Question VII. The immune system is typically divided into two categories, innate and adaptive,
although these distinctions are not mutually exclusive. Nevertheless, there are various
differences distinguishing innate from adaptive immunity. These differences [complete the
sentence and assess the resulting statements (72-81) as either factually correct (= “true”) or
incorrect (= “false”)]:
72. are often difficult to specify.
73. are not in the area of immunological memory.
74. are not in the area of antigen specificity.
75. do not include dissimilarities in cell types mediating each category of immune response.
76. are in the area of ‘speed of initiation/implementation’ of responses.
77. are encoded in the human genome.
78. do not include clonal distribution of receptors.
79. include requirements of gene rearrangement.
80. are not in the area of recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
81. are in the area of usage of invariant mechanisms to recognize pathogens.
Solution
The immune system of the body is the collection of cells, tissues and molecules that protects the
body from pathogens and toxins in our environment.
This defense against microbes has been divided into two types of immunity: innate immunity and
adaptive immunity. Therefore, innate and adaptive immunity are two equally important aspects
of the immune system. Each Immune System (Innate and Adaptive) differs with respect to;
how quickly it responds
and for how long it responds to pathogens
its central effector cell types and
its specificity for different classes of microbes
72. Innate and adaptive immunity are often difficult to specify. True
The defense called innate or natural immunity includes two parts. One part is called humoral
innate immunity, involves a variety of substances found in the humors or body fluids. These
substances interferes with the growth of pathogens and clump them together so that they can be
eliminated from the body. The other part, called cellular innate immunity, is carried out by cells
called phagocytes that ingest and degrade pathogens by so-called natural killer cells that destroy
certain cancerous cells.
73. are not in the area of immunological memory. False
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific
pathogen and ensures an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen.
The cells of the innate immune system play a crucial role in the initiation and subsequent
direction of adaptive immune response. Innate immunity also helps in the removal of pathogens
that have been targeted by an adaptive immune response.
74. are not in the area of antigen specificity. False
Adaptive immunity can recognize and destroy specific substances. The defensive reaction of the
adaptive immune system is called the immune response. Immune responses are normally
directed against the antigen that provoked them and are said to be antigen-specific whereas
Innate immunity is nonspecific it is not directed aga.
The organism possesses powerful mechanism to avoid immune auto aggression, The acquired ability of the immune system to avoid responsiveness to self antigens is defined as ‘ tolerance’ It is obtained by the cooperative efforts of central and peripheral mechanisms, which allow a rapid and efficient removal of pathogens ( Virus and Bacteria ) in the absence of self-recognition, It is a dysfunction of the immune system. The immune system protects you from disease and infection. Sometimes, though, the immune system can produce autoantibodies that attack healthy cells, tissues, and organs. This can lead to autoimmune disease.Autoimmune diseases can affect any part of the body
immunology_of_vaccines and immune mechanism.pptwalealufa
Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response that is often similar to that produced by the natural infection. With vaccination, however, the recipient is not subjected to the disease and its potential complications.
The organism possesses powerful mechanism to avoid immune auto aggression, The acquired ability of the immune system to avoid responsiveness to self antigens is defined as ‘ tolerance’ It is obtained by the cooperative efforts of central and peripheral mechanisms, which allow a rapid and efficient removal of pathogens ( Virus and Bacteria ) in the absence of self-recognition, It is a dysfunction of the immune system. The immune system protects you from disease and infection. Sometimes, though, the immune system can produce autoantibodies that attack healthy cells, tissues, and organs. This can lead to autoimmune disease.Autoimmune diseases can affect any part of the body
immunology_of_vaccines and immune mechanism.pptwalealufa
Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response that is often similar to that produced by the natural infection. With vaccination, however, the recipient is not subjected to the disease and its potential complications.
i am ready for any question. I have a lot of illustration in
microbiology
immunity
hematology
if want any , kindly contact me on gamal.mariam2856@gmail.com
02.09.09(a): Case Study: Type I Diabetes Overview of Immune Response Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to mea.pdfcallawaycorb73779
In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to measure both the supply and
demand for physician services at various price points. The table below represents the findings
across ten different employers who offer self-insured health benefits to their employees.
Observations were made across time at various price points and the data below was gathered. So,
for instance, at a price of $50 for an office visit, the employees of Employer 1 consumed 150
visits per week; and at a price of $60, they only consumed 140 visits, etc. At the same time and
in the same city, ten different primary care practices were observed and the data table below was
generated. In this case, at a price point of $50 per visit, PCP1 was willing to supply 70 visits per
week, but at $60, he would supply 80 visits, etc.
Question #2 – assuming that, in the short-run, the supply of physician services will remain as
expressed in Table 2 above, what will happen to the market clearing price and visit quantity?
Show graphically what just happened. Again, in plain English, what is happening here?
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
110
40
50
$ 60
80
50
67
55
60
57
101
120
50
60
$ 70
90
60
77
65
70
67
111
130
60
70
$ 80
100
70
87
75
80
77
121
140
70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
110
40
50
$ 60
80
50
67
55
60
57
101
120
50
60
$ 70
90
60
77
65
70
67
111
130
60
70
$ 80
100
70
87
75
80
77
121
140
70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Solution
With increase in price, demand is decreasing and with increase in price supply is increasing.
hence price will be determined where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied..
How do conservatives explain economic downturnsSolutionAs the.pdfcallawaycorb73779
How do conservatives explain economic downturns?
Solution
As the financial crisis of 2008-09 draws to a close, narratives of the meltdown are flooding
bookstores, think tanks are cranking out white papers, and four different congressional
committees, along with the official Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, are investigating what
went wrong. Well they might, as the most basic question about the meltdown remains unsettled:
The only near consensus is on the question of what triggered the not-quite-a-depression. In 2007,
the housing bubble burst, leading to a high rate of defaults on subprime mortgages. Exposure to
bad mortgages doomed Bear Stearns in March 2008, then led to a banking crisis that fall. A
global recession became inevitable once the government decided not to rescue Lehman Bros.
from default in September 2008. Lehman\'s was the biggest bankruptcy in history, and it led
promptly to a powerful economic contraction. Somewhere around here, agreement ends.
There are no strong candidates for what logicians call a sufficient condition—a single factor that
would have caused the crisis in the absence of any others. There are, however, a number of
plausible necessary conditions—factors without which the crisis would not have occurred. Most
analysts find former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan at fault, though for a variety of reasons.
Conservative economists—ever worried about inflation—tend to fault Greenspan for keeping
interest rates too low between 2003 and 2005 as the real estate and credit bubbles inflated. This
is the view, for instance, of Stanford economist and former Reagan adviser John Taylor, who
argues that the Fed\'s easy money policies spurred a frenzy of irresponsible borrowing on the part
of banks and consumers alike.
Liberal analysts, by contrast, are more likely to focus on the way Greenspan\'s aversion to
regulation transformed pell-mell innovation in financial products and excessive bank leverage
into lethal phenomena. The pithiest explanation I\'ve seen comes fromNew York Times
columnist and Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman, who noted in one interview: \"Regulation didn\'t
keep up with the system.\" In this view, the emergence of an unsupervised market in more and
more exotic derivatives—credit-default swaps (CDSs), collateralized debt obligations (CDOs),
CDSs on CDOs (the esoteric instruments that wrecked AIG)—allowed heedless financial
institutions to put the whole financial system at risk. \"Financial innovation + inadequate
regulation = recipe for disaster is also the favored explanation of Greenspan\'s successor, Ben
Bernanke, who downplays low interest rates as a cause (perhaps because he supported them at
the time) and attributes the crisis to regulatory failure.
A bit farther down on the list are various contributing factors, which didn\'t fundamentally cause
the crisis but either enabled it or made it worse than it otherwise might have been. These include:
global savings imbalances, which put upward pressure on U.S. a.
More Related Content
Similar to Question VII. The immune system is typically divided into two catego.pdf
i am ready for any question. I have a lot of illustration in
microbiology
immunity
hematology
if want any , kindly contact me on gamal.mariam2856@gmail.com
02.09.09(a): Case Study: Type I Diabetes Overview of Immune Response Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to mea.pdfcallawaycorb73779
In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to measure both the supply and
demand for physician services at various price points. The table below represents the findings
across ten different employers who offer self-insured health benefits to their employees.
Observations were made across time at various price points and the data below was gathered. So,
for instance, at a price of $50 for an office visit, the employees of Employer 1 consumed 150
visits per week; and at a price of $60, they only consumed 140 visits, etc. At the same time and
in the same city, ten different primary care practices were observed and the data table below was
generated. In this case, at a price point of $50 per visit, PCP1 was willing to supply 70 visits per
week, but at $60, he would supply 80 visits, etc.
Question #2 – assuming that, in the short-run, the supply of physician services will remain as
expressed in Table 2 above, what will happen to the market clearing price and visit quantity?
Show graphically what just happened. Again, in plain English, what is happening here?
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
110
40
50
$ 60
80
50
67
55
60
57
101
120
50
60
$ 70
90
60
77
65
70
67
111
130
60
70
$ 80
100
70
87
75
80
77
121
140
70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
110
40
50
$ 60
80
50
67
55
60
57
101
120
50
60
$ 70
90
60
77
65
70
67
111
130
60
70
$ 80
100
70
87
75
80
77
121
140
70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Solution
With increase in price, demand is decreasing and with increase in price supply is increasing.
hence price will be determined where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied..
How do conservatives explain economic downturnsSolutionAs the.pdfcallawaycorb73779
How do conservatives explain economic downturns?
Solution
As the financial crisis of 2008-09 draws to a close, narratives of the meltdown are flooding
bookstores, think tanks are cranking out white papers, and four different congressional
committees, along with the official Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, are investigating what
went wrong. Well they might, as the most basic question about the meltdown remains unsettled:
The only near consensus is on the question of what triggered the not-quite-a-depression. In 2007,
the housing bubble burst, leading to a high rate of defaults on subprime mortgages. Exposure to
bad mortgages doomed Bear Stearns in March 2008, then led to a banking crisis that fall. A
global recession became inevitable once the government decided not to rescue Lehman Bros.
from default in September 2008. Lehman\'s was the biggest bankruptcy in history, and it led
promptly to a powerful economic contraction. Somewhere around here, agreement ends.
There are no strong candidates for what logicians call a sufficient condition—a single factor that
would have caused the crisis in the absence of any others. There are, however, a number of
plausible necessary conditions—factors without which the crisis would not have occurred. Most
analysts find former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan at fault, though for a variety of reasons.
Conservative economists—ever worried about inflation—tend to fault Greenspan for keeping
interest rates too low between 2003 and 2005 as the real estate and credit bubbles inflated. This
is the view, for instance, of Stanford economist and former Reagan adviser John Taylor, who
argues that the Fed\'s easy money policies spurred a frenzy of irresponsible borrowing on the part
of banks and consumers alike.
Liberal analysts, by contrast, are more likely to focus on the way Greenspan\'s aversion to
regulation transformed pell-mell innovation in financial products and excessive bank leverage
into lethal phenomena. The pithiest explanation I\'ve seen comes fromNew York Times
columnist and Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman, who noted in one interview: \"Regulation didn\'t
keep up with the system.\" In this view, the emergence of an unsupervised market in more and
more exotic derivatives—credit-default swaps (CDSs), collateralized debt obligations (CDOs),
CDSs on CDOs (the esoteric instruments that wrecked AIG)—allowed heedless financial
institutions to put the whole financial system at risk. \"Financial innovation + inadequate
regulation = recipe for disaster is also the favored explanation of Greenspan\'s successor, Ben
Bernanke, who downplays low interest rates as a cause (perhaps because he supported them at
the time) and attributes the crisis to regulatory failure.
A bit farther down on the list are various contributing factors, which didn\'t fundamentally cause
the crisis but either enabled it or made it worse than it otherwise might have been. These include:
global savings imbalances, which put upward pressure on U.S. a.
How would your patient management decisions be influenced by omittin.pdfcallawaycorb73779
How would your patient management decisions be influenced by omitting necessary elements of
a medical examination/evaluation?
Solution
Patient management is the procedure involved from intake to discharge . It include
communication , examination , evaluation , diagnosis and intervention. If equipment and
facilities for examination of pateint is lacking it will certainly affect patient managment care.
Without these things it is not possible that patient will get required treatment..
How is the position of the vascular tissue in roots different from t.pdfcallawaycorb73779
How is the position of the vascular tissue in roots different from the position of vascular tissue in
stems?
Solution
vascular plants contain two main type of conductive tissue xylem and pholem.
xylem for the conduction of water with dissolved mineral matters, and phloem for the conduction
of elaborated food matters in solution.
xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the
plant, it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes.
herbaceous stems, the vascular tissues are contained in bundles; these bundles sit relatively near
the surface of the stem. In roots, the vascular tissues form a central core—a location where
they\'re protected from the harsh activity of pushing through soil. (We are referring to young,
non-woody tissues.).
Give three examples of how the US finacial Crisis impacted HRM.S.pdfcallawaycorb73779
Give three examples of how the US finacial Crisis impacted HRM.
Solution
There is no doubt that the way in which entities operate and engage with each other, locally,
nationally and internationally, will be profoundly influenced by the factors that are rapidly
gaining attention: economic collapse of nation states; political collaboration on structural reform
to address climate change; the integration of social media into every aspect of our
communication; the development of fast moving communities of interest; and the changing role
of government in partnership with third parties to deliver services.
These are just some of the forces creating a new paradigm for HRM. The potential for major
transformation within organizations and the intersection with community, customer and supply
chain relationships offer a huge opportunity for HR to reinvent itself as a major source of
inspiration and innovation in leadership and management. Our paper describes steps that every
HR leader needs to take to adapt to the changing environments: redefine the boundaries of our
role; be the owners and drivers of the brand that reflects a commitment to service towards staff,
customers, suppliers and the community; be recognized professionally; take ownership of the
competencies required to work successfully at a strategic level; be the thought leaders on internal
and external factors impacting on how our organizations operate. We need to use our knowledge
and networking to highlight global trends and maintain a high level of vigilance on workforce
issues; build internal trust that allows us to challenge the role of the HR function has
dramatically changed in just a few short years..
Find the object focal point for a combination of two thin lenses who.pdfcallawaycorb73779
Find the object focal point for a combination of two thin lenses whose individual object focal
points coincide.
Solution
We have two lens kept togther such that the focal points of each of the lens coincide.
Now, for any far away object, the image formed by the first lens would be at its focal length.
That is for the first lens we can write:
1 / do + 1/di = 1/f1
Now, do = , so we get:
1 / di = 1/f1
now, the image distance in this case would be same as the focal length, however, it would also be
the the focal point for the second lens, we can write for the second lens:
1/do + 1/di = 1/f2
However, the do in this case would be negative as it would be virtual object, hence giving us:
1/ di = 1/f1 + 1/f2 [Since do in this case would be f1]
Now, we can say that for any far object, the image is formed at the distance given as: 1/ f1 + 1/f2
Therefore the combined focal length of the combination would be given as:
1/f = 1/ f1 + 1/f2.
Explain (in points) the roleimportance of the performance of Transp.pdfcallawaycorb73779
Explain (in points) the role/importance of the performance of Transportation Systems in the
global society (socially and economically).
Solution
Transportation system is playing a crucial role in the modern civilization. It mobilizes humans
from place to place to fullfil their necessities. It mobilizes goods from place to place which
require for our day today life. And economically it places a cruicial role. When goods are
transferred from one place to other, we transport the goods to places where there is a scarcity of
that particular good, we can develop economically. Human life is extended due to this
transportation because everything is in our hands now even it is originates in overseas..
Do students at various colleges differ in how sociable they are 25 .pdfcallawaycorb73779
Do students at various colleges differ in how sociable they are? 25 students were randomly
selected from of three colleges in a particular region and were asked to report on the ammount of
time they spent socializing each day with other students. The results are as follows:
College X: Mean: 5 hours, estimated pop variance of 2 hours
College Y: Mean: 4, S^2=1.5
College Z: Mean:6, S^2: 2.5
figure effect size and explain your answers to someone who is unfamiliar with analysis of
variance.
Solution.
describe these organelles and the organisms there found in1. cryst.pdfcallawaycorb73779
describe these organelles and the organisms there found in
1. crystalline rod
2. kinetoplast
3. apicocomplex
4. contractile vacuole
Solution
1. Crystalline rod:
Some protozoansort called euglenozoans contain spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella.
Two examples of euglenozoans with these rods arekinetoplastidsandeuglenids. The flagella of
kinetoplastids and euglenids have paraxial rods running next to each other.
2.Kinetoplast:
A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that
contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.A kinetoplast is usually adjacent to the
organism\'s flagellar basal body, suggesting that it is tightly bound to the cytoskeleton.
Kinetoplasts are only found in protozoa of the class Kinetoplastida.
3.Apicocomplex:
It is an organ complex of the Apicomplexa that appears as a conical structures on the tapered end
(or the apical end) of the cell, and contains rhoptries, micronemes, polar rings, and conoid. The
organelle is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetration of a host cell.
The organelle is found in a large phylum of parasitic alveolates called Apicomplexa. The Apical
complex consists of a set of spirally arranged microtubules (the conoid), a secretory body (the
rhoptry) and one or more polar rings. Additional slender electron-dense secretory bodies
(micronemes) surrounded by one or two polar rings may also be present. This structure gives the
phylum its name.
4.contractile vacuole:
A contractile vacuole (CV) is a sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation. It
is found predominantly in protists and in unicellular algae.
The contractile vacuole acts to regulate the quantity of water inside of a cell. In freshwater
environments, the concentration of solutes inside the cell is of a higher concentration than
outside the cell (i.e., the environment is hypotonic). Under these conditions, water flows from the
environment into the cell by osmosis. The contractile vacuole acts as part of a protective
mechanism that prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and possibly lysing (rupturing)
through excessive internal pressure..
Compare the small intestine to the large intestine in terms of histo.pdfcallawaycorb73779
Compare the small intestine to the large intestine in terms of histological (tissue) organization,
size, and unique anatomical features. How do the differences between the small and large
intestines give you a clue as to their different functions in the digestive system?
Solution
Small intestine: it is the largest part of the alimentary canal with narrow diameter and it\'s
anatomical features are it contains the three parts namely duodenum, jejunum and ileum.Jejunum
is the middle portion between the duodenum and ileum.Duodenum contains the pancreas and
small intestine receives the pancreatic juices and bile .It contains the peyers patch in small
intestine and haustoria are absent.Internal surfaces contains the circular folds or plicae circulates.
villa are present. Brunner\'s glands are present. size ranges from 4.5 to 7 m long and width of 3.5
to 4.5 width. Histological features are it contains four layers like serosa, muscularis,sub mucosa,
mucosa.Serosa is the outer most layer and it secrets serous fluid, muscularis is responsible for
gut movement that is peristalsis, sub mucosa joins to the mucosa and underlying smooth muscle.
The main function of small intestine is to absorb nutrients and minerals.
Large intestine: It is comparatively shorter than small intestine .It\'s size ranges from 1.5 meters
long and 4 to 5 cm in diameter. It\'s anatomical features are it has ascending colon consists of
caecum and appendix, transverse colon consists of colic flexures and transverse mesocolon,
descending colon and sigmoid s shaped colon. It\'s histological features are thick mucosa with
deep crypts but it does not contain villi and the epithelium consists of columnar absorptive cells,
endocrine cells basal stem cells and many goblet cells. The main function of large intestine is to
absorb water from remaining indigestible food and transmit the useless waste materials from the
body.
As they have different anatomical , histological and structural features so we can say that the
small intestine and large intestine are different in their respective functional features..
Chemical composition of rain water.SolutionRainwater gets its .pdfcallawaycorb73779
Chemical composition of rain water.
Solution
Rainwater gets its compositions largely by dissolving particulate materials in the atmosphere
(upper troposhere) when droplets of water nucleate on atmospheric particulates, and secondarily
by dissolving gasses from the atmosphere. Rainwater compositions vary geographically. In open
ocean and coastal areas they have a salt content essentially like that of sea water (same ionic
proportions but much more dilute) plus CO2 as bicarbonate anion (acidic pH). Terrestrial rain
compositions vary siginificantly from place to place because the regional geology can greatly
affect the types of particulates that get added to the atmosphere. Likewise, sources of gaesous
acids (SO3, NO2) and bases (NH3) vary as a function of biome factors and anthopogenic land
use practices. Each of these gasses can be added in varying proportions from natural and non
natural input sources (non-natural sources of SO3 and NO2 far outweigh natural ones).
An adult male receives all his water from a municipal supply that is.pdfcallawaycorb73779
An adult male receives all his water from a municipal supply that is contaminated with
0.003mg/Lof tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Assume he takes a 15-minute shower every day. The
PCE concentration in the air is in equilibrium with the PCE in the water and thus can be
determined by Henry’s law from the concentration in the water. PCE has a unitless Henry’s
constant KH=1.4, which means Cair=Caq/KH. The dermal permeability constant of PCE is
6.17×10-5 m/min. (10 pts)
a. Calculate his total annual (ED=AT=1 yr) LADD due to exposures of drinking the water and
showering (dermal absorption + inhalation) with the water.
b. Which of the three modes of exposure results in the highest delivered dose?
Solution
There are generally three routes of exposure: dermal, oral and inhalation, as clear from the
question. Intake from these routes of exposure differ based upon the chemical and physical
properties of the toxicant as well as the permeability of the surface at the site of absorbtion, here,
lung, skin and the GI tract.
LADD (Lifetime Average Daily Dose) is obtained by adding up the AADD(Average Adsorbed
Daily Dose) for all the years of a person\'s life, namely:
->infant (1yr),
->child (1-6yrs),
->child (7-12 yrs),
->adolescents (13-18yrs),
->adults (19-70yrs)
AADD is obtained by adding adsorbed dose (AD) through all the 3 ways.
AD=Exposure x Adsorption Factor
Exposure = Concentration x Intake x Duration x Frequency
Body Weight
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
Another way to calculate LADD is:
LADD = (C x IR x ED)/(BW x LT) ;
where;
C = concentration of chemical
IR = intake rate
ED = exposure duration
BW = body weight
LT = lifetime (also AT)
(a) Total Annual LADD due to drinking water + showering
(1) Drinking water
C = 0.003 mg/L
IR = 2 L daily; for 1 year = 2*365 = 730 L
ED = AT = 1 year = 365 days
LT = 70 years = 25,550 days
BW = 70 kg
i.e, LADD = (0.003 * 730 * 1) / (70 *365)
= 8.57 x 10-5 mg/kg.day
(2) Similarly, for dermal absorption
For dermal adsorption,
Dosage, D = (C x P x SA x ET x CF) / (BW); where
D = Dose ( mg/kg day)
C = conc. of contaminant (mg/L)
P=Permeability coefficient (cm/hr)
SA = exposed body surface area (cm2); here 19400 cm2 (Standard value)
ET = Exposure time (hrs/day); here 0.25 hours /day
CF = conversion factor = 1 L/1000 cm3
BW = body weight = 70 kg
thus, D= (0.003*(6.15*10-5*10-2/60)*19400*0.25))/(1000*70)
=2.13*10-12 mg/kg.day.
However for 1 year, D = 7.776 * 10-10 mg/kg.day
Thus, total LADD = 8.57*10-5 + 7.776 * 10-10 = 8.57 * 10-5 mg/kg.day
(b)
Usually, studies show that of all the modes of exposure, ingestion or drinking the water will
deliver the highest dose.
Here, dosage due to air inhalation will be 8.57 * 10-5 / 1.4
= 6.121 * 10-5 mg/kg.day (as Cair = Caq/1.4)
Thus, comparing all the values, drinking the water will cause more dosage..
C++ problemPart 1 Recursive Print (40 pts)Please write the recu.pdfcallawaycorb73779
C++ problem
Part 1: Recursive Print (40 pts)
Please write the recursive List reverse print function, whose iterative version we wrote in class.
Below are the function signatures for the functions you are going to need:
public:
/**Additional Operations*/
void print_reverse();
//Wrapper function that calls the reverse helper function to print a list in reverse
//prints nothing if the List is empty
private:
void reverse(Nodeptr node);
//Helper function for the public printReverse() function.
//Recursively prints the data in a List in reverse.
Why do we need the private helper function here?
Since we are going to be reversing our list node by node, in a recursive fashion, we want to pass
a one node at a time to our reverse function.
However, since our nodes are private, we cannot access them if we call the function inside of
main.
Add these function signatures to your List.h file along with your other function prototypes inside
the class definition.
Make sure that you place the reverse function inside the private portion of your List class
definition and the print_reverse function prototype to the public portion of your List class
definition.
Now, implement these two functions inside of List.h, under your section for additional
operations.
Important: Test each function carefully inside of your ListTest.cpp to make sure that it is
working properly.
Part 2: Adding an Index to Your List Nodes (20 pts)
Next, you will add the following functions to your List.h
/**Accessor Functions*/
int get_index();
//Indicates the index of the Node where the iterator is currently pointing
//Nodes are numbered from 1 to length of the list
//Pre: length != 0
//Pre: !off_end()
...
int List::get_index()
{
//Implement the function here
}
/**Manipulation Procedures*/
void scroll_to_index(int index);
//Moves the iterator to the node whose index is specified by the user
//Pre: length != 0
...
void scroll_to_index(int index)
{
//Implement function here
}
Part 3: Implementing Search as Part of Your List (40 pts)
Now, we are going to add two search functions to our List so that we can search for elements in
our List.
The first of these functions is going to be a simple linear search function.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
/**Additional Operations*/
int linear_search(listitem item);
//Searchs the list, element by element, from the start of the List to the end of the List
//Returns the index of the element, if it is found in the List
//Returns -1 if the element is not in the List
//Pre: length != 0
...
int List::linear_search(listitem item)
{
//Implement the function here
}
You are also going to add a function to perform recursive binary search on your List.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
int binary_search(int low, int high, listitem item);
//Recursively searchs the list by dividing the search space in half
//Returns the index of the element, if it is fo.
1.What does the emergence of autonomous vehicles mean to you What v.pdfcallawaycorb73779
1.What does the emergence of autonomous vehicles mean to you? What value about car travel
would you increase, decrease, eliminate?
2. Think of at least 3 Blue Ocean innovations that would be needed in order for autonomous
vehicles to be successful: these can be internal/organizational efficiency innovations or new
products/services.
3. Do you think the biggest barriers will be technical or social in nature?
4) each individual should create a list of at least 10 “factors of competition” that are relevant to
the personal transportation market.
5) Conduct “mini-interviews” with at least 5 people and get feedback about your identified
factors of competition – are some factors more important to people than others, are there factors
identified by your interviewees that you missed? Note: these are informal “mini-interviews”, and
each individual must conduct at least 5 interviews to provide market feedback on your factors of
competition. Record your notes from each mini-interview using the table structure below:
Interviewee
Name, Age, Location, Gender and About
Eliminate
Reduce
Raise
Create
Insights
Mary Jones: 48 from Birmingham, AL. Female. Busy working mom with 2 middle-school kids
1. External Appearance
2. Taxi services
3. New road construction
4. Road signs
5. Mom having to drive kids to soccer practice – YEAH!!
1. Complexity of the dashboard
2. Air pollution
3. Engine size and performance
4. Car salesmen and personal car ownership
1. Entertainment and internet access in car
2. Comfort through alternative seating styles (e.g. 4 people facing each other around a table)
3. Ease of maintenance and longevity of cars
1. Members-only service (e.g. I belong to the Volvo driving club, which has its own app and
fleet of cars)
2. Vehicle support services – cars need to come in to get gas and fixed by mechanics
Value proposition: Time (not having to drive kids everywhere)
Safety (people could drink and get home safely)
Fun (spend travel time playing with kids, watching movies etc.) individual’s interview summary
table, each individual’s original list of 10 competitive factors. These should all be aggregated
into one document and uploaded to our Canvas course site.
Interviewee
Name, Age, Location, Gender and About
Eliminate
Reduce
Raise
Create
Insights
Mary Jones: 48 from Birmingham, AL. Female. Busy working mom with 2 middle-school kids
1. External Appearance
2. Taxi services
3. New road construction
4. Road signs
5. Mom having to drive kids to soccer practice – YEAH!!
1. Complexity of the dashboard
2. Air pollution
3. Engine size and performance
4. Car salesmen and personal car ownership
1. Entertainment and internet access in car
2. Comfort through alternative seating styles (e.g. 4 people facing each other around a table)
3. Ease of maintenance and longevity of cars
1. Members-only service (e.g. I belong to the Volvo driving club, which has its own app and
fleet of cars)
2. Vehicle support services – cars need to come in to get gas and fixed by mechanic.
You have installed a PCIe wireless NIC in a computer desktop in a sm.pdfcallawaycorb73779
You have installed a PCIe wireless NIC in a computer desktop in a small office environment that
cannot be wired for an Ethernet network. Despite the fact that the nearest access point is well
within range, the computer still receives a poor Wi-Fi signal. What can you do to improve the
computer’s reception?
A. Turn up the sensitivity on the PCIe wireless NIC.
B. Install a PCIe wireless NIC with a stronger receiver.
C. Install an external USB wireless NIC that can have its antenna placed to get better reception.
D. Change the entire wireless network to use an 802.11 standard that has greater range.
Solution
C. Internal wireless NICs have the antenna directly connected to the NIC so that it sits at the
back of the computer. This might not be the ideal location to receive Wi-Fi signals, even if the
computer is within range otherwise. Using a USB wireless NIC with an external antenna that can
be moved for better reception is a more workable option..
You have identified a novel enzyme. Supercoiled DNA shows an upward m.pdfcallawaycorb73779
You have identified a novel enzyme. Supercoiled DNA shows an upward mobility shift
following a short incubation with the enzyme. Following a long incubation with the enzyme, the
supercoiled DNA seems to disappear or be converted in a large number of small fragments. What
kind of enzyme is our novel enzyme likely to be? Type I topoisomerase Type II topoisomerase
Restriction enzyme DNA nuclease A and B are both correct
Solution
.C. Restriction enzymes . are a class of enzymes that act upon the DNA molecule at specific site
and cleave DNA molecule into small fragments..
Which of the following wireless standards uses direct sequence sprea.pdfcallawaycorb73779
Which of the following wireless standards uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) by
default?
A. Bluetooth
B. 802.11a
C. 802.11b
D. 802.11ac
Solution
C. 802.11b uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology. DSSS is a transmission
method that transmits the data along with a chipping bit to increase the signal’s resistance to
interference. Answer A is incorrect because Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
Answer B is incorrect because 802.11a uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. Answer
D is incorrect because 802.11ac uses MIMO-OFDM.
Which one of the following statements about lichens is false lichen.pdfcallawaycorb73779
Which one of the following statements about lichens is false? lichens are resistant to pollution.
Lichens can withstand severe drought. lichens are important pioneers on new land. Some
lichens are thousands of years old. Some lichens tolerate severe cold. Which of the following
bacterium type would die in the presence of oxygen(poisoning)? Obligate aerobes Obligate
anaerobes Facultative anaerobes All of the above Which of the following traits do archaeans
and bacteria share? composition of the cell wall. presence of plasma membrane lack of a
nuclear envelope identical rRNA sequences 1 only 3 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 What do
\"fimbriae\" of bacteria do? Catch food Absorbing liquid food Sticking to a substrate. Help in
sexual reproduction All of the above. Picking up naked exracellular DNA molecule is
accomplished during Transcription Conjugation Transformation Transduction Translation
Which of the following confers antibiotic resistance? Transduction Jumping genes Hfr R
plasmid F plasmids
Solution
Lichens are resistant to pollution Obligate anaerobes lack of nuclear envelope Sticking to the
substrate transformation R plasmid.
What is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain.pdfcallawaycorb73779
What is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information?
A. Metadata
B. Inference
C. Aggregation
D. Deadlocking
Solution
C. Aggregation is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information.
Answer A is incorrect because metadata is data about data. Answer B is incorrect because
inference attacks occur when authorized users infer information by analyzing the data they have
access to. Answer D is incorrect because deadlocking is a database stalemate.
What are Factors that influence primary production in different zone.pdfcallawaycorb73779
What are Factors that influence primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes
Solution
Organisms that synthesise the organic elements of life from the inorganic molecules are known
as \"primary producers.\" Plants, certain bacteria and algae are autotrophs (they feed themselves
by photosynthesis). Photosynthesis is a process through which plants use sun energy for the
production of organic material. Plants utilise necessary amount of sunlight for photosynthesis.
The major factors affecting the primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes are,
1). Availability of Sun light
2). Mineral nutrients
In contrast, the terrestrial plants have the limitations of water supply and uniform temperature.
As the aquatic plants and organisms live in the water itself, they do not suffer from water
scarcity. Also, temperature is uniform due to the heat capacity of water..
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Question VII. The immune system is typically divided into two catego.pdf
1. Question VII. The immune system is typically divided into two categories, innate and adaptive,
although these distinctions are not mutually exclusive. Nevertheless, there are various
differences distinguishing innate from adaptive immunity. These differences [complete the
sentence and assess the resulting statements (72-81) as either factually correct (= “true”) or
incorrect (= “false”)]:
72. are often difficult to specify.
73. are not in the area of immunological memory.
74. are not in the area of antigen specificity.
75. do not include dissimilarities in cell types mediating each category of immune response.
76. are in the area of ‘speed of initiation/implementation’ of responses.
77. are encoded in the human genome.
78. do not include clonal distribution of receptors.
79. include requirements of gene rearrangement.
80. are not in the area of recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
81. are in the area of usage of invariant mechanisms to recognize pathogens.
Solution
The immune system of the body is the collection of cells, tissues and molecules that protects the
body from pathogens and toxins in our environment.
This defense against microbes has been divided into two types of immunity: innate immunity and
adaptive immunity. Therefore, innate and adaptive immunity are two equally important aspects
of the immune system. Each Immune System (Innate and Adaptive) differs with respect to;
how quickly it responds
and for how long it responds to pathogens
its central effector cell types and
its specificity for different classes of microbes
72. Innate and adaptive immunity are often difficult to specify. True
The defense called innate or natural immunity includes two parts. One part is called humoral
innate immunity, involves a variety of substances found in the humors or body fluids. These
substances interferes with the growth of pathogens and clump them together so that they can be
eliminated from the body. The other part, called cellular innate immunity, is carried out by cells
called phagocytes that ingest and degrade pathogens by so-called natural killer cells that destroy
certain cancerous cells.
73. are not in the area of immunological memory. False
2. Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific
pathogen and ensures an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen.
The cells of the innate immune system play a crucial role in the initiation and subsequent
direction of adaptive immune response. Innate immunity also helps in the removal of pathogens
that have been targeted by an adaptive immune response.
74. are not in the area of antigen specificity. False
Adaptive immunity can recognize and destroy specific substances. The defensive reaction of the
adaptive immune system is called the immune response. Immune responses are normally
directed against the antigen that provoked them and are said to be antigen-specific whereas
Innate immunity is nonspecific it is not directed against specific invaders but against any
pathogens that enter the body.
75. do not include dissimilarities in cell types mediating each category of immune response.
False
The innate immune system consists of cells that are always present to fight microbes at the site
of infection. The main components of the innate immune system are physical epithelial barriers,
phagocytic leukocytes, dendritic cells, a special type of lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK)
cell, circulating plasma proteins. On the other hand the components of the adaptive immune
system are normally silent; when activated, these components “adapt” to the presence of
infectious agents. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity,
mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T
lymphocytes.
76. are in the area of ‘speed of initiation/implementation’ of responses. True
The cells of the innate immune system play a crucial part in the initiation and subsequent
direction of adaptive immune response. It also helps in the removal of pathogens that have been
targeted by an adaptive immune response. Moreover, because there is a delay of 4–7 days before
the initial adaptive immune response takes effect, the innate immune response has a critical role
in controlling infections during this period.
77. are encoded in the human genome. True
78. do not include clonal distribution of receptors. True
Unlike the receptors that mediate adaptive immunity, the receptors of the innate immune system
are typically not clonally distributed. A given set of receptors will be present on all the cells of
the same cell type. The binding of pathogens by these receptors gives rise to very rapid
responses, without the delay imposed by the clonal expansion of cells needed in the adaptive
immune response.
79. include requirements of gene rearrangement. True
Chromosome breakage is frequently associated with viral infection and cellular transformation,
3. but it is also required for two processes that are crucial for the development and function of
adaptive immunity.
![Question VII. The immune system is typically divided into two categories, innate and adaptive,
although these distinctions are not mutually exclusive. Nevertheless, there are various
differences distinguishing innate from adaptive immunity. These differences [complete the
sentence and assess the resulting statements (72-81) as either factually correct (= “true”) or
incorrect (= “false”)]:
72. are often difficult to specify.
73. are not in the area of immunological memory.
74. are not in the area of antigen specificity.
75. do not include dissimilarities in cell types mediating each category of immune response.
76. are in the area of ‘speed of initiation/implementation’ of responses.
77. are encoded in the human genome.
78. do not include clonal distribution of receptors.
79. include requirements of gene rearrangement.
80. are not in the area of recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
81. are in the area of usage of invariant mechanisms to recognize pathogens.
Solution
The immune system of the body is the collection of cells, tissues and molecules that protects the
body from pathogens and toxins in our environment.
This defense against microbes has been divided into two types of immunity: innate immunity and
adaptive immunity. Therefore, innate and adaptive immunity are two equally important aspects
of the immune system. Each Immune System (Innate and Adaptive) differs with respect to;
how quickly it responds
and for how long it responds to pathogens
its central effector cell types and
its specificity for different classes of microbes
72. Innate and adaptive immunity are often difficult to specify. True
The defense called innate or natural immunity includes two parts. One part is called humoral
innate immunity, involves a variety of substances found in the humors or body fluids. These
substances interferes with the growth of pathogens and clump them together so that they can be
eliminated from the body. The other part, called cellular innate immunity, is carried out by cells
called phagocytes that ingest and degrade pathogens by so-called natural killer cells that destroy
certain cancerous cells.
73. are not in the area of immunological memory. False](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/questionvii-230706033714-fb7b7c1d/85/Question-VII-The-immune-system-is-typically-divided-into-two-catego-pdf-1-320.jpg)
