Races and speciation
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Speciation is the natural process by which new species emerge from pre-existing species over time. A species is defined as a sum of interbreeding races that are reproductively isolated from other species by mechanisms preventing gene exchange. There are two main types of speciation: general speciation occurring gradually over generations, and polyploidy which can create new species more instantly due to chromosome changes. For speciation to occur, populations must first become reproductively isolated followed by genetic divergence over time.
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Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution responsible for random changes in a gene pool through chance changes in allele frequencies in populations over time. It tends to have a stronger effect in smaller populations and can reduce genetic variation through allele losses. There are two types of genetic drift: bottleneck effect, which occurs after disasters reduce population size, and founder effect, which happens when new colonies are formed through migration.
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The document discusses several modes of speciation including allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, sympatric, and hybrid speciation. It provides examples for each mode, such as fruit flies speciating through peripatric isolation on a new island. Additionally, it covers related topics like macroevolution occurring over long time periods, radiometric dating techniques used to determine geological timescales, and examples of cospeciation between species.
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Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. The biological species concept has been prevalent in the evolutionary literature for the last several decades and is emphasized in many college-level biology courses. It is probably the species concept most familiar to biologists in diverse fields, such as conservation biology, forestry, fisheries, and wildlife management. Species defined by the biological species concept have also been championed as units of conservation. The species concept for most phycologists is based on the morphological characters and hence the term ‘species’ means morphospecies. On the other hand, for evolutionary biologists, the term means biological species that can be defined as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupy a specific niche in Nature.
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This document discusses speciation and the evolution of new species. It defines different types of speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation is a key factor in speciation, with both prezygotic barriers that prevent interbreeding and postzygotic barriers affecting the viability of hybrid offspring. Speciation occurs over long periods of time through either gradual evolution or punctuated equilibrium. The document also covers taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, extinction, and adaptive radiation.
best ever ppt on speciation by Nagesh sadili
1) The document discusses speciation in insects, including different species concepts, types of speciation, and mechanisms of speciation.
2) It describes four main species concepts: typological, nominalistic, biological, and evolutionary. The biological species concept, which defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups, is most widely accepted.
3) Speciation occurs through the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations, including prezygotic barriers like habitat isolation and postzygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility. Disruptive selection can divide populations into distinct species.
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Genetic drift is random changes in gene frequencies that occur by chance in small populations rather than through natural selection. According to Sewall Wright's theory of genetic drift, gene frequencies in small populations can change randomly due to sampling errors, potentially leading one allele to become fixed and another to be lost over time. Evidence from experiments on banded and bandless snail populations supports genetic drift operating in small populations by causing random changes in allele frequencies. Genetic drift plays a role in evolution by causing variations between isolated populations and possibly leading to the emergence of new species.
Evolutionary forces
Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
Species concepts 4
The document discusses several species concepts:
- The typological concept views species as fixed types, ignoring variation.
- The biological concept defines species as groups of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from others.
- The nominalistic concept views species as human constructs rather than natural categories.
It also notes difficulties in applying the biological concept, such as asexual reproduction, similar but isolated species, and ring species where isolation breaks down.
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best ever ppt on speciation by Nagesh sadili
1) The document discusses speciation in insects, including different species concepts, types of speciation, and mechanisms of speciation.
2) It describes four main species concepts: typological, nominalistic, biological, and evolutionary. The biological species concept, which defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups, is most widely accepted.
3) Speciation occurs through the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations, including prezygotic barriers like habitat isolation and postzygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility. Disruptive selection can divide populations into distinct species.
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Genetic drift is random changes in gene frequencies that occur by chance in small populations rather than through natural selection. According to Sewall Wright's theory of genetic drift, gene frequencies in small populations can change randomly due to sampling errors, potentially leading one allele to become fixed and another to be lost over time. Evidence from experiments on banded and bandless snail populations supports genetic drift operating in small populations by causing random changes in allele frequencies. Genetic drift plays a role in evolution by causing variations between isolated populations and possibly leading to the emergence of new species.
Evolutionary forces
Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
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The document discusses several species concepts:
- The typological concept views species as fixed types, ignoring variation.
- The biological concept defines species as groups of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from others.
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This document discusses humanism, technology, and dehumanization. It defines humanism as valuing human agency, freedom, and evidence over dogma. Key figures like Maslow and Rogers who advocated for humanistic approaches are discussed. While technology can potentially humanize through interaction and reflection, it also risks dehumanizing by treating people as machines without individuality or empathy. The document argues technology should augment teaching and learning by supporting meaningful, creative, and collaborative problem-solving rather than replacing the teacher or treating students as passive learners.
History of educational technology
The history of educational technology can be traced back to ancient cultures that developed systems of knowledge and invented writing to record and transmit information. In ancient Greece, the term "techne" referred to the systematic application of knowledge to instruction. Major contributors in the 19th century included Edward Thorndike, who formulated the scientific theory of learning, and John Dewey, who introduced the scientific method to instruction. The 19th century also saw effective technological developments like textbooks, blackboards, and improved writing tools. Visual instruction became popularized through photography's invention. Instructional television and early computers were developed throughout the 20th century, leading to the internet revolution of the 1990s.
Solstice and equinox
Equinoxes occur twice yearly when the sun is directly above the equator and day and night are approximately equal in length. Solstices occur twice yearly when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky, resulting in the longest and shortest days of the year in the summer and winter respectively in each hemisphere. The document then provides details on the timing and effects of the summer and winter solstices and spring and autumn equinoxes in both hemispheres.
Our moon
The three main hypotheses for the origin of the moon are that it was either 1) a small planet captured by Earth's gravity, 2) formed alongside Earth from the same dust and gas cloud, or 3) ripped away from the Earth as a bulge when the young Earth spun faster. The moon has dark lava plains called maria, ancient highlands made of different rock, and many circular craters from impacts. It rotates in sync with its orbit around Earth, always keeping the same face toward our planet and exhibiting phases from new to full.
Motion of the earth
The Giant Impact Theory proposes that the Moon was formed about 4.5 billion years ago from the debris of a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This collision created a disk of molten rock and debris that eventually consolidated to form the Moon. Some earlier ideas on the Moon's formation included it forming alongside Earth or being captured after forming elsewhere in the solar system.
Lunar eclipses
The document discusses lunar eclipses. It defines different types of lunar eclipses including penumbral, partial, and total eclipses. The next visible total lunar eclipse will occur on January 31, 2018 and will be seen in Asia, Australia, the Pacific Ocean, and western North America. During a lunar eclipse, the moon appears red due to Rayleigh scattering, which scatters blue light from the sun more than red light when it passes through the earth's atmosphere. For an eclipse to occur, the moon must pass within 11.38 degrees of the ecliptic plane at either its ascending or descending node where it intersects the ecliptic.
Motion
This document contains definitions and examples related to motion concepts including speed, average speed, velocity, and acceleration. It defines average speed as total distance traveled divided by total time. It provides an example of calculating average speed when speeds vary throughout a trip. It also defines velocity as a measure of both speed and direction of motion. Velocity is defined as distance divided by time. The document provides examples of calculating acceleration from changes in speed over time.
Intro to physics and measurements
This document provides an introduction to physical science. It begins by defining science and listing the main branches - biological science, physical science, and social science. Biological science deals with living things, social science deals with human behavior and societies. Physical science deals with non-living things, their properties, structures, and changes.
The main branches of physical science are then outlined as chemistry, physics, astronomy, geology, and meteorology. Chemistry studies matter and its properties and changes. Physics studies matter and energy. Astronomy studies the universe and celestial bodies. Geology studies Earth materials, structures, and processes. Meteorology studies the atmosphere and weather/climate.
The document then transitions to discussing measurement in physical science. Measurement
More from Merlyn Denesia (20)
Recently uploaded
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingImmersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Recently uploaded (20)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Races and speciation
- 2. How do new species arise?
- 4. SPECIATION The natural process to which new species emerge
- 5. Is race synonymous to species?
- 6. SPECIES Sum total of interbreeding races Species are kept separate by reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent or greatly reduce gene exchange between them
- 7. Biological species concept O Two organisms are the same species if they can produce viable offspring
- 8. RACES Distinct groups within a species
- 10. TYPES OF SPECIATION 1. General Speciation
- 11. 2. Polyploidy ORelatively instant creation of species OEx. Grasses and ferns
- 15. STEPS FOR SPECIATION 1. Reproductive Isolation restriction of gene flow between the populations
- 16. 2. Time Divergence accumulation of random genetic mutations overtime
- 25. What’s the opposite of speciation?