The Health Promotion Model was designed by Nola J. Pender to be a “complementary counterpart to models of health protection.” It defines health as a positive dynamic state rather than simply the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed at increasing a patient's level of well-being.
Health Promotion and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...Rafa Cofiño
Within the “Health Promotion and Population Health” resource list, you will find a variety of
information from provincial, national and international sources on the topic population health. This
resource list is organized into five sections: Overview, Documents, Organizational Links, Other Tools
and Resources, and Funding Opportunities.
SURVEY OF PERSONAL WELLBEING. REPORT & EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
It is estimated that more than 450 million people in the world are affected by ‘disorders of the mind’, manifested by emotional or mental distress. The challenges for prevention and healing are significant, ranging from the social stigma that prevents people from seeking help, a lack of awareness in people themselves, insufficient resources and trained professionals, and the lack of culturally informed assessment and support.
As the world experiences unprecedented social and demographic change, wellbeing (‘social capital’) has risen up the political agenda for a complex mix of philosophical and economic factors. At the personal level, wellbeing enables us to live fulfilled lives.
CAREIF with the WPA conducted an international WELLBEING Survey to understand more about what constitutes ‘wellbeing’ in different cultures and settings, and how we can enhance personal wellbeing for individual and social benefit. This report will be launched at a CAREIF celebratory reception in the House of Lords (UK) on 26 October 2016.
You can download the Executive Summary here: wellbeing-executive-summary-v2
Target of public health approaches.
The shifting role of behaviour ( simple-complex)
Behavioural risk factors (itself- determinant-consequent)
determinants of behaviour
Public health strategies to influence determinants of behaviour
The interaction of socioeconomic status (SES), environments, and behaviour
Denormalizing behaviour
Public health interventions and conclusion
The Health Promotion Model was designed by Nola J. Pender to be a “complementary counterpart to models of health protection.” It defines health as a positive dynamic state rather than simply the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed at increasing a patient's level of well-being.
Health Promotion and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...Rafa Cofiño
Within the “Health Promotion and Population Health” resource list, you will find a variety of
information from provincial, national and international sources on the topic population health. This
resource list is organized into five sections: Overview, Documents, Organizational Links, Other Tools
and Resources, and Funding Opportunities.
SURVEY OF PERSONAL WELLBEING. REPORT & EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
It is estimated that more than 450 million people in the world are affected by ‘disorders of the mind’, manifested by emotional or mental distress. The challenges for prevention and healing are significant, ranging from the social stigma that prevents people from seeking help, a lack of awareness in people themselves, insufficient resources and trained professionals, and the lack of culturally informed assessment and support.
As the world experiences unprecedented social and demographic change, wellbeing (‘social capital’) has risen up the political agenda for a complex mix of philosophical and economic factors. At the personal level, wellbeing enables us to live fulfilled lives.
CAREIF with the WPA conducted an international WELLBEING Survey to understand more about what constitutes ‘wellbeing’ in different cultures and settings, and how we can enhance personal wellbeing for individual and social benefit. This report will be launched at a CAREIF celebratory reception in the House of Lords (UK) on 26 October 2016.
You can download the Executive Summary here: wellbeing-executive-summary-v2
Target of public health approaches.
The shifting role of behaviour ( simple-complex)
Behavioural risk factors (itself- determinant-consequent)
determinants of behaviour
Public health strategies to influence determinants of behaviour
The interaction of socioeconomic status (SES), environments, and behaviour
Denormalizing behaviour
Public health interventions and conclusion
Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health p...ellen1066
Suls, J., & Rothman, A. (2004). Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health psychology. Health Psychology, 23(2),119-125. *
Decision Making Behaviour Related to Wife’s Reproductive Health in Bidayuh Me...iosrjce
The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing Bidayuh men’s decision making of their
wives’ reproductive health. Twelve married Bidayuh men aged 24-50 years who resided in rural villages in the
Kuching Division, Sarawak were interviewed face-to-face. Each in-depth interview was recorded, manually
transcribed and translated into themes. Perceptions on the duties or responsibilities as husband or head of
family, immediacy of problems faced, as well as personal, financial and experiential considerations were
reported as determining factors in their decision making. The decisions related to financial and marital
problems including the use of family planning will be made by the husband. Men relied heavily on experience
before making a decision. For complicated health issues, most of their decisions depended on the doctor’s
opinion. Cultural influences do play an important role as the views of the elders were still taken into account.
Men should be made partners in improving maternal health. Rural men’s involvement in women’s healthcare
should be promoted through a more rational and effective decision making. This can be done by providing the
right information and support for men
Equity is the absence of avoidable, unfair, or remediable differences among groups of people, whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically or by other means of stratification. "Health equity” or “equity in health” implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential.
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L ERelationship Between Frequenc.docxcatheryncouper
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Relationship Between Frequency and
Intensity of Physical Activity and Health
Behaviors of Adolescents
TONY T. DELISLE, MSa
CHUDLEY E. WERCH, PhDb
ALVIN H. WONG, MS, CHESc
HUI BIAN, PhDd
ROBERT WEILER, PhD, MPHe
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: While studies have determined the importance of physical activity in
advancing health outcomes, relatively few have explored the relationship between
exercise and various health behaviors of adolescents. The purpose of this study is to
examine the relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and both
health risk and health promoting behaviors of adolescents.
METHODS:
Data were collected from 822 students attending a large, diverse suburban high school
in northeast Florida using a self-administered survey. Multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests examined differences on mean
health behavior measures on 3 exercise frequency levels (low, medium, and high) and
2 intensity levels (vigorous physical activity [VPA] and moderate physical activity [MPA]).
RESULTS: Results showed adolescents engaged in high levels of VPA used marijuana
less frequently (p = .05) and reported heavy use of marijuana less frequently (p = .03);
consumed greater numbers of healthy carbohydrates (p < .001) and healthy fats in their
diets (p < .001); used stress management techniques more frequently (p < .001); and
reported a higher quality of sleep (p = .01) than those engaged in low levels of VPA.
Fewer differences were found on frequency of MPA and health behaviors of adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents who frequently participate
in VPA may be less likely to engage in drug use, and more likely to participate in a
number of health promoting behaviors. Longitudinal and experimental studies are
needed to determine what role frequent VPA may play in the onset and maintenance of
health enhancing and protecting behaviors among adolescent populations.
Keywords: adolescent health; physical fitness; health behaviors.
Citation: Delisle TT, Werch CE, Wong AH, Bian H, Weiler R. Relationship between
frequency and intensity of physical activity and health behaviors of adolescents. J Sch
Health. 2010; 80: 134-140.
Received August 13, 2008
Accepted July 9, 2009
aGraduate Assistant/Doctoral Student, ([email protected]), Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida,
Florida Gymnasium Room 5, Gainesville, FL 32611.
bProfessor and Director, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
cResearch Assistant, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
dCoordinator, ([email protected]), Data Management and Analysis, Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, U ...
Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health p...ellen1066
Suls, J., & Rothman, A. (2004). Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health psychology. Health Psychology, 23(2),119-125. *
Decision Making Behaviour Related to Wife’s Reproductive Health in Bidayuh Me...iosrjce
The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing Bidayuh men’s decision making of their
wives’ reproductive health. Twelve married Bidayuh men aged 24-50 years who resided in rural villages in the
Kuching Division, Sarawak were interviewed face-to-face. Each in-depth interview was recorded, manually
transcribed and translated into themes. Perceptions on the duties or responsibilities as husband or head of
family, immediacy of problems faced, as well as personal, financial and experiential considerations were
reported as determining factors in their decision making. The decisions related to financial and marital
problems including the use of family planning will be made by the husband. Men relied heavily on experience
before making a decision. For complicated health issues, most of their decisions depended on the doctor’s
opinion. Cultural influences do play an important role as the views of the elders were still taken into account.
Men should be made partners in improving maternal health. Rural men’s involvement in women’s healthcare
should be promoted through a more rational and effective decision making. This can be done by providing the
right information and support for men
Equity is the absence of avoidable, unfair, or remediable differences among groups of people, whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically or by other means of stratification. "Health equity” or “equity in health” implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential.
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L ERelationship Between Frequenc.docxcatheryncouper
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Relationship Between Frequency and
Intensity of Physical Activity and Health
Behaviors of Adolescents
TONY T. DELISLE, MSa
CHUDLEY E. WERCH, PhDb
ALVIN H. WONG, MS, CHESc
HUI BIAN, PhDd
ROBERT WEILER, PhD, MPHe
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: While studies have determined the importance of physical activity in
advancing health outcomes, relatively few have explored the relationship between
exercise and various health behaviors of adolescents. The purpose of this study is to
examine the relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and both
health risk and health promoting behaviors of adolescents.
METHODS:
Data were collected from 822 students attending a large, diverse suburban high school
in northeast Florida using a self-administered survey. Multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests examined differences on mean
health behavior measures on 3 exercise frequency levels (low, medium, and high) and
2 intensity levels (vigorous physical activity [VPA] and moderate physical activity [MPA]).
RESULTS: Results showed adolescents engaged in high levels of VPA used marijuana
less frequently (p = .05) and reported heavy use of marijuana less frequently (p = .03);
consumed greater numbers of healthy carbohydrates (p < .001) and healthy fats in their
diets (p < .001); used stress management techniques more frequently (p < .001); and
reported a higher quality of sleep (p = .01) than those engaged in low levels of VPA.
Fewer differences were found on frequency of MPA and health behaviors of adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents who frequently participate
in VPA may be less likely to engage in drug use, and more likely to participate in a
number of health promoting behaviors. Longitudinal and experimental studies are
needed to determine what role frequent VPA may play in the onset and maintenance of
health enhancing and protecting behaviors among adolescent populations.
Keywords: adolescent health; physical fitness; health behaviors.
Citation: Delisle TT, Werch CE, Wong AH, Bian H, Weiler R. Relationship between
frequency and intensity of physical activity and health behaviors of adolescents. J Sch
Health. 2010; 80: 134-140.
Received August 13, 2008
Accepted July 9, 2009
aGraduate Assistant/Doctoral Student, ([email protected]), Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida,
Florida Gymnasium Room 5, Gainesville, FL 32611.
bProfessor and Director, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
cResearch Assistant, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
dCoordinator, ([email protected]), Data Management and Analysis, Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, U ...
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
Religion on Psychological Well-Being and Self-Efficacy among Secondary School...IJSRP Journal
In recent years, psychological well-being has been critical element in a students’ life. This study has investigated the effect of religious faith on psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. Quantitative approaches of survey design were used for this study. A number of ninety four secondary school students comprised from form four, and form five were selected using purposive sampling methods as studied subjects. The modified version of Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSRFQ), Psychological Well Being Inventory (The Ryff Scale) and Self-efficacy for Self-regulated Learning Scale were administered in this study. The finding of linear regression indicated that religious faith is a significant predictor of psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. The finding also revealed that psychological well-being is a significant predictor of self-efficacy among secondary school students in Kulim district of Kedah. As a conclusion, study disclosed that psychological well-being intensely related to an individual religious faith and proven to lead positive attitude among students in realize their own capability.
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxmanningchassidy
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res ...
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxbradburgess22840
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res.
Gender Difference in Response to Preventative Health Careiowafoodandfitness
Luther College Students prepared the following community assessments as part of their Psychology of Health and Illness class in the Fall Semester 2008.
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there.docxarmitageclaire49
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there and respond to them with a response of 3-4 sentences long
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves Mental health. I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that “
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs. These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care se.
Received 27 March 2021 Revised 6 August 2021 Accepted 1.docxlillie234567
Received: 27 March 2021 | Revised: 6 August 2021 | Accepted: 10 August 2021
DOI: 10.1111/hex.13357
S P E C I A L I S S U E PA P E R
Examining community mental health providers' delivery of
structured weight loss intervention to youth with serious
emotional disturbance: An application of the theory
of planned behaviour
Thomas L. Wykes PhD, Staff Psychologist | Andrea S. Worth MS, Graduate Student |
Kathryn A. Richardson MS, Graduate Student |
Tonja Woods PharmD, Clinical Associate Professor |
Morgan Longstreth MS, Graduate Student | Christine L. McKibbin PhD, Professor
Department of Psychology, University of
Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
Correspondence
Christine L. McKibbin, Department of
Psychology, University of Wyoming, 3415,
1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071,
USA.
Email: [email protected]
Present address
Thomas L. Wykes, Veterans Affairs Cheyenne
Healthcare System, 2360 E. Pershing
BlvdCheyenne, WY 82001, USA.
Funding information
No funding was received to undertake this
study.
Abstract
Background: Rates of overweight and obesity are disproportionately high among youth
with serious emotional disturbance (SED). Little is known about community mental health
providers' delivery of weight loss interventions to this vulnerable population.
Objective: This study examined attitudinal predictors of their providers' intentions to
deliver weight loss interventions to youth with SED using the theory of planned
behaviour.
Design: This study used a cross‐sectional, single‐time‐point design to examine the re-
lationship of the theory of planned behaviour constructs with behavioural intention.
Setting and Participants: Community mental health providers (n = 101) serving youth
with SED in the United States completed online clinical practice and theory of
planned behaviour surveys.
Main Variables Studied: We examined the relationship of direct attitude constructs
(i.e., attitude towards the behaviour, social norms and perceived behavioural con-
trol), role beliefs and moral norms with behavioural intention. Analyses included a
confirmatory factor analysis and two‐step linear regression.
Results: The structure of the model and the reliability of the questionnaire were
supported. Direct attitude constructs, role beliefs and moral norms predicted
behavioural intention to deliver weight loss interventions.
Discussion: While there is debate about the usefulness of the theory of planned
behaviour, our results showed that traditional and newer attitudinal constructs ap-
pear to influence provider intentions to deliver weight loss interventions to youth
with SED. Findings suggest preliminary strategies to increase provider intentions.
Health Expectations. 2022;25:2056–2064.2056 | wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/hex
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cite.
Among the many models of health related quality of life, Pender’s Health promotion behavior model helps to identify factors influenced the decisions and actions of individuals that were made to prevent disease and promote a healthy lifestyle.
Educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking
1. Journal of Educational Policy and
Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER) www.iiste.org
Vol.1, N0.2, October 2014. Pp 311-316
311
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/index Ihaji, Eze and Ogwuche
Educational Level, Sex and Church Affiliation on Health Seeking
Behaviour among Parishioners in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue
State
Elvis Ihaji (PhD) 1
, Eze Uchenna Gerald2
and Chinelo Helen Ene Ogwuche3
1, 2 & 3
Department of Psychology, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
chineloogwuche@gmail.com
Abstract
The study investigated the impact of educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking behavior
among parishioners in Makurdi metropolis.448 participants were randomly selected to participate in the study.
A self constructed and validated health seeking behaviorscale was used to collect data. The reliability
coefficient of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha. It has a coefficient of .778.There
hypotheses were tested and the finding were as follows: Seeking behavior, F (1,440)= 103.82, P<.001.
Specifically, participants with high educational level reported higher score on health seeking behavior scale.
Also sex was statically significant on health seeking behaviour, F (1,440) = 45.76, P<.001. Specifically
Catholics engage more in health seeking behavior than non-Catholics. The study suggested that educational
policy should be adequately implemented in order to benefit all, while government should also adopt a gendered
approach to men’s health policy and church leaders and health promoters should work hand in hand and
possibly use church platform to advocate health policy
Keywords: Educational level, sex, church affiliation, health seeking, behaviour.
Introduction
One of the basic need of man is health alongside other things like food, clothing etc. health according to World
Health Organization (WHO) is a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual wellbeing, not merely
absence of disease of infirmity (Lucas and Gilles, 2004). To be healthy means more than not having disease or
infirmity but to be in harmony with oneself and environment. Health seeking behaviour is a dynamic process
that evolves through the stages of self evaluation of symptoms, self treatment, seeking professional advice and
acting on professional advice (Weaver, 1970). It is an activity undertaken by individuals who perceive remedy
(Ward, Martens, and Thomas, 1997). Health seeking behaviour can be classified into two: Illness behaviour and
sick role behaviour (Kasland Cobb, 1966). Illness behaviour consists of the activities undertaken by people who
experience symptoms but who have not yet received diagnosis. It is oriented toward determining one’s state of
health and discovering suitable remedies (Brannon and Feist, 2010). Sick role behaviours are those activities
engaged in by people who believe themselves ill, for the purpose of getting well. In other words, sick role
behaviour occurs after a person has been diagnosed.
It is assumed that one should that one should seek advice and cooperate with medical experts and seek medical
care always. However, health seekers in Nigeria, like any developing country, tend to do so based on the
resources at the disposal of the family (NyonatorandKutzin, 1999; HERFON Nigeria Health review 2006).
Health seeking behavior is preceded by a decision making process that is further governed by individual and/or
household behavior, community norms and expectations as well as provider related characteristics and
behaviours. For this reason the nature of health seeking is not homogenous depending on cognitive and non-
cognitive factors that call for a contextual analysis of health seeking behaviour (Olenja, 2003).
2. Journal of Educational Policy and
Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER) www.iiste.org
Vol.1, N0.2, October 2014. Pp 311-316
312
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/index Ihaji, Eze and Ogwuche
Educational attainment is the one aspect of socio-economic status which is usually established in early
adulthood and stable over life course, and is relatively easily ascertained. Poorly educated, impoverished and
minority often have poorer access to and lower quality of medical care (Goldman and Smith, 2002) It is well
recognized that one’s education has a positive impact on health care utilization. In a study in peru using
Demographic and Health survey (DHS) data, Elo (1992) found quantitatively important and statistically
significant effect of mothers education on the use of prenatal care and delivery assistance. It is therefore argued
that better educated people are aware of health problem, know more about the availability of health care
services, and use this information more effectively to maintain or achieve good health status.
Globally communities interpret biological differences (sex) between men and women to create a set of social
expectation that define the behaviours that are appropriate for men and women, and determine women’s and
men’s different access to rights, resources, power in society and even health behaviours (Galdas, Johnson,
Peryand Ratner, 2010). Sex has been identified as a key factor in men’s late presentation to health services,
leading to higher levels of potentially preventable health problems among men and fewer treatment options
(Richard, 2004). Generally, sex, plays a role in the decision to seek treatment, with women more likely than men
to use health care (Galdas, Cheater, and Marshall, 2005). The reasons for difference are somewhat complex.
Women tend to report more bodily symptoms and distress than men (Koopmans and Lamers, 2007).
The finding of positive association among religious belief, healthy behaviours, and better health outcomes is
consistent across a number of populations. Recent studies have begun to use more stringent methodological, and
data analytic techniques; and scientists continue to find a positive association between religion and a variety of
health variables (Carrico, Gifford and Moos, 2007). Using both prospective and cross-sectional designs,
measures of religious involvement have been associated with better physical health and decreased mortality in
older populations (George, Ellison and Larson, 2002).
Based on these few explanations, the study was designed to examine the influence of educational level on health
seeking behaviour, to assess if sex has any influence on health seeking behaviour and to determine if church
affiliation could influence people’s patters of health seeking behaviour.
Statement of Problem
People frequently experience physical symptoms but these symptoms may or may not indicate disease.
Symptoms such as headache, a painful shoulder or sneezing would probably not promote some people to seek
medical care. They may either get better or get worse. However, trying to ignore these symptoms may make
treatment more difficult and seriously endanger their health or increase their risk of death. Therefore, decision
on when formal medical care is necessary, is a complex problem that may be affected by personal, social and
economic factors. Meanwhile, if this common saying “that health is wealth” is correct, it therefore mean that
people ought to seek for health the way and manner they are seeking for wealth. But it seems that this attitude of
health seeking behaviour is not taken serious as a result of several factors. Therefore, factors such as educational
level, sex and church affiliation seems to influence behaviour in general, the researcher wants to investigate if
they also influence health seeking behaviour in particular.
This study had three main purposes that guided the work.
i. To examine the influence of educational level on health seeking behaviour
ii. To assess whether sex has any influence on health seeking behaviour
iii. To determine if church affiliation could influence people’s pattern of health seeking behaviour.
The information of this study will help health researchers and practitioners most especially health promoters to
design appropriate health promoting programmes that will be relevant to people with different educational level,
sex and of different church affiliations. It will also be of benefit to several organizations that hire people with
these various variables to design their own health policy in such a way that all her personnel will benefit from it
so that they will have maximum output.
The research will also be of benefit to the government in that government will see factors that have influence on
health seeking behaviour and plan to make policies that will inculcate better health seeking behaviour among
her people.
It stands to be of benefit to individuals in that people will evaluate themselves along these variables and see their
position as regards health seeking behaviour. Therefore, they may decide to strengthen or adjust their behaviours
3. Journal of Educational Policy and
Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER) www.iiste.org
Vol.1, N0.2, October 2014. Pp 311-316
313
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/index Ihaji, Eze and Ogwuche
This research was guided by the following questions:
i. Does educational level influence health seeking behaviour?
ii. Does sex difference influence health seeking behaviour?
iii. Does church affiliation have any influence on one’s practice of health seeking behaviour?
The study tested the following hypotheses
i. People with high educational level will differ significantly on their health seeking behaviour from those
with low educational level.
ii. Males and females will differ significantly on their health seeking behaviour
iii. Roman Catholic members will differ significantly from non-Roman Catholic members on their health
seeking behaviour.
Methodology
It is a survey research designed to find out if educational level, sex and church affiliation as independent
variables have influence on health seeking behaviour which is the dependent variable. Each of the independent
variables were dichotomized on two levels; educational level, low and high; sex, male and female and church
affiliation, Roman Catholic and non-Roman Catholic.
Participants
A total number of 448 participants were involved in the research; 230 males and 218 females. Their age ranges
from 18 to 60 years. These participants were members of different Christian denominations. 201 were Roman
Catholic while 247 were members of other denominations (NKST; the Church of Christ through Sudan among
Tiv, Christ Anglican Church, Methodist, and Assemblies of God church). 241 had low education while 207 had
high education.
Instrument
The instrument used is a self-constructed questionnaire to elicit response from participants on their health
seeking behaviour. It is a twenty five item questionnaire which is divided into two sections; A and B. section A
has five items that elicit information based on biodata while section B elicit information on participants health
seeking behaviour and it has twenty items. Also the section B has a four response scale of strongly Agree,
Agree, Disagree and strongly disagree which shows the degree of participants engagement to the item of the
questionnaire. The scoring of the instrument is strongly Agree = 4, Agree =3, Disagree =2, and strongly
Disagree = 1. Also those who ticked strongly agree and agree are considered to be having high health seeking
behaviour while those who ticked Disagree and strongly disagree are considered as having low health seeking
behaviour.
The validity of the instrument has to be ascertained through a careful look at the questionnaire by lecturers in the
department of psychology Benue State University Makurdi who ascertained it’s face validity. Also the
researcher had to carry out a pilot study in order to validate the instrument by administering 120 of the
instrument to the target population who were randomly selected but only 117 returned the instrument. An item
analysis was carried out and each item loaded above, .4. Also the reliability of the instrument was calculated
using cronbach’s Alpha and the instrument has .78 as the coefficient.
Procedure
The researcher had to administer the instrument in the church premises after discussing vividly with the
leadership of different churches that were involved in the research. Only the available people within the church
premises were given the instrument after consent were being sought for and they were randomly selected. The
participants were asked to pick from a basket containing “yes” and no” papers; those that picked yes were
involved in the study while those that picked “no” were allowed to go. The researcher had four research
assistant who helped him in carrying out this research and the four were from psychology department Benue
State University. After given preliminary explanations, the participants were asked to respond to each item of
the questionnaire which they did and returned immediately. The researcher finally debriefed them as to the
purpose of research that it is purely for academic purpose. Analysis of variance was used to analysis the data
collected through the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).
Results
4. Journal of Educational Policy and
Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER) www.iiste.org
Vol.1, N0.2, October 2014. Pp 311-316
314
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/index Ihaji, Eze and Ogwuche
Table i: showing the mean (x) and standard deviation (SD) scores
Variable Levels Mean SD N
Educational
Level
Sex
Church
Affiliation
High
Low
Male
Female
Catholic
Non-catholic
41.18
36.99
37.40
40.53
39.51
38.45
3.66
3.67
3.82
4.03
3.87
4.43
207
241
230
218
201
247
Total 38.92 4.22 448
The descriptive statistics computed revealed that participants with high educational level reported higher mean
score (X=41.18,SD=3.66) compared to those with low educational level (X=36.99,SD=3.67). The result equally
showed that female participants reported higher mean score (X=40.53,SD=4.03) compared to their male courter
parts (X=37.40,SD=3.82). The result also indicated that Catholics reported slightly higher mean score
(X=39.51,SD=3.87) compared to non-Catholics (X=38.45,SD=4.43). Test of significance of means are reported
in table 2 below
Table 2: ANOVA Summary table
Source Sum of
squares
df Mean square F Sig
Educational level A
Sex B
Church affiliation C
A x B
A x C
B x C
A x B x C
Error
1248.53
550.31
171.44
1.43
6.90
14.80
24.25
5291.59
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
440
1248.53
550.31
171.44
1.43
6.90
14.80
24.25
12.03
103.82
45.76
14.26
.12
.57
1.23
2.02
*
*
*
NS
NS
NS
NS
Total 7943.42 447
NOTE: * =p≤.001
NS= Not significant.
The result of the ANOVA statistics computed showed that educational level is statistically significant on health
seeking behaviour, F (1,440)=103.83, p≤.001. Specifically, participants with high educational level reported
higher score on health seeking behaviour. This implies the acceptance of the first hypothesis which stated that
participants with high educational level will differ significantly on health seeking behaviour from those with low
educational level.
The result equally indicated that sex was statistically significant on health seeking behaviour, F (1,440) =45.76,
p≤.001. Thus, the second hypothesis which states that males and females will differ significantly, on their health
seeking behaviour is upheld. Female participants engage more on health seeking behaviour than their male
counter parts. The result further revealed that church affiliation is statistically significant on health seeking
behaviour, F (1,440) = 14.26, p≤.001. Specifically, Catholics engage more in health seeking behaviour than non-
Catholics. This result implies the acceptance of the third hypothesis which stated that Roman Catholic will differ
significantly from non-Roman Catholics on health seeking behaviour. However, there is no interaction effect
between any of the independent variables on the dependent variable.
Discussion
Three hypotheses were tested in the study. The first hypothesis was that people with high educational level will
differ significantly on their health seeking behaviour from those with low educational level. The result showed
that educational level is statistically significant on health seeking behaviour. Specifically, participants with high
educational level reported higher score on health seeking behaviour. The finding agrees with previous
researches in this area. The study by Monazzaand Greta (2010) found that better educations were positively
related to attitudes toward health. Ahmed, Rashidul, Ubgdul and Awlad (2009) revealed that level of schooling
was found as important determinants of malaria knowledge and practices of malaria prevention. Houston,
5. Journal of Educational Policy and
Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER) www.iiste.org
Vol.1, N0.2, October 2014. Pp 311-316
315
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/index Ihaji, Eze and Ogwuche
Johnson, Poon and martin (1996) found out that level of education influences health seeking behaviour.
Carolyn, Bayer, Robert, Dami, Acosta, Cabrera, Vidal & Evans (2010) found that people with low educational
level had longer time to delay in seeking help when they noticed some symptoms unlike the better educated
which had a faster response. From the above, it is accepted that education is a factor which influence ones
response to issues patterning to health.
The second hypothesis was that males and female will differ on their health seeking behaviour. The result
showed that sex was statistically significant on health seeking behaviour. Thus, the females engage more on
health seeking behaviour more than the males. The finding agrees with findings of previous researches. Fuller,
Edwards, Sermsriand Vorakitphokatorn (1993) stated that women use medical service more than men do and
that pregnancy and child birth account for much of the sex difference in health service use.
Leventhal, Dieterbachand Leventhal (1992), reported that females are more sensitive to bodily disruptions
especially minor ones which prompt their frequent health seeking. Johansson, long, Diwan, and Winkvist (2000)
also found a typical feature of the described health seeking behaviour of men to be that they neglected
symptoms until the disease reached a serious state, by which time they tend to go directly to public health
services first without visiting private health practitioners. While women, on the other hand, were described as
having a tendency to seek private services and practice self medication before seeking care at public service.
The third hypothesis is that Roman Catholic members will differ significantly from non-Roman Catholic
members on their health seeking behaviour. The result showed that Roman Catholics engage in more health
seeking behaviour than the non-Roman Catholics. The result agrees with some available findings Glicksman
(1991) found that Jews of Eastern European descent are much more likely than Irish Italian Catholics to express
negative effects. Meador, Ferraro and Koch (1992) found elevated prevalence of major depression among
Pentecostals in Duke epidemiologic catchment Area study. Few of these finding agrees that there is differences
in health issues as related to different church organizations
Conclusion
From our study educational level sex and church affiliation has been found to have influence on health seeking
behaviour. Therefore, since prompt health seeking is critical for appropriate management, understanding the
determinants of health seeking behaviour becomes critical in the bid to provide client oriented services. It is
therefore important to note that health seeking behaviour is complex and no one single factor may be used to
explain or establish any pattern. Health seeking behaviour is a reflection of the prevailing conditions, which
interact synergistically to produce a pattern of care seeking but which remain fluid and amenable to change.
Recommendation
(i) Government should properly implement her polices on education very well to help people do a proper
evaluation of the health using available information and engage in better health practices.
(ii) The government should adopt a gendered approach to men’s health. Men should be identified as a
specific target population at a national health policy level.
(iii) Everyone (individuals, church leaders, health promoters etc) should be involved in campaigns to
advocate health seeking behaviour among the population.
Reference
Ahmed, S.M.,Rashidul, H.,Ubgdul, H. &Awlad, H. (2009). Knowledge on the transmission, prevention and
treatment of malaria among two endemicpopulation of Bangladesh and their health seeking
behavior. Malaria Journal,8, 173
Brannon, L, &Feist, J. (2010).Health psychology. An introduction to behavior and health 7th
(ed). USA:
Wadsworth.
Carolyn, M.F., Bayer, M. B., Robert, G., Dami, O., Acosta, C., Cabrera, L., Vidal C. & Evans, C.A.
(2010).Factors associated with delayed Tuberculosis test seeking behavior in Peruvian Amazon. The
American Journal of tropical medicine and Hygiene, 81, (6), 1097-1102.
Carrico, A.W., Gifford, E.V. & Moos, R.H. (2007). Spirituality/religiosity promotes acceptance-based
responding and 12-step movement. Drug alcohol dependence, 89 (1) 66-73.
6. Journal of Educational Policy and
Entrepreneurial Research (JEPER) www.iiste.org
Vol.1, N0.2, October 2014. Pp 311-316
316
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEPER/index Ihaji, Eze and Ogwuche
Elo, J.I. (1992) utilization of maternal health care services in ru The role of women education. Health
Transition Review,2,49-69
Fuller, T.D., Edwards, J.N., Sermsri, S, &Vorakitphokatorn, S (1993)- Gender and health: Some Asian
Evidence. Journal of Health and Social behavior, 34,252-271.
Galdas, P.M., Cheater, F. &Marshall, P. (2005). Men and help seeking behavior literature Review. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 49, (6) 616-623.
Galdas, P.M., Johnson, J., Percy, M.E, & Ratner, P.A (2010). Help seeking for cardiac-symptoms. Beyond
masculine-feminine binary.Social science and medicine 71, 18-24
George, L.K., Ellison, G.C. & Larson, D.B. (2002).Explaining the relationship between religious involvement
and health.Psychological inquiry, 13 (3) 190-200.
Glickman, A. (1991). The Jewish elderly. New York. American Jewish committee.
Goldman, D.P. & smith, J. P. (2002). Can patient self management help explain the SES health gradient?
Procreative national academic science 99, 1092 9-10934.
HERFON, Nigerian Health Review. (2006). Health reform foundation of Nigeria, Nigeria: publication of
health reform foundation,
Houston, D.K., Johnson, M.A., Poon, L.W. & Martin, P (1996).Health seeking behavior in the oldest
old.Journal of the American dietetic Association,96 (9) A-87.
Johansson, E., Long, N.H., Diwan, V.K. &Winkvist, A. (2000). Gender and tuberculosis control: perspective of
health seeking behavior among men and women in Vietnam. Health policy, 52 (17) 33-51
Kasl, S.V. & Cobb, S. (1966). Health behavior, illness behavior and i role behavior: Health and illness
behavior. Archives of Environmental health 12, 246-266.
Koopmans, G.T. & Lamer, L.M. (2007) Gender and health care utilization. The role of mental distress and help
seeking propensity.Social science and medicine,64,1216-1230.
Leventhal, H., Dietenbach, M. &Leventhal, E.A. (1992).Illness cognition. Using common sense to understand
treatment adherence and affect cognition. International cognitive therapy and Research 16, 143-
163.
Lucas, A. O & Gilles, H.M. (2004).Short textbook of public health medicine for the tropics. 4th
ed, USA. Book
power.
Meador, A.A., Ferraro, K.T. & Koch, J.R. (1992).Religion and health among black and white adults, Examine
social support and consolation.Journal for scientific study of religion, 44 (6) 3845-3852
Monazza, A. &Greeta, K. (2010).Parental education and child health understanding the pathways of impact in
Pakistan.Research consortium on educational outcomes and poverty 10,146-158.
Nyonator, F. &kutzin, J.(1999) Health for some? The effects of user fees in Volta region of Ghana.Health
policy plan, 14, 329-341
Olenja, J. (2003) Health seeking behavior in context.East African medical Journal, 80 (2), 61-62.
Richardson, N. (2004). Getting inside men’s Health: Health promotion department. South Eastern health
board.Kilkenny.
Ward, H., Mertens, T. & Thomas, C.(1997). Health seeking behavior and the control of sexually transmitted
diseases.Health policy and planning, 12,19-28
Weaver, B.A. (1970). Relationship of preventive health practice and health literacy.Journal of internal
medicine, 261,322-332.
`
7. Business, Economics, Finance and Management Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Journal of Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Journal of Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Advances in Life Science and Technology ALST@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Journal of Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org
Journal of New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Journal of Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org
8. The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event management.
The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following
page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those
inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version of the journals is also
available upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek
EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar