The document provides an overview of gestational diabetes, detailing its causes, risk factors, symptoms, and complications for both the mother and baby. It emphasizes the importance of controlling gestational diabetes through healthy eating, physical activity, and potential medical interventions, while outlining risks such as macrosomia and high blood pressure. Additionally, it discusses preventive measures and includes references for further information.

1. Gestational
Diabetes
Dr. Hadis Zeinali
Shaqayeq Mahmoudi
9/Khordad/1401
University of Science and Culture

2. Contents
What is Diabetes
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
Cause?
Risk Factors
Controling Gestational Diabetes
Syptomes
Complications
Complications in Baby
Macrosomia
Early (Preterm) Birth
Serious Breathing Difficulties
C-Section is Bad?
Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Later in Life
Oxidative Stress
Defect in Motor Function
Stillbirth
Complications in Mother
High blood Pressure
C-section
Future Diabetes
Prevention

3. What is Diabetes
Most of Food  Glucose  Blood Stream
Blood Sugar Pancreas  Insulin Glucose  Cell  Energy
Diabetes Insulin
Insulin Use
Blood Glucose
Diabetes : Glucose Cell :(
1

4. Types
Type 1
Diabetes
Diabetes
of
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
2

5. Autoimmune
Immune System Cells  B-Cell (Pancreas)  Insulin
1
Type Diabetes
Glucose Cell :(
3

6. Pancreas  Insulin BUT Cell  Insulin Resistance
Insulin  Cell Receptor Blood Sugar  Insulin
Hyperinsulinemia
2
Type Diabetes
Glucose Cell :(
4

7. Month 4-5-6
Placental Hormone
Estrogen, Cortisol, and Human Placental Lactogen(hPL)
BUT Insulin Resistance
Pancreas  Insulin
Gestational Diabetes
Glucose Fetus :):
Placenta
5.8
5

8. Cause?
Hormone  placental Hormone
Why Not All Mothers?
6

9. Risk Factors
Being
Overweight
04
02
01
03
Not Exercising
Having
Prediabetes GD in
Previous
Pregnancy
PCOS
Baby> 4.1Kg
05
06
7

10. Controling
Gestational Diabetes
Eat healthy foods
Keep active
Medicine
8

11. Increased Thirst
More-Frequent
Urination
Symptoms
9

12. Complications
Complications that May Affect the Baby
1. Macrosomia
2. Early (Preterm) Birth
3. Serious Breathing Difficulties
4. Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)
5. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Later in Life
6. Oxidative Stress
7. Defect in Motor Function
8. Stillbirth
Complications that May Affect the Mother
1. High blood Pressure
2. C-section
3. Future Diabetes
10

13. Complications
in
baby
11

14. Macrosomia
Blood Sugar Weight (4.1Kg)
Glucose Placenta 
Islet Hyperplasia  Pancreas 
More Insulin
Glucose Fetus  Extra
Glucose = Lipid  Overweight 
C-section
12

15. Early Birth
Hyperglycemia  Polyhydramnios  Amniotic Fluid
Amniotic Fluid
Overweight
Uterus Stretch
C-section Early Birth
13

16. Serious Breathing Difficulties
Early Birth  Respiratory Distress Syndrome  Difficulty in Breathing
Surfactant Air Sac  O2 CO2
14

17. C-Section is Bad?
Oxytocin Hypothalamus(produced)
Uterine Contractions  Pain
Pain = High Levels of Oxytocin  Oxytocin Brain  Neural
Networks  Autism
Pain  Low Levels of Oxytocin  Autism
Posterior Pituitary(released)
Placenta
15

18. Hypoglycemia
Low Levels of Sugar  Seizures
why?
Mother  High Levels of Glucose  Placenta 
Fetus  Getting used to Glucose
16

19. Obesity & Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Child’s BMI
Type 2 Diabetes
17

20. Oxidative Stress
Hyperglycemia  Oxidative Stress 
Developing Cell
Hyperglycemia  ROS  Antioxidant
1. Membrane Alterations
2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
3. Initiation of Abnormal Programmed Cell
Death (Apoptosis)
18

21. Gross and Fine Motor Abilities
Gross & Fine Motor Abilities
57 Control
32 GD
Lower Score  Bruininks-Oseretsky Fine and Gross Motor Abilities
• Lower Sensory-Motor Function
• Lower Verbal Intelligence
• ADHD
Negative Correlation  HbA1c & Score
19

22. Stillbirth
Untreated Gestational Diabetes  Death Before or After Birth
20

23. Complications
in
Mother
21

24. High blood pressure
C-Section
Diabetes
Complications in Mother
22

25. Prevention
No Guarantees :,)
Healthy Habits
Eat Healthy Foods
Keep Active
Start Pregnancy at a Healthy Weight
23

26. Refrences
● https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-
causes/syc-20355339
● https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html#:~:text=With%20diabetes%2C%20y
our%20body%20either,and%20released%20into%20your%20bloodstream.
● https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/insulin-resistance-
syndrome#:~:text=Insulin%20resistance%20is%20when%20cells,blood%20sugar%20levels%2
0go%20up.
● https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=gestational-diabetes-mellitus-
gdm-85-P00337
● https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25783684/#:~:text=Results%3A%20Diabetic%20embry
opathy%20can%20affect,growth%20abnormalities%2C%20and%20perinatal%20mortality.
24

27. Thanks!