (I-131)
 Cesium-137 (Cs-137)
 Cobalt-60 (Co-60), cobalt-57 (Co-57)
 Gallium-67 (G-67)
 Technetium-99m (Tc-99m)
 Iridium-192 (Ir-192)
Gam
m
a rays are of t en em
i t t ed al ong w
i t h al pha or bet a part i cl es
duri ng radi oact i ve decay (e. g. , Co- 60, I r- 192).

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Cobalt-60(Co-60)
Co
Emits : β− & γ
Ni

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X- rays
• Hi gh- energy phot ons
• em
i t t ed f rom out si de t he nucl eus

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Radi onucl i des that em
i t x rays i ncl ude:
 Iodine-125 (I-125)
 Iron-55 (Fe-55)

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Iodi ne- 125 (I - 125)
I
Emits : x & γ
Te

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Electron capture

38. Thanks