This document discusses racial and ethnic inequality in the Philippines. It defines key terms like race, ethnicity, prejudice, discrimination, and racism. It outlines laws in the Philippines aimed at protecting indigenous peoples and prohibiting racial discrimination. It discusses how Filipino identity developed through the blending of diverse ethnic and linguistic groups over centuries. While the Philippines does not formally recognize racial discrimination, some argue it still exists in society in subtle forms. The document presents sociological perspectives on the dysfunctions caused by racism in a society and how increased interracial contact can help reduce prejudice.

1. RACIAL AND ETHNICAL
INEQUALITY

2. Definition of Terms
Race – group of people who have
differences and similarities in
biological traits deemed by society
to be socially significant
Ethnicity – shared cultural practices,
perspectives, and distinctions that
set apart one group of people
from another

3. Prejudice – a negative attitude
toward an entire category of
people, often an ethnic or racial
minority
Discrimination – the denial of
opportunities and equal rights to
individuals and groups because of
prejudice or other arbitrary
reasons

4. Racism – refers to attitudes, beliefs, or
behaviours that favor one group over
another
Ethnic discrimination – treating a
person differently based on the
national/tribal culture they self-
identify with
Racist – believes that certain people
are superior, or inferior, to others in
light of racial differences; they
approve of segregation

5. The Indigenous People’s Rights
Act of 1997
Section 22, Article II of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, Chapter 1 of RA 8371
“...the State recognizes and promotes
the rights of the indigenous cultural
communities within the framework of
national unity and development.”
SOURCE: NCIP

8. Anti-Discrimination Act of
2011
Senate Bill 2814
- A bill that would prohibit and penalize racial
discrimination in the workplace,
educational institutions, and services

9. “The Philippines does not formally
recognize the existence of racial
discrimination in the country...We
should be able to avoid
unnecessary prejudice and other
forms of intolerance and give equal
opportunity to each individual to
achieve his full potential as a
person and as a Filipino citizen.”
SOURCE: Sen. L. Legarda, Convention on the Elimination of all
forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 2008

10. - The procedures for the resolution, settlement, or
prosecution of racial discrimination acts would be
drawn up by:
• Commission on Human Rights
• Department of Labor and Employment
• Department of Education
• Department of Health
• National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
• National Commission on Muslim Filipinos
• Civil Service Commission
• Department of Trade and Industry

11. • A penalty of imprisonment of nine
months to 12 years and/or a fine of
P100,000 to P500,000 would be
imposed on persons found guilty of
committing acts of racial
discrimination
• Equal Opportunity Committees
would also be established in public
and private agencies, corporations
and educational institutions

12. Philippines : Historical
Development of Ethnic Identities
Through centuries of
intermarriage, Filipinos
had become a unique
blend of Malay, Chinese,
Spanish, Negrito, and
American.

13. During the fifteenth century, separate
sultanates developed on Mindanao
and in the Sulu Archipelago.
By the middle of the sixteenth century,
Islamic influence had spread as far
north as Manila Bay.
Philippine national identity emerged as
a blend of diverse ethnic and linguistic
groups, when lowland Christians,
called indios by the Spaniards, began
referring to themselves as "Filipinos“.

14. Philippine Racism
by Manuel L. Quezon, Jr.
“Many Filipinos still believe the “white”
man is superior to the “brown” man.”
“...Our national cohesion is also
weakened by a very strange
manifestation of the colonial mentality
– racism...”
“All subsequent scientific research has
shown that the human races are equal
in intelligence and potentialities.”
SOURCE: The Philippine Graphic magazine (November 2, 1966)

15. THE FUNCTIONALIST
PERSPECTIVE
Sociologist Arnold Rose (1951) has
outlined dysfunctions that are
associated with racism:
• A society that practices
discrimination fails to use the
resources of all individuals.
Discrimination limits the search
for talent and leadership to the
dominant group.

16. THE CONFLICT THEORY PERSPECTIVE
From a Marxist point of view:
• Racism keeps minorities in low-paying
jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist
ruling class with a pool of cheap labor
• Workers from the dominant group
who demand higher wages can always
be replaced by minorities who have
no choice but to accept low-paying
jobs.

17. THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST
PERSPECTIVE
• The contact hypothesis states that
in cooperative circumstances,
interracial contact between people
of equal status will cause them to
become less prejudiced and to
abandon old stereotypes.
• People begin to see one another as
individuals and discard the broad
generalizations characteristic of
stereotyping.

19. “It is time we eliminated it by
educating in the minds of our
people and changing their
attitudes, not by a adopting
haughty spirit...by making them
realize the truth that we are all
Filipinos, that as a people we have
no inborn inferiority, that we have
the same inborn potentialities as
other people...what we shall
become depends under God, on
what we make of ourselves.”
REFLECTION
- Manuel L. Quezon Jr., on Philippine Racism

20. Thank you and
God bless :D