This research article examined the relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and health behaviors in adolescents. Researchers analyzed survey data from over 800 high school students regarding their physical activity levels and health behaviors over the past 30 days. They found that adolescents who engaged in high levels of vigorous physical activity were less likely to use marijuana or engage in heavy marijuana use, consumed more healthy carbohydrates and fats, used stress management techniques more frequently, and reported better quality of sleep compared to those with low vigorous physical activity. Few differences were seen based on frequency of moderate physical activity. The findings suggest frequent vigorous physical activity in adolescents may reduce risky behaviors and promote healthy behaviors. More research is needed to better understand these relationships.
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
Educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of educational level, sex, and church affiliation on health seeking behavior among parishioners in Makurdi, Nigeria. 448 participants were surveyed using a health seeking behavior scale. The study found that educational level and sex were statistically significant predictors of health seeking behavior, with those with higher education and females reporting higher health seeking scores. Additionally, Catholics reported higher health seeking behavior than non-Catholics. The study suggests these factors be considered to improve health policies and promote behaviors.
120 students participated in a survey about body image consisting of questions on knowledge, physical activity, environment, and attitude. The majority were sophomores aged 21, with 76 living off-campus and 44 on-campus. Results showed that knowledge of nutrition and exercise recommendations was highest for grains and fruits/vegetables, and lowest for oils. 31.7% engaged in low-impact activity 8+ times a week, with 63.3% of off-campus students attending the gym more than on-campus (26.7%). Females and younger students relied more on friends/family for health info and had less knowledge. The study aims to determine the dominant factor influencing body image and support past findings
This study examined the impact of healthy lifestyle choices, stress, and self-esteem among college students. Specifically, it investigated whether exercise predicts healthy choices, athletic involvement impacts choices and stress, and gender or international status affect choices. Surveys measured stress, self-esteem, diet, exercise and lifestyle. Results showed exercise predicts healthier choices. Athletes reported healthier choices and more stress than non-athletes. Gender and international status did not impact choices. The study aimed to educate students on making healthy decisions and managing stress.
Gender Difference in Response to Preventative Health Careiowafoodandfitness
Luther College Students prepared the following community assessments as part of their Psychology of Health and Illness class in the Fall Semester 2008.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxjasoninnes20
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol ...
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol.
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
Educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of educational level, sex, and church affiliation on health seeking behavior among parishioners in Makurdi, Nigeria. 448 participants were surveyed using a health seeking behavior scale. The study found that educational level and sex were statistically significant predictors of health seeking behavior, with those with higher education and females reporting higher health seeking scores. Additionally, Catholics reported higher health seeking behavior than non-Catholics. The study suggests these factors be considered to improve health policies and promote behaviors.
120 students participated in a survey about body image consisting of questions on knowledge, physical activity, environment, and attitude. The majority were sophomores aged 21, with 76 living off-campus and 44 on-campus. Results showed that knowledge of nutrition and exercise recommendations was highest for grains and fruits/vegetables, and lowest for oils. 31.7% engaged in low-impact activity 8+ times a week, with 63.3% of off-campus students attending the gym more than on-campus (26.7%). Females and younger students relied more on friends/family for health info and had less knowledge. The study aims to determine the dominant factor influencing body image and support past findings
This study examined the impact of healthy lifestyle choices, stress, and self-esteem among college students. Specifically, it investigated whether exercise predicts healthy choices, athletic involvement impacts choices and stress, and gender or international status affect choices. Surveys measured stress, self-esteem, diet, exercise and lifestyle. Results showed exercise predicts healthier choices. Athletes reported healthier choices and more stress than non-athletes. Gender and international status did not impact choices. The study aimed to educate students on making healthy decisions and managing stress.
Gender Difference in Response to Preventative Health Careiowafoodandfitness
Luther College Students prepared the following community assessments as part of their Psychology of Health and Illness class in the Fall Semester 2008.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxjasoninnes20
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol ...
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol.
Scanned by CamScannerScanned by CamScannerRE.docxanhlodge
This study examined the association between physical fitness and successful aging in Taiwanese older adults. The researchers defined successful aging as being independent in activities of daily living, having no cognitive impairment or depression, and good social functioning. They assessed 378 older adults and found that 26.5% met the criteria for successful aging. After adjusting for demographic and health factors, tests of grip strength, chair stands, walking distance, timed up-and-go, and functional reach were individually associated with successful aging. However, in a multivariate model only cardiopulmonary endurance, mobility, muscle strength, and balance were significantly associated with successful aging. The study suggests maintaining these physical functions is important for aging successfully.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS COR...Shabana2428
The document discusses several research studies related to physical independence and participation in physical activities for children with disabilities:
1. One study examined the gap between independence and frequency of participation in daily activities for children with disabilities in Taiwan. It found that restrictions in frequency of participation were greater than restrictions in independence, especially in neighborhood settings.
2. Another study identified important quality of life domains for children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities through parent interviews, such as physical health, social connections, and access to services.
3. A third study explored perceptions of post-traumatic growth in spinal cord injured athletes participating in parasports and found benefits like improved physical functioning and identity.
4. The document discusses several
Does physical-activity-and-sport-practice-lead-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-and-e...Annex Publishers
The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active.
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood.
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problemMalikPinckney86
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problem:
individual/ biological, interpersonal/
Intrapersonal Factors: involve an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about a health condition.
Lifestyle Causal Beliefs about Obesity
when categorized as ‘some'/‘a lot', 94% of participants held not exercising causal beliefs, 95% held overeating causal beliefs, 90% held eating certain types of food causal beliefs, 70% held chemicals in food causal beliefs, and 41% held smoking causal beliefs about obesity, compared to the 69% who held genetic causal beliefs about obesity. There were few associations between lifestyle causal beliefs about obesity and any of the sociodemographic or health-related characteristics assessed.
Genetic Causal Beliefs about Obesity-Related Diseases
Overall, 82% of participants held genetic causal beliefs about type 2 diabetes (fig. 2), 79% about heart disease (fig. 3) and 75% about cancer (fig. 4), when categorized as ‘some/a lot.' table 3 shows that there were very few associations with participant sociodemographic or health-related characteristics.(all threse from https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/343793)
This study is based on the Ecological Systems Theory and Family and Community Systems perspectives, which emphasize the need to consider the effects of individual, family, community, and societal factors on health and social outcomes (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1988; Campbell, Hesketh, & Davison, 2010; Elder et al., 2007; Fulkerson et al., 2015; Novilla, Barnes, De La Cruz, Williams, & Rogers, 2006; Valente, 2012).
This study contributes to the literature in several ways and emphasizes that peers and families are important sources of influence when it comes to healthy eating and choices of activities in young adolescents. Specifically, adolescents who reported a stronger connection with their family also engaged more frequently in physical activity than adolescents who reported lower familism. The benefits of targeting the family as part of lifestyle interventions are well established (Epstein, Paluch, Roemmich, & Beecher, 2007; Skelton, Buehler, Irby, & Grzywacz, 2012; St Jeor, Perumean-Chaney, Sigman-Grant, Williams, & Foreyt, 2002). The rationale underlying family-centered approaches is that modification of the youth’s environment is necessary to change and maintain children’s healthy habits. As a primary source of socialization, parents not only influence youths’ healthy lifestyle in providing access to resources and in modeling and reinforcing healthy habits, but they also provide the basis for the development of healthy peer relationships. Conceivably, stronger family connections may operate directly on young adolescents’ physical activity, but also indirectly in establishing the foundations for healthy peer relationships, which in turn promote healthier diet and a less sedentary lifestyle.
Furthermore, adolescents who reported higher PSF had a healthier diet and spent less time engagi ...
Physical Activity Level Analyses and Chronic-Degenerative Disease Risks In Do...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- It is of common belief that physical activity can restore damages caused to people's health due to the stressful everyday work routine. The energy expenditure on physical activities is directly related to the frequency, duration and intensity of human movements developed on many tasks. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to evaluate this energy consumption in public school teachers from the city of Horizonte, Ceara, discussing about degenerative chronic disease risks. 30 teachers, 9 men and 21 women within the age of 25 to 59 years old, were evaluated. Their Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated in order to classify them as normal, overweight and obese. As an instrument, the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) was used, once it is more recommended to national prevalence studies due to the possibility of international comparison. This instrument contains several questions related to frequency (days per week) and duration (time per day) spent on moderate and vigorous physical activities and walking. The questionnarie also captures the energy expenditure in METs, in order to classify the selected individuals according to intensity: “sedentary” (< 1,5 METs), “low” (1,5 < METs < 3,0), “moderate” (3,9 < METs < 5,9) and “high” (≥ 6,0 METs). These analyses were performed using the Epi Info™ program, which used descriptive statistics. The results showed that the teachers present a good level of physical activity with 46,67% classified as high, 40% as moderate and 13,13% as low. The individuals also presented significant degree of overweight and obesity, 43% and 34% respectively, and only 23% within the acceptable weight range. Therefore, it could be concluded that, among the modifiable risk factors, the physical activity and the body mass control play important roles when it comes to chronic-degenerative disease prevention
1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLESTHESE ARE.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES
THESE ARE THE INSTRUCTORS REMARKS AFTER GRADING AND GIVING ME A ZERO/100. PLEASE CORRECT THIS DOCUMENT FOR ME. THANKS.
I HAVE ALSO ATTACHED A Turnitin Report in pdf format.
Hi, Jude. Your Turnitin report showed that 74% of your draft matches sources that were not cited properly. Please review the plagiarism tutorial in the syllabus, and review the APA materials on how to cite sources. Paraphrase your sources whenever possible; this shows you understand the material and can restate it in your own words. This also enables you to claim ownership of the language while still giving credit for the ideas. When you use source material verbatim, make sure to place it in quotation marks. Avoid copying and pasting large chunks of text. Even if you include proper citations, your essay will lack originality. Please review the attached Turnitin report so you can see which sections need attention. I will review your draft and update your score once you've rewritten it in your own words and cited sources properly. Please note the late policy in the syllabus. Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks.
Annotated Bibliography for Sedentary Lifestyles
Jude Kum
DeVry University
Sedentary lifestyle is predominant in our everyday life be it in workplace, school, social or homes and the fact is we have got accustomed to sitting down and doing many things forgetting the impact this is causing to our health. People fail to realize how valuable exercise is in their life and especially in improving their health and well-being. Sitting down on the computer with all focused attention and forgetting that we need to get up and even eat cause problems to many people.
Guedes, N.G., Lopes, M.V., Leite de Araujo, T. Moreira, R.P. and Martins, L.C. G. (2010). Predictive Factors of the Nursing Diagnosis Sedentary Lifestyle in People with High Blood Pressure. Public Health Nursing. Vol. 28 No. 2, p. 193-200. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The research question for the study conducted by Guesdes, et al (2010) is based on the following: 1.what is the result of the defining characteristics and related factors of sedentary lifestyle diagnosis in patients with high blood pressure? 2. What are the predictive value and possible predictors of the nursing diagnosis sedentary lifestyle in patients with high blood pressure? The study looked at the validation of diagnostic groupings of the population being studied including aspects of their clinical situations. The study looked at diagnosis resulting from insufficient physical activity, intolerance of activity, fatigue, impaired physical mobility, self-care deficit.
My assessment: Using this article, I will bring out the important indicators and useful predictors for identification of sedentary lifestyle; demonstrated the benefits of physical fitness, verbalized preferences for activities that are to accomplish real training or exercises. I will point out appr.
This study examined the correlation between stress levels and eating habits in undergraduate students. A survey was administered that included questions about typical food consumption and the Perceived Stress Scale. The study found no significant correlation between deviations from normal eating guidelines and increased stress levels, contrary to previous research. Limitations included a small, non-representative sample and potential issues with self-reported data. While the results did not support the hypothesis, improved methodology in future research could help determine if a relationship exists between stress and eating behaviors in college students.
Full paper physical actvity ,mental health and quality of life of athletesalonzo mortejo
This study examined the physical activity, mental health, and quality of life of 176 university student athletes in the Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires on physical activity, quality of life, and mental health. Qualitative data from interviews identified key coping strategies used by athletes, including maintaining a positive mindset, family support, prayer, and staying productive. The findings provide insight into how the pandemic has impacted athletes and will help inform policies to support their needs during this difficult time.
This study examined the relationship between exercise levels and perceived stress in 112 college students. The students completed a survey assessing their gender, class standing, exercise habits, and perceived stress levels. The results showed that stress levels decreased as exercise duration increased from under 20 minutes to 40 minutes to an hour. However, students exercising over an hour had higher stress levels, possibly due to athletic training regimens. The study suggests moderate exercise may help reduce stress for college students and warrants further research into exercise types and amounts. It also found females reported higher stress than males on average and that stress varied by class year. This initial study provides ground for establishing an educational program on the mental health benefits of physical activity.
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults .
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults ...
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
This document discusses a study that uses latent class analysis to identify patterns of health behaviors among adolescents ages 10-19 using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The study examines eight health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physician visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and tattoos. Latent class analysis identified three distinct classes of adolescents - healthy, moderately healthy, and unhealthy - based on their responses to questions about these behaviors. The classes differed for males and females. The study aims to characterize adolescent health behaviors without including parental attributes.
This study examined the associations between obesity, physical activity, and self-rated health among racially diverse adolescents in California. The results showed that obesity was significantly associated with poorer self-rated health across Asian, Latino, and White adolescents. Physical activity was positively associated with better self-rated health among all racial/ethnic groups. The findings suggest that interventions to increase physical activity and reduce obesity could help improve population health and self-rated health among racially diverse youth.
Group Identity and Unhealthy Food Consumption among College Students: the The...inventionjournals
Theresearch suggests that peers on campus are important reference groups for college students’ unhealthy behavior, including unhealthy eating behavior. Guided by the Theory of Normative Social Behavior, the current study examined the role of group identity in the descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption link. The results suggest that the magnitude of the association between descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption was greater as group identity with same-sex students on campus became stronger. The findings demonstrate that students were likely to model unhealthy food consumption of same-sex peers on campus.
This study examined the physical and emotional impact of child abuse in young adults. It surveyed 51 college students, finding that over 40% reported experiencing child abuse. On average, participants had only 60% knowledge of child abuse. The study found no significant differences in GPA, physical health, or emotional health between those who experienced abuse and those who did not. It calls for future research with a larger sample size and closer examination of how child abuse affects people.
The impact of physical activity participation on the self esteem of the stude...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
Positive self-esteem helps people to feel good about themselves and gives them confidence to do things and confront social challenges. Positive self-esteem is improved by certain factors including increased physical activity. This can be utilized in the university age group, especially when considering medical and health sciences colleges where higher stress levels are recorded. Aim: To assess the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem among medical and health sciences students. Methods: an online questionnaire-based cross sectional study involved 198 students from RAK Medical and Health Sciences University was conducted to identify the level of physical activity and self-esteem score. Results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: there was significant positive correlation between physical activity and self-esteem (r = 0.604). However, the correlation was higher for female students with no significant difference. Correlation among colleges did not show significant differences.
This document summarizes a study examining how social, psychological, and physical factors influence health outcomes and perceptions of quality of life. The study analyzed data from the 2010 General Social Survey to test whether age, education level, or religiosity were associated with self-reported health condition. Results showed that age had the strongest influence, with older individuals reporting poorer health. Higher education levels were also linked to better perceived health. Religiosity was found to encourage healthier behaviors. Understanding the social factors that impact health can help improve healthcare approaches.
1-Racism Consider the two films shown in class Night and Fog,.docxcatheryncouper
1-Racism:
Consider the two films shown in class "Night and Fog", and "Mr. Tanimoto's Journey". What do you think are the salient similarities, if any? What are the crucial differences? Why?
2- Slavery New & Old
Bales notes that New Slavery is very different from Old Slavery. What are some of the differences he describes? What are the links between New Slavery and the Globalized Economy?
Bales also notes that there are things we each can do to end slavery, but that this requires taking a "very dispassionate look at slaves as a commodity" (Bales 250). Why?
Finally, he suggests that activism without a broad-based explanatory framework is worse than none at all. Why does he think so? Do you agree? Why or why not?
3- Human- The Film
How, if at all, does the film "Human" resonate with or reflect themes explored in What Matters? Which of the characters was most compelling to you, and why?
4- Culture and Power Create Scarcity
Recognize that power and culture are inseparable, one does not exist without the other, and currently the dominant form of culture is based upon industrial production requiring essentially infinite energy supplies – which do not in fact exist. So we collectively face a terrible problem. And yet the greatest burden of this problem is being borne by those least able to do anything about it, while at the same time those who benefit most from the economic inequalities imposed by the culture of industrial production and imposed scarcity are unwilling or unable to recognize that things cannot continue as they are. This is our dilemma; one we must solve now or ignore and risk facing unimaginable chaos later.
Concerned about the ultimate implications of his theories about space, time and energy, Einstein pointed out that 20th century problems would never be solved by 19th century thinking. Indeed, by the same token, 21st century problems will not be solved with 20th century thinking either. The same can be said for oversimplified false dichotomies between 'conservatives' and 'liberals' and particularly 'capitalism' and 'communism'. The latter pair of binary opposites are 19th century ideas while the former are legacies of the 20th century.
We are well beyond the political and economic circumstances that informed such artificially limited conceptualizations of the human condition in many, many ways. And yet, these same tired inaccurate philosophical cages are still supposed to encompass the almost infinite variety and subtleties of contemporary global and local political economies? This is essentially the problem Einstein was concerned with when he noted the conceptual poverty of such willed ignorance. Our technological capacity has outstripped our cultural mechanisms of maintaining social control (consider greed: how much is enough?) and exacerbated our ability to impose physically violent solutions to complex and entirely negotiable problems. Our challenge now is to reassert the primacy of compassion and respect for differenc.
Scanned by CamScannerScanned by CamScannerRE.docxanhlodge
This study examined the association between physical fitness and successful aging in Taiwanese older adults. The researchers defined successful aging as being independent in activities of daily living, having no cognitive impairment or depression, and good social functioning. They assessed 378 older adults and found that 26.5% met the criteria for successful aging. After adjusting for demographic and health factors, tests of grip strength, chair stands, walking distance, timed up-and-go, and functional reach were individually associated with successful aging. However, in a multivariate model only cardiopulmonary endurance, mobility, muscle strength, and balance were significantly associated with successful aging. The study suggests maintaining these physical functions is important for aging successfully.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS COR...Shabana2428
The document discusses several research studies related to physical independence and participation in physical activities for children with disabilities:
1. One study examined the gap between independence and frequency of participation in daily activities for children with disabilities in Taiwan. It found that restrictions in frequency of participation were greater than restrictions in independence, especially in neighborhood settings.
2. Another study identified important quality of life domains for children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities through parent interviews, such as physical health, social connections, and access to services.
3. A third study explored perceptions of post-traumatic growth in spinal cord injured athletes participating in parasports and found benefits like improved physical functioning and identity.
4. The document discusses several
Does physical-activity-and-sport-practice-lead-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-and-e...Annex Publishers
The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active.
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood.
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problemMalikPinckney86
Identify and summarize determinants of a public health problem:
individual/ biological, interpersonal/
Intrapersonal Factors: involve an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about a health condition.
Lifestyle Causal Beliefs about Obesity
when categorized as ‘some'/‘a lot', 94% of participants held not exercising causal beliefs, 95% held overeating causal beliefs, 90% held eating certain types of food causal beliefs, 70% held chemicals in food causal beliefs, and 41% held smoking causal beliefs about obesity, compared to the 69% who held genetic causal beliefs about obesity. There were few associations between lifestyle causal beliefs about obesity and any of the sociodemographic or health-related characteristics assessed.
Genetic Causal Beliefs about Obesity-Related Diseases
Overall, 82% of participants held genetic causal beliefs about type 2 diabetes (fig. 2), 79% about heart disease (fig. 3) and 75% about cancer (fig. 4), when categorized as ‘some/a lot.' table 3 shows that there were very few associations with participant sociodemographic or health-related characteristics.(all threse from https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/343793)
This study is based on the Ecological Systems Theory and Family and Community Systems perspectives, which emphasize the need to consider the effects of individual, family, community, and societal factors on health and social outcomes (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1988; Campbell, Hesketh, & Davison, 2010; Elder et al., 2007; Fulkerson et al., 2015; Novilla, Barnes, De La Cruz, Williams, & Rogers, 2006; Valente, 2012).
This study contributes to the literature in several ways and emphasizes that peers and families are important sources of influence when it comes to healthy eating and choices of activities in young adolescents. Specifically, adolescents who reported a stronger connection with their family also engaged more frequently in physical activity than adolescents who reported lower familism. The benefits of targeting the family as part of lifestyle interventions are well established (Epstein, Paluch, Roemmich, & Beecher, 2007; Skelton, Buehler, Irby, & Grzywacz, 2012; St Jeor, Perumean-Chaney, Sigman-Grant, Williams, & Foreyt, 2002). The rationale underlying family-centered approaches is that modification of the youth’s environment is necessary to change and maintain children’s healthy habits. As a primary source of socialization, parents not only influence youths’ healthy lifestyle in providing access to resources and in modeling and reinforcing healthy habits, but they also provide the basis for the development of healthy peer relationships. Conceivably, stronger family connections may operate directly on young adolescents’ physical activity, but also indirectly in establishing the foundations for healthy peer relationships, which in turn promote healthier diet and a less sedentary lifestyle.
Furthermore, adolescents who reported higher PSF had a healthier diet and spent less time engagi ...
Physical Activity Level Analyses and Chronic-Degenerative Disease Risks In Do...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- It is of common belief that physical activity can restore damages caused to people's health due to the stressful everyday work routine. The energy expenditure on physical activities is directly related to the frequency, duration and intensity of human movements developed on many tasks. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to evaluate this energy consumption in public school teachers from the city of Horizonte, Ceara, discussing about degenerative chronic disease risks. 30 teachers, 9 men and 21 women within the age of 25 to 59 years old, were evaluated. Their Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated in order to classify them as normal, overweight and obese. As an instrument, the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) was used, once it is more recommended to national prevalence studies due to the possibility of international comparison. This instrument contains several questions related to frequency (days per week) and duration (time per day) spent on moderate and vigorous physical activities and walking. The questionnarie also captures the energy expenditure in METs, in order to classify the selected individuals according to intensity: “sedentary” (< 1,5 METs), “low” (1,5 < METs < 3,0), “moderate” (3,9 < METs < 5,9) and “high” (≥ 6,0 METs). These analyses were performed using the Epi Info™ program, which used descriptive statistics. The results showed that the teachers present a good level of physical activity with 46,67% classified as high, 40% as moderate and 13,13% as low. The individuals also presented significant degree of overweight and obesity, 43% and 34% respectively, and only 23% within the acceptable weight range. Therefore, it could be concluded that, among the modifiable risk factors, the physical activity and the body mass control play important roles when it comes to chronic-degenerative disease prevention
1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLESTHESE ARE.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES
THESE ARE THE INSTRUCTORS REMARKS AFTER GRADING AND GIVING ME A ZERO/100. PLEASE CORRECT THIS DOCUMENT FOR ME. THANKS.
I HAVE ALSO ATTACHED A Turnitin Report in pdf format.
Hi, Jude. Your Turnitin report showed that 74% of your draft matches sources that were not cited properly. Please review the plagiarism tutorial in the syllabus, and review the APA materials on how to cite sources. Paraphrase your sources whenever possible; this shows you understand the material and can restate it in your own words. This also enables you to claim ownership of the language while still giving credit for the ideas. When you use source material verbatim, make sure to place it in quotation marks. Avoid copying and pasting large chunks of text. Even if you include proper citations, your essay will lack originality. Please review the attached Turnitin report so you can see which sections need attention. I will review your draft and update your score once you've rewritten it in your own words and cited sources properly. Please note the late policy in the syllabus. Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks.
Annotated Bibliography for Sedentary Lifestyles
Jude Kum
DeVry University
Sedentary lifestyle is predominant in our everyday life be it in workplace, school, social or homes and the fact is we have got accustomed to sitting down and doing many things forgetting the impact this is causing to our health. People fail to realize how valuable exercise is in their life and especially in improving their health and well-being. Sitting down on the computer with all focused attention and forgetting that we need to get up and even eat cause problems to many people.
Guedes, N.G., Lopes, M.V., Leite de Araujo, T. Moreira, R.P. and Martins, L.C. G. (2010). Predictive Factors of the Nursing Diagnosis Sedentary Lifestyle in People with High Blood Pressure. Public Health Nursing. Vol. 28 No. 2, p. 193-200. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The research question for the study conducted by Guesdes, et al (2010) is based on the following: 1.what is the result of the defining characteristics and related factors of sedentary lifestyle diagnosis in patients with high blood pressure? 2. What are the predictive value and possible predictors of the nursing diagnosis sedentary lifestyle in patients with high blood pressure? The study looked at the validation of diagnostic groupings of the population being studied including aspects of their clinical situations. The study looked at diagnosis resulting from insufficient physical activity, intolerance of activity, fatigue, impaired physical mobility, self-care deficit.
My assessment: Using this article, I will bring out the important indicators and useful predictors for identification of sedentary lifestyle; demonstrated the benefits of physical fitness, verbalized preferences for activities that are to accomplish real training or exercises. I will point out appr.
This study examined the correlation between stress levels and eating habits in undergraduate students. A survey was administered that included questions about typical food consumption and the Perceived Stress Scale. The study found no significant correlation between deviations from normal eating guidelines and increased stress levels, contrary to previous research. Limitations included a small, non-representative sample and potential issues with self-reported data. While the results did not support the hypothesis, improved methodology in future research could help determine if a relationship exists between stress and eating behaviors in college students.
Full paper physical actvity ,mental health and quality of life of athletesalonzo mortejo
This study examined the physical activity, mental health, and quality of life of 176 university student athletes in the Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires on physical activity, quality of life, and mental health. Qualitative data from interviews identified key coping strategies used by athletes, including maintaining a positive mindset, family support, prayer, and staying productive. The findings provide insight into how the pandemic has impacted athletes and will help inform policies to support their needs during this difficult time.
This study examined the relationship between exercise levels and perceived stress in 112 college students. The students completed a survey assessing their gender, class standing, exercise habits, and perceived stress levels. The results showed that stress levels decreased as exercise duration increased from under 20 minutes to 40 minutes to an hour. However, students exercising over an hour had higher stress levels, possibly due to athletic training regimens. The study suggests moderate exercise may help reduce stress for college students and warrants further research into exercise types and amounts. It also found females reported higher stress than males on average and that stress varied by class year. This initial study provides ground for establishing an educational program on the mental health benefits of physical activity.
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults .
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults ...
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
This document discusses a study that uses latent class analysis to identify patterns of health behaviors among adolescents ages 10-19 using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The study examines eight health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physician visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and tattoos. Latent class analysis identified three distinct classes of adolescents - healthy, moderately healthy, and unhealthy - based on their responses to questions about these behaviors. The classes differed for males and females. The study aims to characterize adolescent health behaviors without including parental attributes.
This study examined the associations between obesity, physical activity, and self-rated health among racially diverse adolescents in California. The results showed that obesity was significantly associated with poorer self-rated health across Asian, Latino, and White adolescents. Physical activity was positively associated with better self-rated health among all racial/ethnic groups. The findings suggest that interventions to increase physical activity and reduce obesity could help improve population health and self-rated health among racially diverse youth.
Group Identity and Unhealthy Food Consumption among College Students: the The...inventionjournals
Theresearch suggests that peers on campus are important reference groups for college students’ unhealthy behavior, including unhealthy eating behavior. Guided by the Theory of Normative Social Behavior, the current study examined the role of group identity in the descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption link. The results suggest that the magnitude of the association between descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption was greater as group identity with same-sex students on campus became stronger. The findings demonstrate that students were likely to model unhealthy food consumption of same-sex peers on campus.
This study examined the physical and emotional impact of child abuse in young adults. It surveyed 51 college students, finding that over 40% reported experiencing child abuse. On average, participants had only 60% knowledge of child abuse. The study found no significant differences in GPA, physical health, or emotional health between those who experienced abuse and those who did not. It calls for future research with a larger sample size and closer examination of how child abuse affects people.
The impact of physical activity participation on the self esteem of the stude...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
Positive self-esteem helps people to feel good about themselves and gives them confidence to do things and confront social challenges. Positive self-esteem is improved by certain factors including increased physical activity. This can be utilized in the university age group, especially when considering medical and health sciences colleges where higher stress levels are recorded. Aim: To assess the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem among medical and health sciences students. Methods: an online questionnaire-based cross sectional study involved 198 students from RAK Medical and Health Sciences University was conducted to identify the level of physical activity and self-esteem score. Results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: there was significant positive correlation between physical activity and self-esteem (r = 0.604). However, the correlation was higher for female students with no significant difference. Correlation among colleges did not show significant differences.
This document summarizes a study examining how social, psychological, and physical factors influence health outcomes and perceptions of quality of life. The study analyzed data from the 2010 General Social Survey to test whether age, education level, or religiosity were associated with self-reported health condition. Results showed that age had the strongest influence, with older individuals reporting poorer health. Higher education levels were also linked to better perceived health. Religiosity was found to encourage healthier behaviors. Understanding the social factors that impact health can help improve healthcare approaches.
Similar to R E S E A R C H A R T I C L ERelationship Between Frequenc.docx (20)
1-Racism Consider the two films shown in class Night and Fog,.docxcatheryncouper
1-Racism:
Consider the two films shown in class "Night and Fog", and "Mr. Tanimoto's Journey". What do you think are the salient similarities, if any? What are the crucial differences? Why?
2- Slavery New & Old
Bales notes that New Slavery is very different from Old Slavery. What are some of the differences he describes? What are the links between New Slavery and the Globalized Economy?
Bales also notes that there are things we each can do to end slavery, but that this requires taking a "very dispassionate look at slaves as a commodity" (Bales 250). Why?
Finally, he suggests that activism without a broad-based explanatory framework is worse than none at all. Why does he think so? Do you agree? Why or why not?
3- Human- The Film
How, if at all, does the film "Human" resonate with or reflect themes explored in What Matters? Which of the characters was most compelling to you, and why?
4- Culture and Power Create Scarcity
Recognize that power and culture are inseparable, one does not exist without the other, and currently the dominant form of culture is based upon industrial production requiring essentially infinite energy supplies – which do not in fact exist. So we collectively face a terrible problem. And yet the greatest burden of this problem is being borne by those least able to do anything about it, while at the same time those who benefit most from the economic inequalities imposed by the culture of industrial production and imposed scarcity are unwilling or unable to recognize that things cannot continue as they are. This is our dilemma; one we must solve now or ignore and risk facing unimaginable chaos later.
Concerned about the ultimate implications of his theories about space, time and energy, Einstein pointed out that 20th century problems would never be solved by 19th century thinking. Indeed, by the same token, 21st century problems will not be solved with 20th century thinking either. The same can be said for oversimplified false dichotomies between 'conservatives' and 'liberals' and particularly 'capitalism' and 'communism'. The latter pair of binary opposites are 19th century ideas while the former are legacies of the 20th century.
We are well beyond the political and economic circumstances that informed such artificially limited conceptualizations of the human condition in many, many ways. And yet, these same tired inaccurate philosophical cages are still supposed to encompass the almost infinite variety and subtleties of contemporary global and local political economies? This is essentially the problem Einstein was concerned with when he noted the conceptual poverty of such willed ignorance. Our technological capacity has outstripped our cultural mechanisms of maintaining social control (consider greed: how much is enough?) and exacerbated our ability to impose physically violent solutions to complex and entirely negotiable problems. Our challenge now is to reassert the primacy of compassion and respect for differenc.
1-http://fluoridealert.org/researchers/states/kentucky/
2-
3-School fluoridation studies in Elk Lake, Pennsylvania, and Pike County, Kentucky--results after eight years.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1229128/?page=1
4-American Association for Dental Research Policy Statement on Community Water Fluoridation
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022034518797274
5- Ground-Water Quality in Kentucky: Fluoride - University of Kentucky
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/pdf/ic12_01.pdf
6-Kentucky Oral Health Program Brochure - Cabinet for Health.
https://chfs.ky.gov/agencies/dph/dmch/cfhib/Oral%20Health%20Program/beigebrochureoralhealth80107.pdf
7-
8-
9-
PIIS00028177146263
98.pdf
746 JADA, Vol. 131, June 2000
Enamel fluorosis is a hypomineralization of the
enamel caused by the ingestion of an amount of
fluoride that is above optimal levels during
enamel formation.1,2 Clinically, the appearance of
enamel fluorosis can vary. In its mildest form, it
appears as faint white lines or streaks visible
only to trained examiners under controlled exam-
ination conditions. In its pronounced form, fluo-
rosis manifests as white mottling of the teeth in
which noticeable white lines or streaks often
have coalesced into larger opaque areas.2,3 Brown
staining or pitting of the enamel also may be
present.2,3 In its most severe form, actual break-
down of the enamel may occur.2,3
In recent years, there has been an increase in
the prevalence of children seen with enamel fluo-
A B S T R A C T
Background. Few studies have evaluated the
impact of specific fluoride sources on the prevalence of
enamel fluorosis in the population. The author con-
ducted research to determine attributable risk percent
estimates for mild-to-moderate enamel fluorosis in two
populations of middle-school–aged children.
Methods. The author recruited two groups of
children 10 to 14 years of age. One group of 429 had
grown up in nonfluoridated communities; the other
group of 234 had grown up in optimally fluoridated
communities. Trained examiners measured enamel
fluorosis using the Fluorosis Risk Index and meas-
ured early childhood fluoride exposure using a ques-
tionnaire completed by the parent. The author then
calculated attributable risk percent estimates, or the
proportion of cases of mild-to-moderate enamel fluo-
rosis associated with exposure to specific early fluo-
ride sources, based on logistic regression models.
Results. In the nonfluoridated study sample,
sixty-five percent of the enamel fluorosis cases were
attributed to fluoride supplementation under the pre-
1994 protocol. An additional 34 percent were
explained by the children having brushed more than
once per day during the first two years of life. In the
optimally fluoridated study sample, 68 percent of the
enamel fluorosis cases were explained by the children
using more than a pea-sized amount of toothpaste
during the first year of life, 13 percent by having
been inappropriately given a fluoride supple.
1. Consider our political system today, in 2019. Which groups of peo.docxcatheryncouper
1. Consider our political system today, in 2019. Which groups of people are
excluded from participating in the political process?
Please identify at least two groups of people who are excluded and engage with at least one of your colleagues and explain why you either agree or disagree with the group of people that they identified. As always, use your critical thinking skills to answer this.
2.
What speech is protected under the
first amendment
and what speech is
excluded
from first amendment protection? And why?
.
1-Ageism is a concept introduced decades ago and is defined as .docxcatheryncouper
1-Ageism is a concept introduced decades ago and is defined as “the prejudices and stereotypes that are applied to older people sheerly on the basis of their age…” (Butler, Lewis, & Sutherland, 1991).
DQ: What are some common misconceptions you have heard or believed about older adults? What can you do to dispel these myths?
2-Please use textbook as, at least, one reference.
3-Please abide by APA 7th edition format in your writing.
4-Answers should be 2-3 Paragraphs made up of 3-4 sentences each
UNIT 1 CHAPTER 4 LIFE TRANSITIONS AND HISTORY (ATTACHED)
.
1. Create a PowerPoint PowerPoint must include a minimum of.docxcatheryncouper
1.
Create a PowerPoint:
PowerPoint must include a minimum of 12 slides (including Title Slide and Reference slide). Ensure that information is cited in-text throughout the presentation. Use inspirational quotes, graphics, visual aids, and video clips to enhance your presentation. Ensure that information included on your slides is properly paraphrased and cited; the use of direct quotes is prohibited. A minimum of three sources should be included (your textbook counts); ensure sources are credible.
Once you have chosen your format, choose a type of stress (schoolwork, family, job, a relationship, etc) and answer all of the following questions:
1. Give examples that causes the stress.
2. Describe healthy coping mechanisms you can use to help with stress.
3. Discuss of the warning signs of stress is in your life.
4. Describe the short-term effects stress can have on an individual.
5. Describe the long-term effects stress can have on an individual.
.
1. Compare vulnerable populations. Describe an example of one of the.docxcatheryncouper
1. Compare vulnerable populations. Describe an example of one of these groups in the United States or from another country. Explain why the population is designated as "vulnerable." Include the number of individuals belonging to this group and the specific challenges or issues involved. Discuss why these populations are unable to advocate for themselves, the ethical issues that must be considered when working with these groups, and how nursing advocacy would be beneficial.
2.
How does the community health nurse recognize bias, stereotypes, and implicit bias within the community? How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. Include an evidence-based article that address the cultural issue. Cite and reference the article in APA format.
.
1. Complete the Budget Challenge activity at httpswww.federa.docxcatheryncouper
1. Complete the Budget Challenge activity at: https://www.federalbudgetchallenge.org/challenges/20/pages/overview
a. Keep a record of your selections and why you decided to select them and not the other options. ( keep a record of your selections in piece of paper so you can go back and reflect on your choices in your write-up. For instance, the first choice is about investments. So, on a piece of paper write down whether you selected any of the investment choices and a quick note about why you chose (for example) to spend $30B to establish a National Infrastructure Bank but didn't select to invest in the other options.) your selections as those reflect your own personal, subjective, choices. I will grade the assignment based on whether you have provided a thoughtful written response that answers the questions posted on the instructions.
b. When you’ve finished, save your results summary page.
2. Write a 2.5+ page summary overview of your experience, discussing your budget selections and analyzing your responses. Use the following questions to guide your response, but don't be limited by them:
a. What was challenging?
b. What was easy?
c. What do your selections say about your policy priorities and political ideologies?
** source: (Author Last Name, Year, pg.)
June 2003: WAY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE AIR
“Did you hear about it?”
“About what?”
“The niggers, the niggers!”
“What about ’em?”
“Them leaving, pulling out, going away; did you hear?”
“What you mean, pulling out? How can they do that?”
“They can, they will, they are.”
“Just a couple?”
“Every single one here in the South!”
“No.”
“Yes!”
“I got to see that. I don’t believe it. Where they going — Africa?”
A silence.
“Mars.”
“You mean the planet Mars?”
“That’s right.”
The men stood up in the hot shade of the hardware porch. Someone quit lighting a pipe. Somebody else spat out into the hot dust of noon.
“They can’t leave, they can’t do that.”
“They’re doing it, anyways.”
“Where’d you hear this?”
“It’s everywhere, on the radio a minute ago, just come through.”
Like a series of dusty statues, the men came to life.
Samuel Teece, the hardware proprietor, laughed uneasily. “I wondered what happened to Silly. I sent him on my bike an hour ago. He ain’t come back from Mrs. Bordman’s yet. You think that black fool just pedaled off to Mars?”
The men snorted.
“All I say is, he better bring back my bike. I don’t take stealing from no one, by God.”
“Listen!”
The men collided irritably with each other, turning.
Far up the street the levee seemed to have broken. The black warm waters descended and engulfed the town. Between the blazing white banks of the town stores, among the tree silences, a black tide flowed. Like a kind of summer molasses, it poured turgidly forth upon the cinnamon-dusty road. It surged slow, slow, and it was men and women and horses and barking dogs, and it was little boys and girls. And from the mouths of the people partaking of this tide came the sound of a river. A summer-.
1. Connections between organizations, information systems and busi.docxcatheryncouper
1. Connections between organizations, information systems and business processes.
2. There are a number of benefits associated with cutting edge business analytics.
3. Three conditions that contribute to data redundancy and inconsistency are:
4. Network neutrality
5. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP).
6. Outsourcing IT-advantages and disadvantages
7. The security challenges faced by wireless networks
.
1-Experiences with a Hybrid Class Tips And PitfallsCollege .docxcatheryncouper
1-Experiences with a Hybrid Class: Tips And Pitfalls
College Teaching Methods & Styles Journal, 2006, Vol.2(2), p.9-12
Notes
This paper will discuss the author's experiences with converting a traditional classroom-based course to a hybrid class, using a mix of traditional class time and web-support. The course which was converted is a lower-level human relations class, which has been offered in both the traditional classroom-based setting and as an asynchronous online course. After approximately five years of offering the two formats independently, the author decided to experiment with improving the traditional course by adopting more of the web-based support and incorporating more research and written assignments in "out of class" time. The course has evolved into approximately 60% traditional classroom meetings and 40% assignments and other assessments out of class. The instructor's assessment of the hybrid nature of the class is that students are more challenged by the mix of research and writing assignments with traditional assessments, and the assignments are structured in such a way as to make them more "customizable" for each student. Each student can find some topics that they are interested in to pursue in greater depth as research assignments. However, the hybrid nature of the class has resulted in an increased workload for the instructor. The course has been well received by the students, who have indicated that they find the hybrid format appealing.
2-Undergraduate Research Methods: Does Size Matter? A Look at the Attitudes and Outcomes of Students in a Hybrid Class Format versus a Traditional Class Format.
Author
Gordon, Jill A.
Barnes, Christina M.
Martin, Kasey J.
Publisher
Taylor & Francis Ltd
Is Part Of
Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 2009, Vol.20 (3), p.227-249
Notes
The goal of this study is to understand if there are any variations regarding student engagement and course outcomes based on the course format. A new course format was introduced in fall of 2006 that involves a hybrid approach (large lecture with small recitations) with a higher level of student enrollment than traditional research methods courses. During the same time frame, the discipline maintained its traditional research methods courses as well. A survey was administered to all students enrolled in research methods regardless of course format in fall 2006 and spring 2007. Student responses are discussed, including information concerning the preparation, design, cost and benefits of offering a hybrid research methods course format.
3- Distance Education: Linking Traditional Classroom Rehabilitation Counseling Students with their Colleagues Using Hybrid Learning Models.
Author
Main, Doug
Dziekan, Kathryn
Publisher
Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
Is Part Of
Rehabilitation Research, Policy & Education, 2012, Vol.26 (4), p.315-321
Notes
Current distance learning technological advances allow real and virtual classrooms to unite. In this .
RefereanceSpectra.jpg
ReactionInformation.jpg
WittigReactionOfTransCinnamaldehye.docx
Wittig Reaction of trans-Cinnamaldehyde
GOAL: Identify the major isomer of the Wittig reaction
E,E-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene OR E,Z-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene
Attached are the:
1. Drawing of the overall reaction
2. Drawing of the structure of the two possible isomers
3. Reference NMR spectra of what is labeled trans, trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene
4. IR spectra
5. UV vis spectra
6. 1H NMR not-detailed
7. 1H NMR detailed
8. BASED ON # 4, 5 and 7 Identify the major isomer of the Wittig reaction, can the integration values of the NMR be used to give approximate percent of each isomer
IR.jpg
UV-visSpectra.jpg
NMR.jpg
NMR-DeterminePredominantIsomer.jpg
...
Reconciling the Complexity of Human DevelopmentWith the Real.docxcatheryncouper
Reconciling the Complexity of Human Development
With the Reality of Legal Policy
Reply to Fischer, Stein, and Heikkinen (2009)
Laurence Steinberg Temple University
Elizabeth Cauffman University of California, Irvine
Jennifer Woolard Georgetown University
Sandra Graham University of California, Los Angeles
Marie Banich University of Colorado
The authors respond to both the general and specific con-
cerns raised in Fischer, Stein, and Heikkinen’s (2009)
commentary on their article (Steinberg, Cauffman, Wool-
ard, Graham, & Banich, 2009), in which they drew on
studies of adolescent development to justify the American
Psychological Association’s positions in two Supreme
Court cases involving the construction of legal age bound-
aries. In response to Fischer et al.’s general concern that
the construction of bright-line age boundaries is inconsis-
tent with the fact that development is multifaceted, variable
across individuals, and contextually conditioned, the au-
thors argue that the only logical alternative suggested by
that perspective is impractical and unhelpful in a legal
context. In response to Fischer et al.’s specific concerns
that their conclusion about the differential timetables of
cognitive and psychosocial maturity is merely an artifact of
the variables, measures, and methods they used, the au-
thors argue that, unlike the alternatives suggested by Fi-
scher et al., their choices are aligned with the specific
capacities under consideration in the two cases. The au-
thors reaffirm their position that there is considerable
empirical evidence that adolescents demonstrate adult lev-
els of cognitive capability several years before they evince
adult levels of psychosocial maturity.
Keywords: policy, science, adolescent development, chro-
nological age
In our article (Steinberg, Cauffman, Woolard, Graham,& Banich, 2009, this issue), we asked whether therewas scientific justification for the different positions
taken by the American Psychological Association (APA) in
two related Supreme Court cases—Hodgson v. Minnesota
(1990; a case concerning minors’ competence to make
independent decisions about abortion, in which APA ar-
gued that adolescents were just as mature as adults) and
Roper v. Simmons (2005; a case about the constitutionality
of the juvenile death penalty, in which APA argued that
adolescents were not as mature as adults). On the basis of
our reading of the extant literature in developmental psy-
chology, as well as findings from a recent study of our own,
we concluded that the capabilities relevant to judging in-
dividuals’ competence to make autonomous decisions
about abortion reach adult levels of maturity earlier than do
capabilities relevant to assessments of criminal culpability,
and that it was therefore reasonable to draw different age
boundaries between adolescents and adults in each in-
stance.
In their commentary on our article, Fischer, Stein, and
Heikkinen (2009, this issue) raised both general and spe-
cif ...
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. No.docxcatheryncouper
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. Now, break out each case into a list of ethical and legal considerations that might help to analyze each case—summarize the considerations in two paragraphs for each case.
For each case, also ask one legal and one ethical question that might present. Consider the principles of ethics from Week 1 and the laws addressed this week. You should also use outside references to dig deeper into each case for your list.
3 topics identified in paper below from last week
· The Principal of Justice
· Autonomy
· Non-maleficence
Health Care Ethics
Health care ethics is a set of beliefs, moral principles and values that guide health care centers and related institutions to make choices with regard to medical care. Some health ethics include: respect for autonomy, justice and non-maleficence (Percival, 1849).
The principle of justice in health care ensures that there is respect for people’s rights, fair distribution of health resources and respect for laws that are morally acceptable. There are mainly two elements in this principle; equity and equality. Equity ensure that are all cases have equal access to treatment regardless of the patients’ status in ethnic background, age, sexuality, legal capacity, disability, insurance cover or any other discriminating factors.
It is important to study this ethical issue of justice since there have been an increasing report of doctors and medical staff failing to administer certain treatment services to certain kind of patients. Consequently, there have been debates in countries such as the UK over the refusal to give expensive treatment to patients who are likely to benefit from the treatment but cannot afford it. One ethical in the principle of justice is as to whether the health care center is creating an environment for sensible and fair use of health care resources and no particular type of patients are shun away or stigmatized. The legal question is whether the health care center is breaking the law against inequality and discrimination particularly racism, tribalism, gender insensitivity and other discrimination noted and prohibited in the country’s constitution.
The second area of health care ethics is respect for autonomy. Autonomy means self-determination or self-rule. Hence, this principle stipulates that one should be allowed to direct their health life according to their personal rationale. The patients have a right to determine their own destiny freely and independently as well as having their decision respected (Pollard, 1993).
This principle is important for study because not many people would not want to be treated as those with dementia; a disease involving loss of mental power. Many people are afraid of the prospect of not being able to decide their own fate and exercise self-determination. An ethical question in this principle of respect for autonomy is whether the health care center ensures that the patient is provided with ...
Reconstruction
Dates:
The Civil War?_________
Reconstruction? ________
9-9-12
*
*
9/7/2010
Foner Chapter 15
"What Is Freedom?": Reconstruction, 1865–1877
*
After the Civil War, freed slaves and white allies in the North and South attempted to redefine the meaning and boundaries of American freedom. Freedom, once for whites only, now incorporated black Americans. By rewriting laws, African-Americans, for the first time, would be recognized as citizens with equal rights and the right to vote, even in the South. Blacks created their own schools, churches, and other institutions. Though many of Reconstruction’s achievements were short-lived and defeated by violence and opposition, Reconstruction laid the basis for future freedom struggles.
Introduction: Sherman Land
From the Plantation to the Senate
*
After the Civil War, freed slaves and white allies in the North and South attempted to redefine the meaning and boundaries of American freedom. Freedom, once for whites only, now incorporated black Americans. By rewriting laws, African Americans, for the first time, would be recognized as citizens with equal rights and the right to vote, even in the South. Blacks created their own schools, churches, and other institutions. Though many of Reconstruction’s achievements were short-lived and defeated by violence and opposition, Reconstruction laid the basis for future freedom struggles.
Click image to launch video
Q: Chapter 15 includes a new comparative discussion on the aftermath of slavery in various Western Hemisphere societies. You see important commonalities in the struggle over land and labor in post-Emancipation societies. How do you situate the experiences of former slaves in the United States in this borrowed content.
A: Well, just as slavery was a hemispheric institution, so was emancipation. It’s useful for us in thinking about the aftermath of slavery in the United States, the Reconstruction era and after to see what happened to other slaves in places where slavery was abolished. What you see is a similar set of issues and conquests taking place everywhere slaves desire land of their own—this is the No. 1 thing, they want autonomy, they want independence from white control. All of these regions are agricultural, everywhere former slaves demand land. In some places they get land fairly effectively, like in Jamaica, West Indies, where there’s a lot of unoccupied land they can take. In some places they don’t, but that battle to who’s going to have access to land and economic resources is a commonality in the aftermath of slavery. So too is the effort of local plantation owners trying to get the plantation going again and to force slaves to work back on the plantations, or if not, to bring labor from somewhere else—in the West Indies they bring workers from China, from India, from southeast Asia to replace slaves who were moving off on land of their own. They can’t quite do that in the United States—they tried to bring ...
Record, Jeffrey. The Mystery Of Pearl Harbor. Military History 2.docxcatheryncouper
Record, Jeffrey. "The Mystery Of Pearl Harbor." Military History 28.5 (2012): 28-39.Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
According to the article "The Mystery of Pearl Harbor," it briefly examines the reason why Japan starts a war with the United States. On December 7th, 1941, Japan with about 182 aircrafts from the first assault invade U.S. Pacific fleet of Pearl Harbor. Japan's ultimate goal was to overthrow East Asia. The main point of this article is mainly for Japan's goal for economic security and determined to achieve their goal to conquer East Asia. Moreover, they wouldn't let U.S. stop them. Japan was humiliated to be dependent on the United States, including American imported oil. Ultimately, they fought a war that could not won since U.S. was more superior. United States outproduce Japan in every category of ammunition and armaments. If someone were to ask me what this article was about, I would say that this article is an inevitable defeat from Japan.
I believe this source was definitely helpful. This article made me realize how important Pearl Harbor is. If anything, we could have lost to the Japanese and everything would change. Personally, I believe our army played a significant role during the war between Japan and United States. I believe that this source is reliable. This source can be slightly biased because in the article, it says “If the Pacific War was inevitable, was not Japan's crushing defeat as well? If so, then why did Japan start a war that, as British strategist Colin Gray has argued, it "was always going to lose?”
This article can clearly be used for a American history classes. Several of the first paragraphs include a clear understanding and a great topic for students to discuss. This would benefit students who does not know anything about Pearl Harbor. This would be appropriate for students to realize what America has been through during the 1940’s. I admit I now have a better understanding of Pearl Harbor, this article enhanced my perspective and changed the way I view it.
Hanyok, Robert J. "The Pearl Harbor Warning That Never Was." Naval History 23.2 (2009): 50-53. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.
This article particularly argues that Americans believe that the surprising attack from Japan Navy planes could not have happened without some sort of conspiracy or warning. Without a doubt, Americans thought that U.S. political and military leaders kept this serious warning from Pearl Harbor’s commanders. Furthermore, the National Security Agency Documentary, “West Wind Clear seemed to be not found. Robert Hanyok’s attempted to clear up the issue and as a result, the warning for the chief Navy doe- breaker was just a figment of his imagination.
I believe that this article offers reliable sources. Hanyok provides source documents for historical scholars and researchers. This article was extremely helpful due to the controversy with the “West Wind Clear. The goal of this article was basically des ...
Reasons for Not EvaluatingReasons from McCain, D. V. (2005). Eva.docxcatheryncouper
Reasons for Not Evaluating
Reasons from McCain, D. V. (2005). Evaluation basics. Arlington, VA: ASTD Press, pp. 14-16.
Below are reasons to not evaluate, but there are things you can do to overcome these reasons!
· Click Edit (upper right on the tool bar) to get into edit mode.
· Add at least 2 ideas to the page to overcome one or more of these reasons for not evaluating. Please explain in enough detail that someone reading this wiki will be able to understand it!
· Add your name in parenthesis after your idea so we know who contributed which idea!
· Click Save (upper right on tool bar) to save your changes.
1. Evaluation requires a particular skill set.
· Doing evaluation requires no particular skill. It only requires a desire to look into it a course or program and ask the right questions that would answer the whether or not the course was effective. There are many tools that would help in doing an evaluation. (D. Clark)
· Skills can be learned. Learning to evaluate is simply another avenue of training. If the skills to evaluate do not exist in your organization then the training may need to start at the Trainer level before moving on to more organizational specific training, (D Casper)
2. Evaluation is not a priority.
· In order to make progress in any learning environment, it is necessary to initiate check points and measurements producing an evaluation of knowledge (Valle)
· Evaluation is never a priority until things are going bad and the reason is not clear, Evaluation helps us understand where the issues are. (Jim K)
3. Evaluation is not required.
· Currently, as students we are being evaluated to check in our progress ion order to measure our understanding of the tasks given. We get a grade, it is required for this course.(Valle)
· Why are you only providing what is required? Why not go a little further and make the training better? (J. Sprague)
4. Evaluation can result in criticism.
· In order to grow as a person or a company we all need criticism, of course this needs presented in a positive light and in a way that people can learn and grow. (Jim K)
· In today's culture where everybody gets a trophy or everybody gets an "A" no matter how they perform it is not "PC" to criticize someone and hurt their feelings! Criticism is what motivated me to succeed and go beyond just what is normal! We need to stop equating "Criticism" with "Fault Finding" and realize we do more harm than good by not pointing out shortcomings and errors. (D Casper)
5. You can't measure training.
· In my place of work in the industry, we had to measure training. Time was spent in educating employees into new ways to create a product, cost effectiveness, supply management chain and distribution. Measuring effectiveness of the training was in direct correlation with the success of the given product into market.(Valle)
· You can always measure whether or not the training was successful. The key is to look for the right types of measurements. It may be measured ...
Recognize Strengths and Appreciate DifferencesPersonality Dimens.docxcatheryncouper
This document provides information about personality types based on the Personality Dimensions system. It discusses introverts and extraverts, analyzing the key differences in their preferences, strengths, challenges, and tips for thriving at work. Introverts are described as preferring solitary activities to recharge, while extraverts gain energy from social interaction. The document also provides a detailed analysis of the Inquiring Green personality type, including their needs, strengths, challenges, and tips for managing them at work.
Real-World DecisionsHRM350 Version 21University of Phoe.docxcatheryncouper
Real-World Decisions
HRM/350 Version 2
1
University of Phoenix Material
Real-World Decisions
Read the following scenarios, which represent real-world decisions, and respond to each in 150 to 200 words.
Scenario One
You are the director of production at a multinational company. Your position is in Tokyo, Japan. Recently, this division experienced production quota problems. You determine that you must identify a team leader who will lead the work team to tackle the problem. You identify several possible team leaders, including Joan, a manager who is an expatriate US citizen and has recently arrived in your company’s Japanese office. You are also aware of Bob, a European national who has worked at the facility for about a year. His experience includes reengineering production processes at one of the company’s production facilities in Europe. The final candidate is Noriko, a Japanese national who has been at the facility for several years.
Questions
The team you assemble is composed of American expatriates and Japanese nationals. Compare the three candidates for the position. Based on cultural norms and traditions, what cultural factors and management styles may benefit or present obstacles for others on the team? Explain.
Response
Scenario Two
You have been assigned to an overseas position with your company. The local government of the host country offers gifts periodically to senior management as a way of thanking them for opening a facility and employing locals. These gifts include cash or merchandise into the thousands of dollars. Typically, to refuse a gift is considered an insult. Your country’s policy is to prohibit employees from accepting anything from clients and customers of more than $50. Your employer values its relationship with the host country and government officials, and it intends to continue operating in the venue.
Questions
How would you address a situation where you are presented with a gift of more than $50? Explain your rationale. How could your actions affect your company? How could your decision affect your working relationship with your company’s and the host country’s officials?
Response
Scenario Three
Christine, the leading expert in information technology (IT) organizational design, works for a large consulting firm and has been asked to work on a temporary assignment in Saudi Arabia. One of her firm’s biggest revenue-generating customers is embarking on an initiative to redesign the IT structure to improve efficiency and effectiveness, and to align the business unit’s output with the organization’s strategic objectives. The customer has read research reports and articles Christine has published, and the chief executive officer has asked Christine to handle this project. She is excited about the professional challenge of the assignment, but she is unsure of adopting customs and practices in a Muslim country.
Questions
Discuss the ethical considerations for Christine and her company. What implications m ...
Real Clear PoliticsThe American Dream Not Dead –YetBy Ca.docxcatheryncouper
Real Clear Politics
“The American Dream: Not Dead –Yet
By Carl M. Cannon and Tom Bevan
March 6, 2019
Solid pluralities of Americans think their country is heading in the wrong direction, have lost faith in its prominent public institutions, and believe both major political parties are an impediment to realizing the American Dream. Nonetheless, that dream persists – threatened, yes, but not nearly dead.
These are the findings in the latest poll from RealClear Opinion Research, focusing on how Americans view their future possibilities and how much economic guidance and oversight should be provided by government. The answers provide a road map for the 2020 election season.
Nearly four times as many respondents say the American Dream is “alive and well” for them personally (27 percent) as those who say it’s “dead” (7 percent). The overwhelming majority express a more nuanced outlook. Two-thirds of those surveyed believe the American Dream is under moderate to severe duress: 37 percent say it is “alive and under threat” while another 28 percent say it is “under serious threat, but there is still hope.”
“In this poll, most people are telling us that the American Dream isn’t working as they believe it should be,” said John Della Volpe, polling director of RealClear Opinion Research. “The overwhelming number of people are not seeing the fruits of working hard, whether it’s through a professional (finances) or a personal (happiness) lens.”
The panel of 2,224 registered voters was probed for its views on other foundational aspects of 21st century American civic life, including their views of capitalism and socialism, and how they see the future unfolding for the younger generation of Americans.
Asked, for example, whether the American Dream is alive for those under 18 years of age, the attitudes were decidedly pessimistic -- especially among Baby Boomers and the so-called Silent Generation (Americans born between the mid-1920 and mid-1940s), those who have been in control of our public and private institutions for decades. While 23 percent of Baby Boomers and Silent Generation voters say the American Dream is alive for them (already the lowest percentage among all age groups) only 15 percent say they believe it will be there for the next generation.
Measuring attitudes about the American Dream means different things to different people. For this survey, RealClear Opinion Research defined it for the poll respondents by using Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, which describes the American Dream as “a happy way of living that can be achieved by anyone in the U.S. especially by working hard and becoming successful.”
As one would expect, perceptions of the health of this idea differ by party, age, education and class. Among the most striking findings in the survey were the variances by ethnicity. Asian-Americans are the most likely to say the American Dream is working for them (41 percent) – twice the percentage as Hispanics. Despite such differences, ...
Recommended Reading for both Papers.· Kolter-Keller, Chapter17 D.docxcatheryncouper
Recommended Reading for both Papers.
· Kolter-Keller, Chapter17 Designing & Managing Integrated Marketing Communications
· Kolter-Keller, Chapter18 Managing Mass Communications: Advertising, Sales Promotions, Events & Experiences and Public Relations
· Kolter-Keller, Chapter19 Managing Personal Communications: Direct and Interactive Marketing, Word of Mouth and Personal Selling
· PDF link to Kolter_keller 14th edition :
· http://socioline.ru/files/5/283/kotler_keller_-_marketing_management_14th_edition.pdf
· Keller,K.L.(2001).Mastering the Marketing Communications Mix: Micro and Macro Perspectives on Integrated Marketing Communication Programs. Journal of Marketing Management, Sep2001, Vol. 17 (7/8), 819-84.
· Luo, Xueming and Donthu, Naveen; Marketing's Credibility: A Longitudinal Investigation of Marketing Communication Productivity and Shareholder Value; The Journal of Marketing. Oct., 2006, Vol. 70, Issue 4, p70-91.
· Wright, E., Khanfar, N.M., Harrington, C., & Kizer,L.E. (2010). The Lasting Effects Of Social Media Trends On Advertising.Journal of Business & Economics Research, Vol. 8 (11), 73-80
Grading Rubric for both papers
· Identifies all or most of the key issues presented by the case.
· Discussion of issues reflects strong critical thinking and analytical skill.
· Discussion/analysis makes all or most of the recommendations called for by the case issues.
· Recommendations are supported by data from all or most of the relevant case facts and exhibits data.
· Data are creatively manipulated and applied. Discussion and recommendations are presented clearly, logically, and succinctly with no or few grammatical or other errors.
· Discussion/analysis reflects strong understanding of principles presented in course readings/materials.
· Where relevant, discussion/analysis employs proper APA style. Length limitations and other form/format requirements (if any) are followed.
1.The Changing Communications Environment 2 pages
Emerging media technologies have vastly empowered customers to decide whether or how they want to receive commercial content. Consumers are no longer passive recipients of marketing communications and the real challenge for a marketer is how to regain the customers’ attention through the clutter.
1 Web-based technologies can be combined with traditional media to build a successful marketing communication campaign. Cite two specific examples of companies/brands using this combination approach and discuss what made these campaigns successful. Did the two use similar techniques?
With the help of relevant examples, can you describe how modern technologies can be used to promote interactivity between the product and the customers? In this context discuss the use of social media to generate excitement around a brand. Can you cite any recently launched new products that have managed to achieve this?
2.Personal Application Paper, one and a half pages
Provide a detailed overview of Procter and Gamb ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L ERelationship Between Frequenc.docx
1. R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Relationship Between Frequency and
Intensity of Physical Activity and Health
Behaviors of Adolescents
TONY T. DELISLE, MSa
CHUDLEY E. WERCH, PhDb
ALVIN H. WONG, MS, CHESc
HUI BIAN, PhDd
ROBERT WEILER, PhD, MPHe
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: While studies have determined the importance
of physical activity in
advancing health outcomes, relatively few have explored the
relationship between
exercise and various health behaviors of adolescents. The
purpose of this study is to
examine the relationship between frequency and intensity of
physical activity and both
health risk and health promoting behaviors of adolescents.
METHODS:
Data were collected from 822 students attending a large, diverse
suburban high school
2. in northeast Florida using a self-administered survey.
Multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests examined
differences on mean
health behavior measures on 3 exercise frequency levels (low,
medium, and high) and
2 intensity levels (vigorous physical activity [VPA] and
moderate physical activity [MPA]).
RESULTS: Results showed adolescents engaged in high levels
of VPA used marijuana
less frequently (p = .05) and reported heavy use of marijuana
less frequently (p = .03);
consumed greater numbers of healthy carbohydrates (p < .001)
and healthy fats in their
diets (p < .001); used stress management techniques more
frequently (p < .001); and
reported a higher quality of sleep (p = .01) than those engaged
in low levels of VPA.
Fewer differences were found on frequency of MPA and health
behaviors of adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents who
frequently participate
in VPA may be less likely to engage in drug use, and more
likely to participate in a
number of health promoting behaviors. Longitudinal and
experimental studies are
needed to determine what role frequent VPA may play in the
onset and maintenance of
health enhancing and protecting behaviors among adolescent
populations.
Keywords: adolescent health; physical fitness; health behaviors.
Citation: Delisle TT, Werch CE, Wong AH, Bian H, Weiler R.
4. Physical activity is well documented as a protectivefactor
against many chronic diseases, such as
coronary heart disease, hypertension, type II diabetes
mellitus, colon cancer, obesity, osteoporosis, and
depression.1,2 It is widely believed that the combined
influence of physical activity with other health
promoting behaviors further reduces the likelihood
of developing these chronic diseases.3 Lack of
regular physical activity, smoking, and poor diet
are the leading preventable causes of death and
chronic disease in the United States.4 However,
the relationship between physical activity and other
health behaviors is not yet fully understood.5-7
These health behaviors are often established during
adolescence, share common determinants, are related
to similar health behavioral patterns in adulthood,
and are most beneficial to health outcomes when
practiced throughout the life span of individuals.8-13
Therefore, understanding the relationships among
multiple health behaviors is critical, especially in
adolescent populations.14
Investigators have recently expressed the need
for further research regarding the feasibility and
effectiveness of interventions promoting multiple
behavioral health changes during adolescence.7,15 An
extensive understanding about the relationship of
physical activity and other health behaviors among
adolescents might provide invaluable information for
the development of such interventions.16 According to
previous research, physical activity may be associated
with the promotion of other health enhancing
5. behaviors.17,18 However, there is also seemingly
contradictory evidence suggesting that being physically
active or involved with sports is associated with
health risk behaviors in adolescent populations.5,19,20
Most studies examining the relationship between
physical activity and other health behaviors have been
limited to comparing physical activity to either one
or a relatively small set of behaviors.6,8,13,17 Such
limitations in previous research reflect the need for
studies that examine the relationship of physical
activity across a broad range of both health risk and
health promoting behaviors.
It has been demonstrated that the physiological
benefits of physical activity are directly linked to
the frequency, intensity, and duration of the physical
activity performed.2,14,21 Few studies, however, have
examined the relationship between the intensity of
physical activity (eg, moderate or vigorous), as well as
the frequency (number of times a week engaging in
physical activity), on health.5 Varying levels of physical
exertion may help to explain the contradictory findings
about the relationship between physical activity and
other health habits.
This study examined the relationship between
the frequency and intensity of physical activity and
health behaviors of adolescents. Specifically, this
study investigated associations among low-, medium-,
and high-frequency levels of both vigorous and
moderate intensity physical activities and health risk
behaviors including alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana
use, and health promoting behaviors including
nutrition, sleep, and stress management of high school
6. aged adolescents. We hypothesized that adolescents
participating in increasing frequency of both vigorous
and moderate physical activities would be less likely
to engage in health risk behaviors, and more likely to
engage in health promoting behaviors.
METHODS
Subjects
Data were collected from a sample of 822 11th-
and 12th-grade students attending an ethnically and
socioeconomically diverse suburban school in north-
east Florida during fall 2005 and 2006. Participants
were recruited in classroom settings using formal pre-
sentations describing the study’s aims, procedures,
benefits, and risks. The mean age of participants was
17 years old (SD = 0.81). Females were slightly more
represented (56%). Most students were White (45%),
followed by African-American (26%), and Hispanic
youth (10%). The participant sample was similar to the
overall student population in terms of racial and ethnic
proportions; however, the participants slightly over-
represented the general female population (56% vs
48%). Less than a third (29%) of participants engaged
in 0-1 times of moderate physical activity (MPA) dur-
ing the past 7 days, compared to 37% of those who
engaged in MPA 2-4 times a week, and 33% for 5 or
more time a week. Approximately one third (33%)
of participants reported 0-1 times of vigorous physi-
cal activity (VPA) during the past 7 days, with 40%
reporting 2-4 times a week, and 27% reporting 5 or
more days a week. With regard to health risk behav-
iors, 34% of the participants reported using alcohol,
15% reported using marijuana, and 13% reporting
using cigarettes during the past 30 days. Meanwhile,
8. Hispanic 85 (10.3)
Age
15 years old 5 (6)
16 years old 206 (25.1)
17 years old 361 (43.9)
18 years old 229 (27.9)
19 years old 21 (2.6)
Moderate physical activity
Low (0-1 times/week) 239 (29.1)
Medium (2-4 times/week) 303 (36.9)
High (5 or more times/week) 273 (33.0)
Vigorous physical activity
Low (0-1 times/week) 271 (33.0)
Medium (2-4 times/week) 326 (39.6)
High (5 or more times/week) 220 (26.7)
Past 30 day substance use
Alcohol (34.0)
Marijuana (15.0)
Cigarettes (13.0)
Consumption of 4 or more servings of fruits and vegetables
in past 30 days
(30.0)
surveys. We used this survey to collect data on
multiple health behaviors including physical activity
level (2 items); alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana
consumption (4 items each); dietary habits (3 items);
stress management (1 item); and sleeping patterns
(1 item). These measures were adapted from previous
research and were pilot tested on a sample of high
9. school students to ensure psychometrically sound and
highly readable items for the target population.
Physical Activity. We used an adaptation of the
Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) to
assess MPA and VPA.22 Previous research has vali-
dated the LTEQ in adolescent populations, and has
demonstrated sound reliability and concurrent valid-
ity across multiple populations.23 The LTEQ measure
asked: ‘‘Considering a typical 7-day period (1 week),
how many times on the average do you do the fol-
lowing kinds of exercise for more than 15 minutes?’’
Two items defining MPA and VPA followed this ques-
tion. MPA was defined as nonexhausting exercises
such as fast walking, baseball, tennis, slow bicy-
cling, volleyball, badminton, and easy swimming. VPA
was defined as activities that cause the participant’s
heart to beat rapidly, such as running, jogging, foot-
ball, soccer, basketball, rollerblading, skateboarding,
vigorous swimming, and fast bicycling. Participants
were then grouped into low, medium, and high MPA
or VPA classifications based on the frequency of times
they reported corresponding physical activities in a
typical 7-day period. Participants reporting 0-1 times
of MPA/VPA in the past 7 days were grouped into low
categories; those reporting 2-4 times of MPA/VPA were
grouped into medium categories; and those reporting
5 or more times of MPA/VPA were grouped into high
categories.
Health Risk and Promoting Behaviors. Health risk
behavior measures included length of use, and past
30-day frequency, quantity, and heavy use of alco-
hol, cigarette, and marijuana consumption. Measure-
ment scales were identical for assessing length of
10. use (1 = do not use, 2 = 30 days or less, 3 = more
than 30 days but less than 6 months, 4 = more than
6 months but less than 1 year, 5 = more than 1 year)
and past 30-day frequency of use (1 = 0 days, 2 =
1-2 days, 3 = 3-5 days, 4 = 6-9 days, 5 = 10-19 days,
6 = 20-29 days, 7 = all 30 days) for alcohol, cigarettes,
and marijuana. Quantity of use and heavy use was
specifically tailored for the alcohol, cigarette, and mar-
ijuana measures. Quantity of past 30-day use included
average number of alcoholic drinks typically consumed
(1 = 0 drinks, 2 = 1 drink, 3 = 2 drinks, 4 = 3 drinks,
5 = 4 drinks, 6 = 5 drinks, 7 = 6 drinks, 8 = 7 drinks,
9 = 8 drinks, 10 = 9 drinks, 11 = 10 drinks, 12 = 11
drinks), average number of cigarettes smoked (1 = 0
cigarettes, 2 = less than 1 cigarette, 3 = 1-5 cigarettes,
4 = 6-10 cigarettes, 5 = 11-15 cigarettes, 6 = 16-24
cigarettes, 7 = more than 24 cigarettes), and average
number of times using marijuana in the past month
(1 = 0 times, 2 = 1-2 times, 3 = 3-5 times, 4 = 6-9
times, 5 = 10-19 times, 6 = 20-29 times, 7 = 30-39
times, 8 = 40 or more times). Past 30-day heavy use
(1 = 0 days, 2 = 1-2 days, 3 = 3-5 days, 4 = 6-9 days,
5 = 10-19 days, 6 = 20-29 days, 7 = all 30 days) of
alcohol consumption (defined as 5 or more drinks for
males, and 4 or more drinks for females in a row), of
cigarettes (defined as number of days smoking a pack of
cigarettes in 1 day), and marijuana (defined as number
of days participants were ‘‘very high/really stoned’’)
of participants were collected. Items assessing length
of substance use, and past 30-day frequency, quantity,
and heavy substance use were adopted from previ-
ous prevention research.24-27 Cronbach’s alpha for
the alcohol consumption scale was .79; for cigarette-
smoking behavior measures, .91; and for marijuana
use measures, .94.
12. RESULTS
Table 2 shows that an overall MANOVA indicated
significant differences on VPA level for marijuana
(F = 2.13; p = .03). Univariate and post hoc pairwise
analysis showed that a high level of VPA was signif-
icantly associated with less frequent marijuana use
(F = 2.99; p = .05) and less heavy marijuana use
(F = 3.60; p = .03), compared to a low level of VPA.
An overall MANOVA was also significant for nutrition
(F = 3.63; p < .001), with univariate tests demonstrat-
ing that a high level of VPA was significantly associated
with greater consumption of healthy carbohydrates
(F = 5.63; p < .001), and healthy fats (F = 10.68;
p < .001), compared to a low level of VPA. In addition,
ANOVA and pairwise tests showed that a high level
of VPA was significantly associated with more use of
stress management techniques (F = 12.01; p < .001),
and a greater quality of sleeping (F = 4.83; p = .01),
compared to a low level of VPA. A similar pattern was
found for frequency and quantity of cigarette smoking,
with less cigarette use for those youth engaged at high
levels of VPA compared to those at low levels of VPA,
although the overall MANOVA was not significant.
Table 3 shows a significant overall MANOVA for
nutrition behaviors across MPA levels (F = 2.12;
p = .05), with univariate and post hoc pairwise analy-
sis revealing that a high level of MPA was significantly
associated with increased consumption of healthy
fats (F = 6.42; p < .001), compared to a low level of
MPA, and a similar pattern approaching significance
for eating good carbohydrates (p = .06). In addition,
stress management techniques differed across MPA
13. (F = 13.45; p < .001), with those engaged in high lev-
els of MPA using more stress management compared
to those engaged in low levels of MPA. No differences
Table 2. Means and Standard Deviations of Health Behaviors by
Level of Vigorous Physical Activity
Low∗ (0-1 times/week) Medium∗ (2-4 times/week) High∗ (≥5
times/week)
n = 271 n = 326 n = 220
Measures M SD M SD M SD F df p
Alcohola F = .95; df = 8, 1614; p = .47
Length 2.61 1.85 2.36 1.78 2.32 1.74 2.12 2, 814 .12
Frequency 1.73 1.11 1.63 1.16 1.58 1.08 1.07 2, 813 .34
Quantity 2.65 2.96 2.44 2.86 2.51 2.87 .43 2, 812 .65
Heavy use 1.34 .86 1.33 .87 1.33 .90 .06 2, 813 .94
Cigarettesa F = 1.35; df = 8, 1598; p = .21
Length 1.49 1.20 1.45 1.16 1.26 .93 2.72 2, 814 .07
Frequency 1.65 1.70 1.56 1.56 1.30 1.14 3.59 2, 812 .03
Quantity 1.34 .85 1.31 .86 1.16 .56 3.49 2, 813 .03
Heavy use 1.10 .50 1.15 .70 1.06 .46 1.72 2, 805 .18
Marijuanaa F = 2.13; df = 8, 1604; p = .03
Length 1.68 1.42 1.63 1.38 1.53 1.29 .77 2, 814 .46
Frequency 1.51 1.35 1.42 1.15 1.25 .89 2.99 2, 810 .05
Quantity 1.52 1.45 1.40 1.16 1.30 1.03 2.10 2, 813 .12
Heavy use 1.47 1.33 1.32 .98 1.22 .77 3.60 2, 810 .03
Nutritionb F = 3.63; df = 6, 1622; p = .001
Fruits/vegetables 4.54 2.40 4.73 2.53 5.01 2.48 2.23 2, 814 .11
Good carbohydrate 5.09 2.68 5.46 2.68 5.91 2.70 5.63 2, 813
.00
Good fats 4.11 2.56 4.58 2.59 5.21 2.75 10.68 2, 814 .00
15. Length 1.67 1.42 1.58 1.35 1.62 1.36 .33 2, 812 .72
Frequency 1.51 1.40 1.34 1.03 1.38 1.07 1.61 2, 808 .20
Quantity 1.54 1.52 1.36 1.09 1.37 1.10 1.84 2, 808 .16
Heavy use 1.48 1.36 1.28 .91 1.30 .92 2.77 2, 810 .06
Nutritionb F = 2.12; df = 6, 1618; p = .05
Fruits/vegetables 4.47 2.50 4.78 2.42 4.91 2.51 2.07 2, 812 .13
Good carbohydrate 5.15 2.67 5.45 2.74 5.71 2.66 2.82 2, 811
.06
Good fats 4.13 2.59 4.61 2.60 4.96 2.69 6.42 2, 812 .00
Sleepa 3.63 1.10 3.55 .98 3.56 1.06 .41 2, 810 .67
Stress managementb 1.90 .62 2.14 .63 2.24 .68 13.45 2, 561 .00
∗ Low, medium, and high groups are characterized by frequency
of exercise per week.
a Higher mean score = higher risk.
b Higher mean score = lower risk.
were found across MPA on alcohol, cigarette or mari-
juana use, and quality of sleep.
DISCUSSION
This study examined the relationships of physical
activity levels with health risk and health promoting
behaviors among adolescents. Our findings supported
the hypothesis that adolescents participating in
increased levels of physical activity would be less
likely to engage in health risk behaviors and more
likely to engage in health promoting behaviors. The
main findings demonstrate that adolescents engaged
in high levels of VPA were using less marijuana, had
a healthier dietary intake, greater stress management
skills, and better quantity of sleep than those engaged
in low or no VPA. Although overall MANOVA analysis
16. for the cigarette use scale was nonsignificant for VPA,
significant differences were found with the high VPA
group demonstrating lower frequency of cigarette
smoking and quantity of cigarette smoking than the
low VPA grouping.
Less supportive of our hypothesis was the finding
that participation in high levels of MPA was not as
consistently associated with other health behaviors
when compared to participation in high levels of
VPA. Increased healthy fat food consumption and
improved stress management were the only health
behaviors found to be statistically significant among
adolescents engaged in high levels of MPA. This
suggests VPA is a better predictor of other health habits
in adolescence than MPA. Further research should
examine why these differences may exist, as this
finding has potential implications for increasing our
understanding and possibly affecting multiple behavior
patterns of youth.27
Our results indicate VPA may be an important
factor to consider for interventions that simultane-
ously address multiple health behaviors, especially in
similarly diverse adolescent populations in the south-
eastern United States. Additional studies of adolescents
involving more geographically diverse populations
will improve the generalizability of the relation-
ship between VPA and other health behaviors in
adolescents.
The associations between high levels of VPA and
smoking, dietary behaviors, and stress management
are particularly important considering these are lead-
ing factors for longevity, chronic disease prevalence,
18. behaviors.36
Our findings suggest the importance of promoting
VPA among adolescents, especially considering rates of
VPA among this population are very low.9,37 National
prevalence studies estimate that between 34% and 7%
of adolescent populations meet the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) guidelines for regu-
lar vigorous physical activity.14,16,29 Our study supports
these findings with less than 27% of our sample
meeting the CDC standards for engaging in VPA. Con-
sidering the impact VPA has on physical health and its
potential influence on other health risk and promoting
behaviors, along with the low rates of VPA within this
population, the promotion of regular VPA in adoles-
cents should continue as a major public health priority.
Limitations
Results of this study should be interpreted in lieu
of several limitations. First, our findings are based
on a sample of 11th- and 12th-grade students from
a single suburban high school. Additional studies
of adolescents involving probability samples drawn
from urban, rural, suburban, and more geographically
diverse populations would improve generalizability.
A second limitation of this study was the exclusive use
of self-reported data, without corroboration from other
sources. The use of costly biochemical or mechanical
verification of self-reports remains a challenge for
those engaged in multiple behavior research. A third
limitation was the use of cross-sectional data,
which precludes establishing a temporal and causal
relationship among varying levels of physical activity
and health behaviors. A final limitation was the lack
of more precise measures of identifying participation
19. in specific physical activities (ie, swimming, cycling,
tennis, skateboarding), and the lack of inclusion of
measures of sport participation. Recent research has
indicated that certain types of physical activities and
sports are associated with both positive and negative
health behaviors of young people.38
Conclusions
In conclusion, the results from this study sug-
gest that high-frequency levels of VPA are associated
with a number of health risk and health promoting
behaviors in adolescents. Future research is needed to
examine whether the statistically significant associa-
tions found in the high VPA groupings are practically
significant for improving other health behaviors in
adolescence. Our findings underscore the critical need
for incorporating more robust experimental method-
ologies, such as physiological health measures and
longitudinal research designs, into examining the prac-
tical importance between VPA and various adolescent
health risks and promoting behaviors. Such studies
will help to inform the potential public health impact
of school-based interventions targeting multiple health
behaviors in adolescents.
IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLS
Innovative school health promotion and educa-
tion efforts incorporating VPA with multiple health
behavioral change strategies may help to improve the
magnitude of mean difference seen in our significant
findings. A theme of physical activity is congruent
with recent studies advocating for the promotion of
healthy youth development to enhance a wide range
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27. Community Health Advocacy Project – Part 3
NUR/544 Version 6
1
Assignment Grading Criteria
Community Health Advocacy Project– Part 3
Week 6
Using the theory or model that you selected in Week Four,
develop an intervention thataddresses one of the levels of
prevention for your aggregate.
Describe the intervention plan and how it may be actualized.
Include the following:
· Formulate one outcome goal and various objectives (as
appropriate) and explain why these are appropriate
· Explain the intervention plan (including the steps and
resources needed)
· Identify organizations within the community that may be able
to assist with the intervention and explain why they are
appropriate to partner with.
· Explain how you plan to evaluate the intervention. Include
methods and why they are appropriate
Develop a presentation using one of the following formats:
· Microsoft® PowerPoint® Presentation including 15–20 slides
with detailed speaker’s notes
· Oral presentation including appropriate visual aid (for
example, a handout or brochure)— with separate referenced
speaker notes
28. · Prezi® Presentation—with separate referenced speaker notes
· Go animate (animation)— with separate referenced speaker
notes
· Another format approved by your facilitator.
Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
Include a minimum of 8 scholarly references.
Submit the assignment as directed by the instructor.
Present your intervention plan to the class.
Note. Points are awarded based on the quality of the content
submitted and the degree to which assignment expectations are
met.
Content
20 points possible
Points possible
Points earned
Uses the model or theory of health promotion from part 2 of the
project to formulate one outcome goal and appropriate
objectives and explain why these are appropriate for the chosen
aggregate’s health need
5
Explains the intervention plan including the steps and resources
needed
5
Identifies organizations within the community that may be able
to assist with the intervention and explains why they are
appropriate to partner with
5
29. Explains how you plan to evaluate the intervention and includes
methods and why they are appropriate
5
Organization
2 points possible
Presentation is well-organized, clear, and effectively structured
0.5
Time is well used and not rushed
0.5
Introduction explains the purpose of the presentation and
previews major points
0.5
Conclusion is logical, flows from the presentation, and reviews
the major points
0.5
Format
3 points possible
Points possible
Points earned
Visual aids are appropriately professional, easy to read, and
contribute to effectiveness of presentation
3
Follows rules of grammar, punctuation, and spelling
Consistent with APA formatting guidelines for formatting of
references and citation of outside works
31. and Karen E. Johnson, PhD, RN
1
Abstract
Although much is known about health-risk behaviors of
adolescents, less is known about their health-promoting
behaviors.
The purpose of this analysis was to compare health-promoting
behaviors in adolescents in Grades 9–12 by gender and
ethnicity and explore how these behaviors changed over time.
Data were collected from 878 rural adolescents (47.5%
Hispanic; mean age at baseline 14.7 years). Males from all
ethnic groups scored significantly higher than all females on
phys-
ical activity; non-Hispanic Black males and females scored
significantly higher than other ethnic groups on safety
behaviors.
Hispanic and non-Hispanic White females scored higher than
males in these ethnic groups on stress management. Nutrition,
physical activity, and safety behaviors decreased significantly
for most participants from Grade 9 to 12 whereas stress
management remained relatively stable. Findings are similar to
those from nationally representative samples that analyzed
cross-sectional data and have implications for school nursing
interventions to improve health-promoting behaviors in rural
adolescents.
Keywords
health/wellness, high school, cultural issues, exercise, nutrition
Despite an expanding literature about the factors that relate
to and predict adolescent health-risk behaviors, less is
32. reported in the literature about health-promoting behaviors
in adolescents—particularly among those living in rural areas.
Health-promoting behaviors emphasize lifestyle choices that
improve physical health and well-being (Steinberg, 2014).
Health-promoting behaviors such as safety, stress manage-
ment (Groft, Hagen, Miller, Cooper, & Brown, 2005), physi-
cal activity (Kalak et al., 2012), and adequate nutrition
(Williams & Mummery, 2012) contribute to positive rather
than adverse health outcomes. Research that focuses on the
presence of health-promoting behaviors, as opposed to the
risk-focused perspective, is essential to understand how to
help young people make the successful transition from child
to adult. As part of an interdisciplinary education team com-
mitted to student success, school nurses are in ideal settings to
collaborate with others (e.g., health education teachers, food
service staff, and school health advisory councils) to deliver
interventions that enhance adolescent health.
Purpose
33. This article is a report of findings from a large longitudinal
study of health-risk and health-promoting behaviors among
rural adolescents as they progressed through high school (in
Grades 9–12). The specific aims of this analysis, which was
a component of the larger study, were to (1) compare the
health-promoting behaviors of adolescents by gender and
ethnicity and (2) explore how health-promoting behaviors
of these adolescents changed during the high school years.
Findings about health-risk behaviors have been published
previously (Horner, Rew, & Brown, 2012).
We sought to answer two research questions: (1) what are
the gender and ethnic differences in health-promoting beha-
viors among Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and non-
Hispanic White (NHW) adolescents residing in three rural
communities and (2) do health-promoting behaviors change
1
The University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Austin,
TX, USA
2 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, The
34. University of Miami,
Miami, FL, USA
3
The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work,
Austin, TX, USA
Corresponding Author:
Lynn Rew, EdD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN, The University of Texas
at Austin,
School of Nursing, 1710 Red River, Austin, TX 78701, USA.
Email: [email protected]
The Journal of School Nursing
2015, Vol. 31(3) 219-232
ª The Author(s) 2014
Reprints and permission:
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DOI: 10.1177/1059840514541855
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as adolescents matriculate through Grades 9–12? Our
hypotheses were as follows
35. Hypothesis 1: Of all groups examined (gender, grade,
and race/ethnicity), racial and ethnic minority males will
exhibit the fewest health-promoting behaviors.
Hypothesis 2: Adolescents’ health-promoting behaviors
will decrease each year from Grade 9 through Grade 12.
Background
Adolescent Health Behavior
During childhood, patterns of behavior are initiated that con-
tribute to the individual’s health and well-being throughout
the life span. Health behaviors are reflected in a continuum
from those that promote and enhance optimum development
and well-being (i.e., health-promoting behaviors) to those
that threaten development and well-being (i.e., health-risk
behaviors). Engaging in health-promoting behaviors, such
as eating nutritional snacks, engaging in physical activity,
and managing stress effectively, has been shown to protect
adolescents from adverse health outcomes (Iannotti & Wang,
2013; Peterhans, Worth, & Woll, 2013) and has been asso-
36. ciated with better health outcomes in later adulthood than
engaging in health-risk behaviors during adolescence (Dorn,
Beal, Kalkwarf, Pabst, Noll, & Susman, 2013; Olshansky
et al., 2005). Engaging in health-promoting behaviors contri-
butes to development of a healthy lifestyle (Kelder et al.,
2003). For example, running for 30 min daily was shown to
improve sleep quality and psychological functioning in
healthy adolescents (Kalak et al., 2012).
Previous studies have shown gender and age differences
in health-promoting behaviors. For example, Williams and
Mummery (2012) found that compared with males, females
were more likely to exhibit healthy eating patterns. In con-
trast, cross-sectional findings from the 2011 Youth Risk
Behavior Survey (YRBS) suggest males were more likely
than females to exhibit various health-promoting behaviors,
including eating three or more daily servings of fruit, three
or more servings of vegetables, three or more servings of
milk, and participating in 60 min of physical activity every-
37. day for a week prior to completing the survey (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012, p. 29). Similar
to Williams and Mummery’s findings (2012), ninth graders
reported a higher prevalence than 12th graders of these same
nutritional and physical activity behaviors (CDC, 2012).
Although we have ample evidence of risk and protective
factors related to health-risk behaviors in adolescents (Gott-
fredson & Hussong, 2011; Leeman, Hoff, Krishnan-Sarin,
Patock-Peckham, & Potenza, 2014; Taliaferro, Muehlen-
kamp, Borowsky, McMorris, & Kugler, 2012; Thompson,
Dewa, & Phare, 2012 ), we have much less evidence of those
factors related to health-promoting behaviors. Previous stud-
ies of health-promoting behaviors in adolescents have been
primarily cross-sectional and involved small samples that
were mostly White (Mahon, Yarcheski, Yarcheski, & Hanks,
2007; Yarcheski, Mahon, & Yarcheski, 1997). The biannual
reports from the YRBS, such as the CDC (2012) report men-
tioned previously, describe a nationally representative sample
38. of adolescents, but they too are cross-sectional. Moreover,
these studies focus on trends in the population as opposed
to changes over time within a particular population such as
those living in rural areas.
In this study, we began with a public health approach
grounded in the premise that ‘‘health is a product of lifestyle
shaped heavily by social and physical environments’’
(Crosby, Kegler, & DiClemente, 2009, p. 4). Basic social
and physical attributes such as ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic
status (SES), parent’s level of education, and marital status
have a profound effect on learned behaviors, including those
that are health related. Identifying these attributes and their
effects on health-promoting behaviors may influence the
development of interventions that can be tailored to adoles-
cents with diverse personal and cultural characteristics.
Similarly, identifying if and when these health-promoting
behaviors change over time may influence the development
and testing of interventions targeted at specific developmen-
39. tal stages of adolescence when adult lifestyles are being
shaped. These interventions are needed to ensure a healthy
generation of adults.
Importantly, the health behavior of adolescents living in
rural communities is studied less often than those of youth
in urban or suburban environments—particularly those
from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds (Curtis, Waters,
& Brindis, 2011). For example, a survey of health status
and clinic use among ninth graders in rural Mississippi
yielded a response rate of only 27.6% for a mostly White
school and a 2.6% response rate for a school that was pre-
dominantly African American (Bradford & O’Sullivan,
2007). Compared to urban and suburban areas, rural areas
rank low in most population health indicators including
health behaviors and maternal and child health (Hartley,
2004). As an example of this, Nanney, Davey, and Kubik
(2013) evaluated policies and practices of secondary
schools in 28 states and found that schools in smaller towns
and rural areas did not have as many healthy eating policies
40. and practices as schools in urban/suburban areas.
Well over half of rural counties (65%) experience
shortages in health care providers and access to health ser-
vices, with this percentage being higher in rural counties
where people of color are the majority (Probst, Moor,
Glover, & Samuels, 2004). These disparities create a social-
environmental context for adolescent health and development
that is distinctly different from that of suburban or urban
contexts. Geographic isolation and lack of community
resources such as confidential health care services may
present barriers to rural adolescents having the supports
they need to engage in health-promoting behaviors (Curtis
et al., 2011). Curtis, Waters, and Brindis (2011) conducted
220 The Journal of School Nursing 31(3)
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a secondary analysis of rural adolescents ages 12 through
17 from the cross-sectional 2005 California Health Inter-
41. view Survey and found disparate levels of sexual activity,
substance use, depressive symptoms, and risk factors for
obesity (i.e., poor diet and low levels of physical activity).
Although nationally representative samples of adolescents
include those from rural areas, we found no published
longitudinal studies of how behaviors in rural areas may
be different from or the same as behaviors in urban and
suburban youth. This longitudinal analysis examining
health-promoting behaviors among rural adolescents can
extend Curtis et al.’s cross-sectional findings and help to
fill gaps in the literature regarding rural adolescent health.
Method
Design and Setting
A cohort-sequential longitudinal design was used to explore
changes in the development of health behaviors in adoles-
cents residing in rural communities in central Texas. Four
cohorts of students were initially recruited over a period of
2 years by sending letters to parents of children who were
42. then in Grade 4 through Grade 6 (Rew, Horner, & Brown,
2011). These participants were followed through Grade 8,
and subsequently recruited again for a second longitudinal
study when they were in Grade 9 (Rew, Arheart, Thompson,
& Johnson, 2013). Sixty-seven percent of the original sam-
ple were retained for this study.
Protection of Human Participants
The study was reviewed annually by the institutional review
board at the first author’s university. Both written parental
consent and adolescent assent were collected each year of
the study for all participants. When adolescents reached
18 years of age, they provided their own consent.
Sample
The sample for this analysis was drawn from a total of 1,294
adolescents who were recruited for a longitudinal study
when they entered high school in Grade 9 and consisted of
878 adolescents who were retained at the final data collec-
tion point when they were in Grade 12 (68% retention over
43. 4 years). This retention rate reflects an average loss of
approximately 14% of the sample each succeeding year of
the study. Participants were an average of 14.7 years old
in Grade 9 and 17.18 years old in Grade 12. The sample con-
sisted of four Cohorts (i.e., A, B, C, and D) that reflect the
grade the participant was in at the beginning of the previous
longitudinal study to which this was a 4-year follow-up. For
example, Cohort A would have been in Grade 6 during the
first year of the previous study, Cohort B would have been
in Grade 5, and so on.
Measures
Two measures were used for this analysis: a demographic
form and the Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire (ALQ). The
demographic form was developed by the principal investiga-
tor of the study and consisted of age, sex, race, and ethnicity.
Health-promoting behaviors were measured using four
subscales from the ALQ: nutrition, physical activity, safety,
and stress management (Gillis, 1997). Three other subscales
of the ALQ, identity awareness, health awareness, and social
44. support, were not included in the present analysis because
they are conceptually different from health-promoting beha-
viors. The ALQ consists of 43 six-point Likert-type items
(6 ¼ always and 1 ¼ never); high scores mean greater
engagement in health-promoting behaviors; we used only
the 23 items that comprised the four subscales used in this
analysis. Examples of items are ‘‘I usually make informed
choices about sexual relationships’’ (safety); ‘‘I participate
in a regular program of sports/exercise at school’’: (physical
activity); ‘‘I read labels on packaged foods I eat’’ (nutrition);
and ‘‘I usually use helpful strategies to help me deal with
stress’’ (stress management; Gillis, 1997, pp. 38–39).
Procedures
Following approval from the institutional review board, par-
ents signed informed consent forms and adolescents under
age 18 signed informed assent forms annually; adolescents
18 years of age and older signed their own consents. In the
first 2 years of the study, data were gathered through home
45. visits using computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI) or
via a secure website that the adolescent could access from
home. In the final 2 years, data were gathered by mailed sur-
vey owing to increased difficulty in making appointments
for home visits. Scheduling difficulties arose, as adolescents
became older and involved in more after-school and evening
activities.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics (mean + standard error or percentage)
were used to describe the demographic data by year and
cohort within year. Descriptive statistics (M + SD) and
Cronbach’s a reliability coefficient were computed for each
health-promoting behavior for each year and cohort within
year. To address Research Question 1—what are the gender
and ethnic differences in health-promoting behaviors among
Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White
adolescents residing in three rural communities—and
Hypothesis 1—of all groups examined (gender, grade, and
race/ethnicity), racial and ethnic minority males will exhi-
bit the fewest health-promoting behaviors, we used sepa-
46. rate general linear mixed models for each year and
health-promoting behavior. The fixed effects of interest
included in the models were gender, race/ethnicity, and the
interaction of gender and race/ethnicity. Fixed covariates
for age, two-parent household (yes/no), subsidized school
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lunch (yes/no), and mother’s highest education were included
to control for their possible confounding effects. A random
effect was included for cohort. Planned comparisons were
made for gender differences within each race/ethnic category
and between race/ethnic categories for each gender.
To address Research Question 2—do health-promoting
behaviors change as adolescents matriculate through Grade
9 through Grade 12 and Hypothesis 2—adolescents’ health-
promoting behaviors will decrease each year from Grade 9
47. through Grade 12, we used a general linear mixed model for
each health-promoting behavior to perform a linear growth
curve analysis. The model included random terms for the
intercepts and slopes (trajectories) for each gender-race/
ethnicity combination. A random term was included for per-
son nested within cohort. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS)
9.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., 2013) was used for all analyses. Sta-
tistical tests resulting in a probability level less than .05 were
considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Demographic data by year and cohort within year are sum-
marized in Table 1. Table 2 is a summary of the means,
standard errors, and Cronbach’s a for each of the four
health-promoting behaviors (nutrition, physical activity,
safety, and stress management) measured for each year and
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics in Sample of Rural
Adolescents in Grade 9 Through Grade 12.
Grade
Cohort n
50. Note. M ¼ mean; SE ¼ standard error; Hisp ¼ Hispanic; NHB ¼
non-Hispanic Black; NHW ¼ non-Hispanic White; HS ¼ high
school; BS ¼ bachelor’s degree.
a
Mother’s highest level of eduction.
Table 2. Overall Means, Standard Errors, and Cronbach’s a
Coefficients for Health-Promoting Behaviors in Adolescents.
Grade n
Nutrition Physical Activity Safety Stress Management
M + SE (a) M + SE (a) M + SE (a) M + SE (a)
Grade 9 814 25.1 + 0.3 (0.89) 15.6 + 0.2 (0.89) 36.7 + 0.2
(0.76) 14.3 + 0.2 (0.65)
Range by cohort 176–254 24.1 + 0.6 - 25.9 + 0.7 15.4 + 0.4–
16.2 + 0.5 36.2 + 0.4–37.1 + 0.4 14.0 + 0.2–14.5 + 0.4
Grade 10 825 25.0 + 0.3 (0.89) 15.2 + 0.2 (0.90) 36.0 + 0.2
(0.80) 14.3 + 0.2 (0.66)
Range by cohort 119–294 24.3 + 0.8–25.3 + 0.6 14.2 + 0.6–15.8
+ 0.4 35.2 + 0.7–36.3 + 0.4 14.0 + 0.3–14.5 + 0.3
Grade 11 818 25.1 + 0.3 (0.90) 14.5 + 0.2 (0.90) 36.3 + 0.2
(0.79) 14.3 + 0.2 (0.62)
Range by cohort 181–214 24.9 + 0.6–25.1 + 0.6 14.0 + 0.5–15.1
+ 0.5 35.5 + 0.4–36.7 + 0.4 14.1 + 0.3–14.9 + 0.3
Grade 12 707 24.8 + 0.3 (0.91) 13.6 + 0.2 (0.89) 35.9 + 0.2
(0.77) 14.2 + 0.2 (0.68)
Range by cohort 133–211 23.4 + 0.7–25.7 + 0.8 12.6 + 0.5–14.3
+ 0.6 34.9 + 0.5–36.7 + 0.4 14.1 + 0.4–14.5 + 0.4
Note. Nutrition: 8 items, score range (8–48); Physical Activity:
4 items, score range (4–24); Safety: 7 items, score range (7–42);
Nutrition: 8 items, score range
(8–48). M ¼ mean; SE ¼ standard error.
51. 222 The Journal of School Nursing 31(3)
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cohort within each year. Results to answer the first research
question and test the first hypothesis are presented in
Tables 3–6. Results to answer the second research question
and test the second hypothesis are in Table 7. The number
of participants in each table varies because those who did
not provide complete data on a particular variable were not
included in that analysis.
Demographic Attributes
In addition to age, sex, and ethnicity, Table 1 also shows the
percentage of participants who lived with both parents, the
percentage who received subsidized lunch (low SES), and
236. the highest grade level of the participants’ mothers.
Annual Means of Health-Promoting Behaviors
Table 2 shows the means and standard errors for each type of
health-promoting behavior measured in each of the 4 years
of the study and the ranges for each of the four cohorts. See
our previous report on that study for a fuller description of
the cohorts (Rew et al., 2011). Table 2 also shows the relia-
bility coefficients (a) for each of the health-promoting
behavior subscales. These ranges for cohorts were .88–.91
for nutrition, .88–.92 for physical activity, .73–.86 for safety,
and .59–.71 for stress management.
Differences in Nutrition-Related Behaviors
There were no statistically significant gender differences in
nutrition-related health-promoting behaviors for Hispanic and
NHB participants in any of the four grades; however, NHW
females engaged in significantly more healthy eating beha-
viors such as avoiding foods high in fat and salt than NHW
males in each of the four grades. Although NHW females
237. exhibited a higher frequency of these nutrition-related beha-
viors than Hispanic and NHB females in all four grades, the
differences were statistically significantly greater than Hispa-
nics in Grade 10 only and greater than NHB females in
Grades 10, 11, and 12.
Differences in Physical Activity Behaviors
There were statistically significant sex differences in physi-
cal activity behaviors such as participating in sports or exer-
cising regularly for all ethnic groups in each of the four
Table 7. Trajectories of Health Behaviors Over Time by
Race/Ethnicity and Gender.
Intercept Trajectory (Slope)
Race/Ethnicity–Gender b + SE p b + SE p
Nutrition
Hispanic males 25.04 + 0.98 <.001 �0.31 + 0.17 .066
Non-Hispanic Black males 24.18 + 1.18 <.001 �0.57 + 0.28
.046
Non-Hispanic White males 23.67 + 1.09 <.001 �0.09 + 0.19
.627
Hispanic females 25.16 + 0.95 <.001 �0.06 + 0.13 .631
Non-Hispanic Black females 23.93 + 1.10 <.001 �0.55 + 0.29
.055
Non-Hispanic White females 27.49 + 1.05 <.001 0.26 + 0.13
.048
239. gender and year nested within race/ethnicity–gender effects
adjusted for fixed covariates for
subsidized lunches, two-parent households, and mother’s
education. Random effects were intercept, trajectory, and child
nested within cohort. SE ¼ standard
error.
Rew et al. 227
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grades (i.e., Grades 9–12). Males in all racial/ethnic groups
reported significantly more of these physical activity beha-
viors than their respective racial/ethnic females in each of
the four grades with the exception of NHW in Grade 9
(p ¼ .065). NHB males reported statistically significantly
more of these physical activity behaviors than Hispanic
males in Grade 9 and more than NHW in Grades 9 and 11.
The only statistically significant difference among females
by race/ethnicity was between Hispanic and NHW females
in Grade 9: NHW females reported engaging in significantly
more of these physical activity behaviors than Hispanic
240. females. Although not statistically significant, NHW females
engaged in more of these physical activity behaviors than eth-
nic minority females in Grades 9 and 10, but Hispanic females
engaged in these behaviors more than NHB or NHW in Grade
11 and NHB engaged in the greatest number of physical activ-
ity behaviors in Grade 12.
Differences in Safety Behaviors
Overall, NHBs reported the highest frequency of safety
health-promoting behaviors such as wearing a seatbelt or
refusing to ride with a driver who is drinking alcohol. At all
time points, Hispanic and NHW females reported higher
levels of these safety behaviors than Hispanic and NHW
males, respectively. Hispanic males scored lower than all
other males in all grades, but these differences were not
statistically significant. The NHB males engaged in signifi-
cantly more of these safety behaviors than Hispanic males
at all time points except Grade 10, and significantly more than
NHW males in Grade 11. There were no statistically signifi-
241. cant race/ethnicity differences in frequency of these safety
behaviors among females in any of the four grades.
Differences in Stress Management
There were statistically significant sex differences in stress
management health-promoting behaviors such as having
friends to talk to between Hispanic males and females and
between NHW males and females in each of the four grades.
Females engaged in significantly more of these stress man-
agement behaviors than males in each of the 4 years. There
were no statistically significant sex differences for NHB
participants.
The NHB males engaged in significantly more of these
stress management behaviors than NHW males in all grades;
they also engaged in statistically significantly more of these
behaviors than Hispanic males in Grades 11 and 12. There
were no statistically significant differences among females
in Grade 9 through Grade 12.
Hypothesis 1
242. The first hypothesis that racial and ethnic minority males
would exhibit fewer health-promoting behaviors than NHW
males and all females during high school (Grades 9–12) was
only partially supported. Nutrition behaviors of Hispanic
and NHB males were greater than those of NHW males in
all grades, except Grade 12 when NHW exhibited slightly
more of these behaviors than NHB and Hispanic males, but
these differences were not statistically significant. NHB
males exhibited the greatest frequency of physical activity
in all grades and, although not statistically significant, His-
panic males exhibited a greater frequency of physical activ-
ity than NHW males in all four grades. Similarly, NHB
males exhibited a greater frequency of safety behaviors and
stress management behaviors than NHW or Hispanic males
in all four grades.
Females consistently engaged in fewer physical activity
behaviors than males, which does not support the hypoth-
esis; however, NHW females engaged in more nutrition-
243. related behaviors than all ethnic minority males and females
across all four grades, which provides partial support for the
hypothesis.
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2, that adolescents’ health-promoting behaviors
would decrease each year from Grade 9 through Grade 12,
was partially supported. Table 7 shows the growth curve or
trajectory for each health-promoting behavior over time.
All statistically significant trajectories are negative, which
means that the behaviors decreased over time. None of the
trajectories for stress management changed significantly
over time. The only statistically significant positive trajec-
tory was for non-Hispanic white females’ nutrition. This
change indicates that their eating behaviors were better
over time.
The trajectories for each health-promoting behavior
indicate particular changes by race and sex. For example,
the nutrition behaviors of Hispanic, NHB, and NHW males
244. all decreased over time. The change was statistically signif-
icant for the NHB males (p ¼ .046), but not for the Hispa-
nic males (p ¼ .066), nor for the NHW males (p ¼ .627).
Physical activity behaviors declined for all racial/ethnic
groups over time and all were statistically significant
except for the NHB females. Similarly, safety behaviors
declined for all racial/ethnic groups over time except for
NHB males whose frequency of engaging in safety beha-
viors increased over time, but the trajectory was not statis-
tically significant (p ¼ .430). Stress management behaviors
decreased over time in all groups except NHB males and
Hispanic females, but these changes were not statistically
significant. This means that participants continued to talk
with friends, family, teachers, and coaches about the stres-
sors in their lives with similar frequency in all four grades.
Discussion
The specific aims of this analysis were to compare the
health-promoting behaviors of adolescents by gender and
ethnicity, and explore how health-promoting behaviors of
these adolescents changed during the high school years.
245. 228 The Journal of School Nursing 31(3)
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Overall, the findings from this rural sample are similar to
other recent cross-sectional findings in national samples of
adolescents. For all race/ethnic groups, females engaged in
more safety behaviors than males 3 of the 4 years (i.e.,
Grades 9, 10, and 12). NHB females engaged in fewer of
these safety behaviors than males only in Grade 11. These
disparate findings may be related to timing of learning to
drive and having one’s own car or access to a family vehicle.
It could be that parents are more protective of female chil-
dren and give male and female children different messages
about safety. This interpretation warrants further study.
As other studies have shown, we found that males
engaged in more sports and exercise activities than females
over all 4 years of the study. This finding supports those of
246. the 2011 YRBS (CDC, 2012) and the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; Liu, Sun, Beets,
& Probst, 2013). The finding that NHW females reported
significantly more of these physical activity behaviors than
Hispanic females in Grade 9 supports previous findings that
suggest NHW females participate in higher levels of physi-
cal activity, including sports teams, than racial/ethnic minor-
ity females (Biddle, Whitehead, O’Donovan, & Nevill,
2005; CDC, 2012; Liu et al., 2013). These disparities may
be related to barriers to participation in sports commonly
faced by racial/ethnic minority females. These barriers
include lower SES (Biddle et al., 2005; Glennie & Stearns,
2012), the higher prevalence of overweight/obesity among
racial/ethnic minority females (Kimm et al., 2002), lack of
resources in the home/yard or neighborhood (Graham, Wall,
Larson, & Neumark-Sztainer, 2014), and cultural differ-
ences in perceptions of various physical activities. In Grade
11 however, unexpectedly, NHW females reported signifi-
247. cantly lower levels of physical activity behaviors than NHB
females and nearly significantly lower levels in Grade 12. It
could be that these females are driving or riding in cars more
than walking or biking. By Grade 11, many students are being
advised to take on more service-learning projects and other
volunteer activities to improve their chances for admission
to the college or university of their choice. These other extra-
curricular activities can reduce the available time for enga-
ging in physical activity (Spring, Grimm, & Dietz, 2008).
Analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of
Adolescent Health (Add Health) showed that extracurricular
activities were related to friendships, particularly among ado-
lescents in high school, when it was more difficult to be part
of a sports team (Schaefer, Simpkins, Vest, & Price, 2011).
The finding that engaging in physical activity declined
for both males and females from Grade 9 to Grade 12 is sim-
ilar to the findings in the national YRBS study of 2011
(CDC, 2012). The national data showed a higher prevalence
248. of physical activity among adolescents in Grade 9 than in
Grades 10, 11, and 12. These similar findings underscore the
importance of developing activities that keep adolescents,
particularly females, physically active throughout high
school. Further study of how the rural contexts influence
physical activity levels is needed to understand how to trans-
late promising physical activity interventions successfully to
rural adolescents.
The significant gender differences in nutrition health-
promotion behaviors for NHW only, with females scoring
higher than males all 4 years, was a new and somewhat sur-
prising finding, given that males reported higher levels of
fruit, vegetable, and milk intake on the 2011 YRBS (CDC,
2012). These findings, however, are similar to those of
Williams and Mummery (2012) who found that Australian
adolescents’ reports of healthy nutrition behaviors were
greater in girls than in boys. These findings also support
those of a systematic review by Rasmussen et al. (2006),
249. who found that female gender was a consistent predictor of
higher fruit and vegetable intake among children and adoles-
cents. Although the ‘‘thin ideal’’ that dominates U.S. youth
culture may contribute to eating disorders among females, it
may also lead to the adoption of healthier practices such as
eating more fruits and vegetables than junk foods that are high
in salt and sugar.
Hispanic and NHW females scored significantly higher
than males in their respective ethnic groups on the measure
of stress management. This finding is similar to that of G. S.
Wilson, Pritchard, and Revalee (2005) who found that
females used more coping strategies than males when deal-
ing with stressful experiences. There were no significant
gender differences among NHB participants. This is an
interesting finding that suggests cultural differences in cop-
ing as well as sex differences in coping within cultures. This
finding also has implications for developing gender- and
ethnic-specific interventions to assist adolescents in learning
250. adaptive coping mechanisms or stress management strate-
gies that contribute to health.
Limitations
This study has several limitations. Data were drawn from a
single geographic area in central Texas and, therefore, do not
represent all high school-age rural adolescents in the United
States. All of the data analyzed in this study were self-report
thus open to self-report bias. Owing to the mobile nature of
the populations of these rural communities, the declining
participation rates are also a limitation. Strengths, however,
include the power of the sample size, large ethnic minority
participation, and the longitudinal design. Despite the long-
itudinal design, this analysis does not reflect individual dif-
ferences over time, but cohort changes only. Nevertheless,
this study yields some important new findings about
health-promoting behaviors with implications for nursing
in general and school nursing in particular.
Implications for School Nurses
251. School nurses act to prevent adolescents from engaging in
health-risk behaviors such as using alcohol and drugs, using
tobacco products, and having unprotected sex, but we should
Rew et al. 229
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also strive to enhance the health-promoting behaviors of
adolescents. The role of the school nurse in rural settings
is particularly crucial for promoting health behaviors among
adolescents, given the disparate access to health services
experienced by rural communities (Hartley, 2004), and
school nurse-led programs for rural adolescents in other
countries have shown promise (Barnes, Walsh, Courtney,
& Dowd, 2004). The evidence presented here suggests that
adolescents decrease their health-promoting behaviors dur-
ing the same developmental period that the literature shows
their health-risk behaviors simultaneously increase. School
252. nurses can play a critical role in the development of health
policies and practices in their school districts. School nurse
participation on the School Wellness Committee is an
important venue for helping shape health-related school pol-
icies that can have long-term benefits for students (National
Association of School Nurses, 2014).
The National Association of School Nurses (2013) holds the
position that professional school nurses are leaders within the
school environment and can be instrumental in setting health
policies for the school in addition to developing and providing
informational and educational programs. School nurses, there-
fore, can have a strong influence on setting policies about avail-
able foods and beverages within the school. They can also
influence policies about physical activity. School nurses are
encouraged to lead interdisciplinary teams within schools and
school districts who will advocate for policies and practices
that promote, rather than risk, the health of adolescents. Such
teams might include other interested professionals such as
253. school counselors, athletic directors and coaches, social work-
ers, and science teachers. School nurses who work in states that
have State School Nurse Consultants should also partner with
these consultants to advocate and influence the development of
health policies (Broussard & Howat, 2011).
As these findings show, racial/ethnic differences among
girls underscore the need to help racial/ethnic minority girls
find more opportunities to engage in sports and dance. These
findings suggest particular activities that could be increased
in the areas of safety, physical activity, nutrition, and stress
management. For example, interventions to promote physi-
cal activity could be organized for hours immediately after
school (Atkin, Gorely, Biddle, Cavill, & Foster, 2011).
School nurses are already knowledgeable about the signs
of distress in adolescents and may be in positions of leader-
ship where they can refer those who show maladaptive cop-
ing responses to the school counselor or other community
resources (Fitzsimons & Krause-Parello, 2009). Moreover,
254. many school nurses have opportunities to reach out to the
broader community by making presentations to parent–
teacher organization meetings, organizing health fairs for
parent nights, or creating short community/parent newsletter
items that promote positive strategies for stress management
and other health-promoting behaviors. These strategies have
been used to decrease health-risk behaviors such as smoking
and could also be implemented to enhance health-promoting
behaviors (Hamilton, O’Connell, & Cross, 2004). Previous
research shows that early adolescents, in particular, are
enthusiastic about learning more about how to live a healthy
lifestyle (L. F. Wilson, 2007). The challenge is to embrace
this enthusiasm throughout adolescence.
Conclusion
There are significant gender and ethnic differences in health-
promoting behaviors that may underlie the future health out-
comes of rural adolescents. Findings of this study could
influence the development of school-based interventions for
255. adolescents. Health-promoting behaviors were found to
decrease over time, which suggests that school nurses, teach-
ers, and parents should pay greater attention to sending mes-
sages to adolescents throughout their high school years
about the health benefits of nutrition, physical activity,
safety, and stress management.
Authors’ Note
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does
not
necessarily represent the official views of the National
Institutes of
Health.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect
to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial
support
for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article:
256. This
work was supported by grants from the National institutes of
Health
(National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
[R01
HD39554] and National Institute of Nursing Research [R01
NR0009856] to the first author.
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