This document summarizes information about srRNA-based cancer vaccines. It begins with definitions of cancer and different cancer treatment methods. It then discusses the types of cancer vaccine platforms, including cell-based, peptide-based, nucleic acid-based and viral-based. The document defines srRNA and describes the replication mechanism of alphaviruses that are used in srRNA vaccines. It discusses three types of srRNA cancer vaccines and provides details about srRNA HPV viral replicon particle vaccines. In the last sections, it outlines other applications of srRNAs and provides references.
2. What Is Cancer? Cancer Vaccine Platform Types
What Is srRNA?
srRNA Cancer Vaccine Types
01 02
03
07
Table of contents
Alphavirus Replication Mechanism
Other Applications of srRNAs
06
05
04
srRNAs as HPV VRP Vaccines
1/11
4. Cancer vaccine platform types
Cell-based Cancer Vaccines
Peptide-based Cancer Vaccines
Nucleic Acid-based Cancer Vaccines
Viral-based Cancer Vaccines
3/11
Dendritic cells/ TA(DNA,RNA,Peptide)/ APC/ T Cell
Peptide/ APC/ HLA/ T Cell
DNA: HLA/ T Cell
RNA: HLA/ T Cell
Adenoviruses, Poxviruses, Alphaviruses
APC: Macrophage/ DC/ B Cell
HLA: Human Leukocyte Antigen
What Is
Cancer?
Cancer
Vaccine
Platforms
What Is
srRNA?
Alphavirus
Replication
srRNA
Vaccine
Types
srRNAs as
HPV VRP
Vaccines
Applications
of srRNAs
5. srRNA
4/11
Venezuelan eqine encephalitis virus(VEEV), Semliki Forest Virus(SFV), Sindbis Virus
Linear, Single-stranded RNA Molecule
Capsid/Spike
Replicase
Self-replicating RNA
What Is
Cancer?
Cancer
Vaccine
Platforms
What Is
srRNA?
Alphavirus
Replication
srRNA
Vaccine
Types
srRNAs as
HPV VRP
Vaccines
Applications
of srRNAs
6. Alphavirus Replication Mechanism
5/11
What Is
Cancer?
Cancer
Vaccine
Platforms
What Is
srRNA?
Alphavirus
Replication
srRNA
Vaccine
Types
srRNAs as
HPV VRP
Vaccines
Applications
of srRNAs
7. srRNA Cancer Vaccine Types
6/11
DNA-launched srRNA Replicon(DREP) Vaccines
Virus-like Particle Vaccines
Viral Replicon Particles(VRP) Vaccines
What Is
Cancer?
Cancer
Vaccine
Platforms
What Is
srRNA?
Alphavirus
Replication
srRNA
Vaccine
Types
srRNAs as
HPV VRP
Vaccines
Applications
of srRNAs
8. srRNAs as HPV VRP Vaccines
Benefit: low dose of srRNA , high amount of protein
7/11
What Is
Cancer?
Cancer
Vaccine
Platforms
What Is
srRNA?
Alphavirus
Replication
srRNA
Vaccine
Types
srRNAs as
HPV VRP
Vaccines
Applications
of srRNAs
Vvax001
Treat HPV
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
Semliki Forest Virus(SFV)
Structural E6,E7
Defective Helper Constructs(Entering the Cell)
Phase I Clinical Trial
10. Other Applications of srRNAs
Self-amplifying RNA Vaccines
Stem Cell Research
Biotechnology and Directed Evolution
9/11
Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 (Yamanaka)
Retrovirus & Lentivirus
(Sendai virus)SeV iPSC
Making Protein
Directed Evolution
What Is
Cancer?
Cancer
Vaccine
Platforms
What Is
srRNA?
Alphavirus
Replication
srRNA
Vaccine
Types
srRNAs as
HPV VRP
Vaccines
Applications
of srRNAs
11. References
10/11
• United States government 2021, What Is Cancer?, accessed 15 October 2023,
<https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-
cancer#:~:text=These%20cells%20may%20form%20tumors,also%20be%20called%
20malignant%20tumors>
• United States government, Types of Cancer Treatment, accessed 15 October 2023,
<https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types>
• Abd-Aziz, N., & Poh, C. L. (2022). Development of Peptide-Based Vaccines for Cancer.
Journal of oncology, 2022, 9749363. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9749363
• Vishweshwaraiah, Y. L., & Dokholyan, N. V. (2022). MRNA vaccines for cancer
immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 1029069.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029069
• Tews, B. A., & Meyers, G. (2017). Self-Replicating RNA. Methods in molecular biology
(Clifton, N.J.), 1499, 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6481-9_2
• Dailey, G. P., Crosby, E. J., & Hartman, Z. C. Cancer vaccine strategies using self-
replicating RNA viral platforms. Cancer Gene Therapy, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-022-00499-6
• Pijlman, G.P. (2012). NELE TAMBERG Studies on Semliki Forest virus replication and
pathogenesis.
12. 11/11
• Bloom, K., & Arbuthnot, P. (2021). Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases.
Gene Therapy, 28(3), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-020-00204-y
• (2022). Dynamics of natural product Lupenone as a potential fusion inhibitor against
the spike complex of novel Semliki Forest Virus. PLOS ONE, 17(2), e0263853.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263853
• Morse, M. A., Hobeika, A. C., Osada, T., Berglund, P., Hubby, B., Negri, S., Niedzwiecki,
D., Devi, G. R., Burnett, B. K., Clay, T. M., Smith, J., & Lyerly, H. K. (2010). An alphavirus
vector overcomes the presence of neutralizing antibodies and elevated numbers of
Tregs to induce immune responses in humans with advanced cancer. The Journal of
Clinical Investigation, 120(9), 3234-3241. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI42672
• Komdeur, F. L., Singh, A., Meulenberg, J. M., Boerma, A., Hoogeboom, B. N., Paijens, S.
T., Oyarce, C., Schuuring, E., Regts, J., Marra, R., Werner, N., Sluis, J., Wilschut, J. C.,
Allersma, D. P., Kosterink, G. W., Jorritsma-Smit, A., Yigit, R., Nijman, H. W., & Daemen,
T. (2021). First-in-Human Phase I Clinical Trial of an SFV-Based RNA Replicon Cancer
Vaccine against HPV-Induced Cancers. Molecular Therapy, 29(2), 611-625.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.002
• Jia, W., Zhang, T., Huang, H., Feng, H., Wang, S., Guo, Z., Luo, Z., Ji, X., Cheng, X., &
Zhao, R. (2022). Colorectal cancer vaccines: The current scenario and future
prospects. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 942235.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.942235
• Wagner, A., & Mutschler, H. Design principles and applications of synthetic self-
replicating RNAs. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA, e1803.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1803
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