describe these organelles and the organisms there found in1. cryst.pdf
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describe these organelles and the organisms there found in 1. crystalline rod 2. kinetoplast 3. apicocomplex 4. contractile vacuole Solution 1. Crystalline rod: Some protozoansort called euglenozoans contain spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella. Two examples of euglenozoans with these rods arekinetoplastidsandeuglenids. The flagella of kinetoplastids and euglenids have paraxial rods running next to each other. 2.Kinetoplast: A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.A kinetoplast is usually adjacent to the organism\'s flagellar basal body, suggesting that it is tightly bound to the cytoskeleton. Kinetoplasts are only found in protozoa of the class Kinetoplastida. 3.Apicocomplex: It is an organ complex of the Apicomplexa that appears as a conical structures on the tapered end (or the apical end) of the cell, and contains rhoptries, micronemes, polar rings, and conoid. The organelle is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetration of a host cell. The organelle is found in a large phylum of parasitic alveolates called Apicomplexa. The Apical complex consists of a set of spirally arranged microtubules (the conoid), a secretory body (the rhoptry) and one or more polar rings. Additional slender electron-dense secretory bodies (micronemes) surrounded by one or two polar rings may also be present. This structure gives the phylum its name. 4.contractile vacuole: A contractile vacuole (CV) is a sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation. It is found predominantly in protists and in unicellular algae. The contractile vacuole acts to regulate the quantity of water inside of a cell. In freshwater environments, the concentration of solutes inside the cell is of a higher concentration than outside the cell (i.e., the environment is hypotonic). Under these conditions, water flows from the environment into the cell by osmosis. The contractile vacuole acts as part of a protective mechanism that prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and possibly lysing (rupturing) through excessive internal pressure..
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Cells and it's Organnlle
this PPT is fully animated and its just what u guys r lookin for im hamza azam by whome this ppt is done
Chlorophyta
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Recommended
Cells and it's Organnlle
this PPT is fully animated and its just what u guys r lookin for im hamza azam by whome this ppt is done
Chlorophyta
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Types of living cells
Cell membrane
Centrioles
Endoplasmic reticulum
prokaryotes eukaryotes
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus and nucleolus Ribosomes
Small vacuoles
3. eukaryotes, their structure & em
Eukaryotes, their structure and electron microscopes
IB Biology 2016 syllabus
10113 1029 AMBIO156 - Lab 4Page 1 of 11httpswww.riol.docx
10/1/13 10:29 AMBIO156 - Lab 4
Page 1 of 11https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v…b04.shtml?encrypted-sectionid=Z0RiRVE3bkZMRnd4WmZJc2doQjNnZz09
Lab 4 Cell Structure, Osmosis, and Diffusion
Introduction: Connecting Your Learning
The basic building block of life is the cell. Each cell contains several structures, some
of which are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and some that are
unique to specific cell types. This lab will discuss cell structures and how materials
are moved in and out of the cell. Specifically, the principles of diffusion and osmosis
will be demonstrated by performing a scientific investigation that studies the effect of
salt concentration on potato cells.
Focusing Your Learning
Background Information
In 1662, Robert Hooke investigated the properties of cork when he discovered cells.
He named them after small rooms in a monastery because they reminded him of
them. Years later, in 1837, Schleiden and Schwann were attributed with developing
the cell theory. While their original theory was modified, the fundamental ideas be-
hind the theory held true. Three general postulates are included in the cell theory: 1)
All organisms are composed of cells. 2) The cell is the unit of life. 3) All cells arise
from pre-existing cells.
Because a cell is the basic building block of living things, it is important to become
familiar with its characteristics. Several structures comprise a cell. Many of these
structures are visible with the use of a standard compound microscope. Below are
pictures of idealized plant and animal cells, illustrating the important structures.
The cell membrane encloses all cells and is responsible for separating the internal en-
vironment from the extracellular space (the space between cells). Because other struc-
tures within the cell are also surrounded by a membrane, the outer membrane is of-
ten called the plasma membrane.
10/1/13 10:29 AMBIO156 - Lab 4
Page 2 of 11https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v…b04.shtml?encrypted-sectionid=Z0RiRVE3bkZMRnd4WmZJc2doQjNnZz09
The cell membrane is semi-permeable, allowing cer-
tain molecules to enter into the cell freely, while oth-
ers are prohibited from entering the cell. It is com-
posed of phospholipids, which have a head consist-
ing of a phosphate group and a tail of two fatty acid
chains. The phosphate group is attracted to water
(hydrophilic) while the fatty acid chains are repulsed by water (hydrophobic). When
in water, the properties of the phospholipids cause them to form two layers: The hy-
drophobic tails face the inside of the double layer (away from the water), and the hy-
drophilic heads face out (toward the water). Because two layers are formed, the mem-
brane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, as seen in the image.
The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells, bacteria, and some fungi. In
plant cells, the cell wall is composed of cellulose. In bacteria, the wal.
Cells as the living units of the body
Cells as the living units of the bodyDr. Alamzeb Associate professor ,HOD Physiology Saidu Medical College saidu Sharif Swat Pakistan
Cell Physiology By Dr Alamzeb Assistant Professor Saidu Medical College Swat PakistanIn a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to mea.pdf
In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to measure both the supply and
demand for physician services at various price points. The table below represents the findings
across ten different employers who offer self-insured health benefits to their employees.
Observations were made across time at various price points and the data below was gathered. So,
for instance, at a price of $50 for an office visit, the employees of Employer 1 consumed 150
visits per week; and at a price of $60, they only consumed 140 visits, etc. At the same time and
in the same city, ten different primary care practices were observed and the data table below was
generated. In this case, at a price point of $50 per visit, PCP1 was willing to supply 70 visits per
week, but at $60, he would supply 80 visits, etc.
Question #2 – assuming that, in the short-run, the supply of physician services will remain as
expressed in Table 2 above, what will happen to the market clearing price and visit quantity?
Show graphically what just happened. Again, in plain English, what is happening here?
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
110
40
50
$ 60
80
50
67
55
60
57
101
120
50
60
$ 70
90
60
77
65
70
67
111
130
60
70
$ 80
100
70
87
75
80
77
121
140
70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
110
40
50
$ 60
80
50
67
55
60
57
101
120
50
60
$ 70
90
60
77
65
70
67
111
130
60
70
$ 80
100
70
87
75
80
77
121
140
70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Solution
With increase in price, demand is decreasing and with increase in price supply is increasing.
hence price will be determined where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied..
How do conservatives explain economic downturnsSolutionAs the.pdf
How do conservatives explain economic downturns?
Solution
As the financial crisis of 2008-09 draws to a close, narratives of the meltdown are flooding
bookstores, think tanks are cranking out white papers, and four different congressional
committees, along with the official Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, are investigating what
went wrong. Well they might, as the most basic question about the meltdown remains unsettled:
The only near consensus is on the question of what triggered the not-quite-a-depression. In 2007,
the housing bubble burst, leading to a high rate of defaults on subprime mortgages. Exposure to
bad mortgages doomed Bear Stearns in March 2008, then led to a banking crisis that fall. A
global recession became inevitable once the government decided not to rescue Lehman Bros.
from default in September 2008. Lehman\'s was the biggest bankruptcy in history, and it led
promptly to a powerful economic contraction. Somewhere around here, agreement ends.
There are no strong candidates for what logicians call a sufficient condition—a single factor that
would have caused the crisis in the absence of any others. There are, however, a number of
plausible necessary conditions—factors without which the crisis would not have occurred. Most
analysts find former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan at fault, though for a variety of reasons.
Conservative economists—ever worried about inflation—tend to fault Greenspan for keeping
interest rates too low between 2003 and 2005 as the real estate and credit bubbles inflated. This
is the view, for instance, of Stanford economist and former Reagan adviser John Taylor, who
argues that the Fed\'s easy money policies spurred a frenzy of irresponsible borrowing on the part
of banks and consumers alike.
Liberal analysts, by contrast, are more likely to focus on the way Greenspan\'s aversion to
regulation transformed pell-mell innovation in financial products and excessive bank leverage
into lethal phenomena. The pithiest explanation I\'ve seen comes fromNew York Times
columnist and Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman, who noted in one interview: \"Regulation didn\'t
keep up with the system.\" In this view, the emergence of an unsupervised market in more and
more exotic derivatives—credit-default swaps (CDSs), collateralized debt obligations (CDOs),
CDSs on CDOs (the esoteric instruments that wrecked AIG)—allowed heedless financial
institutions to put the whole financial system at risk. \"Financial innovation + inadequate
regulation = recipe for disaster is also the favored explanation of Greenspan\'s successor, Ben
Bernanke, who downplays low interest rates as a cause (perhaps because he supported them at
the time) and attributes the crisis to regulatory failure.
A bit farther down on the list are various contributing factors, which didn\'t fundamentally cause
the crisis but either enabled it or made it worse than it otherwise might have been. These include:
global savings imbalances, which put upward pressure on U.S. a.
More Related Content
Similar to describe these organelles and the organisms there found in1. cryst.pdf
Types of living cells
Cell membrane
Centrioles
Endoplasmic reticulum
prokaryotes eukaryotes
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus and nucleolus Ribosomes
Small vacuoles
3. eukaryotes, their structure & em
Eukaryotes, their structure and electron microscopes
IB Biology 2016 syllabus
10113 1029 AMBIO156 - Lab 4Page 1 of 11httpswww.riol.docx
10/1/13 10:29 AMBIO156 - Lab 4
Page 1 of 11https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v…b04.shtml?encrypted-sectionid=Z0RiRVE3bkZMRnd4WmZJc2doQjNnZz09
Lab 4 Cell Structure, Osmosis, and Diffusion
Introduction: Connecting Your Learning
The basic building block of life is the cell. Each cell contains several structures, some
of which are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and some that are
unique to specific cell types. This lab will discuss cell structures and how materials
are moved in and out of the cell. Specifically, the principles of diffusion and osmosis
will be demonstrated by performing a scientific investigation that studies the effect of
salt concentration on potato cells.
Focusing Your Learning
Background Information
In 1662, Robert Hooke investigated the properties of cork when he discovered cells.
He named them after small rooms in a monastery because they reminded him of
them. Years later, in 1837, Schleiden and Schwann were attributed with developing
the cell theory. While their original theory was modified, the fundamental ideas be-
hind the theory held true. Three general postulates are included in the cell theory: 1)
All organisms are composed of cells. 2) The cell is the unit of life. 3) All cells arise
from pre-existing cells.
Because a cell is the basic building block of living things, it is important to become
familiar with its characteristics. Several structures comprise a cell. Many of these
structures are visible with the use of a standard compound microscope. Below are
pictures of idealized plant and animal cells, illustrating the important structures.
The cell membrane encloses all cells and is responsible for separating the internal en-
vironment from the extracellular space (the space between cells). Because other struc-
tures within the cell are also surrounded by a membrane, the outer membrane is of-
ten called the plasma membrane.
10/1/13 10:29 AMBIO156 - Lab 4
Page 2 of 11https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v…b04.shtml?encrypted-sectionid=Z0RiRVE3bkZMRnd4WmZJc2doQjNnZz09
The cell membrane is semi-permeable, allowing cer-
tain molecules to enter into the cell freely, while oth-
ers are prohibited from entering the cell. It is com-
posed of phospholipids, which have a head consist-
ing of a phosphate group and a tail of two fatty acid
chains. The phosphate group is attracted to water
(hydrophilic) while the fatty acid chains are repulsed by water (hydrophobic). When
in water, the properties of the phospholipids cause them to form two layers: The hy-
drophobic tails face the inside of the double layer (away from the water), and the hy-
drophilic heads face out (toward the water). Because two layers are formed, the mem-
brane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, as seen in the image.
The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells, bacteria, and some fungi. In
plant cells, the cell wall is composed of cellulose. In bacteria, the wal.
Cells as the living units of the body
Cells as the living units of the bodyDr. Alamzeb Associate professor ,HOD Physiology Saidu Medical College saidu Sharif Swat Pakistan
Cell Physiology By Dr Alamzeb Assistant Professor Saidu Medical College Swat PakistanSimilar to describe these organelles and the organisms there found in1. cryst.pdf (20)
B.Sc.(micro+biotech) II Animal & Plant Physiology Unit 1.1 Plant Cell
B.Sc.(micro+biotech) II Animal & Plant Physiology Unit 1.1 Plant Cell
10113 1029 AMBIO156 - Lab 4Page 1 of 11httpswww.riol.docx
10113 1029 AMBIO156 - Lab 4Page 1 of 11httpswww.riol.docx
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In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to mea.pdf
In a certain Midwest city, a series of studies were conducted to measure both the supply and
demand for physician services at various price points. The table below represents the findings
across ten different employers who offer self-insured health benefits to their employees.
Observations were made across time at various price points and the data below was gathered. So,
for instance, at a price of $50 for an office visit, the employees of Employer 1 consumed 150
visits per week; and at a price of $60, they only consumed 140 visits, etc. At the same time and
in the same city, ten different primary care practices were observed and the data table below was
generated. In this case, at a price point of $50 per visit, PCP1 was willing to supply 70 visits per
week, but at $60, he would supply 80 visits, etc.
Question #2 – assuming that, in the short-run, the supply of physician services will remain as
expressed in Table 2 above, what will happen to the market clearing price and visit quantity?
Show graphically what just happened. Again, in plain English, what is happening here?
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
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57
101
120
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60
$ 70
90
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77
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67
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70
87
75
80
77
121
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70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Table 2
Number of visits/ year
Price/visit
PCP 1
PCP 2
PCP 3
PCP 4
PCP 5
PCP 6
PCP 7
PCP 8
PCP 9
PCP 10
$ 50
70
40
57
45
50
47
91
110
40
50
$ 60
80
50
67
55
60
57
101
120
50
60
$ 70
90
60
77
65
70
67
111
130
60
70
$ 80
100
70
87
75
80
77
121
140
70
80
$ 90
110
80
97
85
90
87
131
150
80
90
$ 100
120
90
107
95
100
97
141
160
90
100
$ 110
130
100
117
105
110
107
151
170
100
110
$ 120
140
110
127
115
120
117
161
180
110
120
$ 130
150
120
137
125
130
127
171
190
120
130
$ 140
160
130
147
135
140
137
181
200
130
140
Solution
With increase in price, demand is decreasing and with increase in price supply is increasing.
hence price will be determined where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied..
How do conservatives explain economic downturnsSolutionAs the.pdf
How do conservatives explain economic downturns?
Solution
As the financial crisis of 2008-09 draws to a close, narratives of the meltdown are flooding
bookstores, think tanks are cranking out white papers, and four different congressional
committees, along with the official Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, are investigating what
went wrong. Well they might, as the most basic question about the meltdown remains unsettled:
The only near consensus is on the question of what triggered the not-quite-a-depression. In 2007,
the housing bubble burst, leading to a high rate of defaults on subprime mortgages. Exposure to
bad mortgages doomed Bear Stearns in March 2008, then led to a banking crisis that fall. A
global recession became inevitable once the government decided not to rescue Lehman Bros.
from default in September 2008. Lehman\'s was the biggest bankruptcy in history, and it led
promptly to a powerful economic contraction. Somewhere around here, agreement ends.
There are no strong candidates for what logicians call a sufficient condition—a single factor that
would have caused the crisis in the absence of any others. There are, however, a number of
plausible necessary conditions—factors without which the crisis would not have occurred. Most
analysts find former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan at fault, though for a variety of reasons.
Conservative economists—ever worried about inflation—tend to fault Greenspan for keeping
interest rates too low between 2003 and 2005 as the real estate and credit bubbles inflated. This
is the view, for instance, of Stanford economist and former Reagan adviser John Taylor, who
argues that the Fed\'s easy money policies spurred a frenzy of irresponsible borrowing on the part
of banks and consumers alike.
Liberal analysts, by contrast, are more likely to focus on the way Greenspan\'s aversion to
regulation transformed pell-mell innovation in financial products and excessive bank leverage
into lethal phenomena. The pithiest explanation I\'ve seen comes fromNew York Times
columnist and Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman, who noted in one interview: \"Regulation didn\'t
keep up with the system.\" In this view, the emergence of an unsupervised market in more and
more exotic derivatives—credit-default swaps (CDSs), collateralized debt obligations (CDOs),
CDSs on CDOs (the esoteric instruments that wrecked AIG)—allowed heedless financial
institutions to put the whole financial system at risk. \"Financial innovation + inadequate
regulation = recipe for disaster is also the favored explanation of Greenspan\'s successor, Ben
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the time) and attributes the crisis to regulatory failure.
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How would your patient management decisions be influenced by omittin.pdf
How would your patient management decisions be influenced by omitting necessary elements of
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Solution
Patient management is the procedure involved from intake to discharge . It include
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There is no doubt that the way in which entities operate and engage with each other, locally,
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Find the object focal point for a combination of two thin lenses who.pdf
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1 / do + 1/di = 1/f1
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1 / di = 1/f1
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time they spent socializing each day with other students. The results are as follows:
College X: Mean: 5 hours, estimated pop variance of 2 hours
College Y: Mean: 4, S^2=1.5
College Z: Mean:6, S^2: 2.5
figure effect size and explain your answers to someone who is unfamiliar with analysis of
variance.
Solution.
Compare the small intestine to the large intestine in terms of histo.pdf
Compare the small intestine to the large intestine in terms of histological (tissue) organization,
size, and unique anatomical features. How do the differences between the small and large
intestines give you a clue as to their different functions in the digestive system?
Solution
Small intestine: it is the largest part of the alimentary canal with narrow diameter and it\'s
anatomical features are it contains the three parts namely duodenum, jejunum and ileum.Jejunum
is the middle portion between the duodenum and ileum.Duodenum contains the pancreas and
small intestine receives the pancreatic juices and bile .It contains the peyers patch in small
intestine and haustoria are absent.Internal surfaces contains the circular folds or plicae circulates.
villa are present. Brunner\'s glands are present. size ranges from 4.5 to 7 m long and width of 3.5
to 4.5 width. Histological features are it contains four layers like serosa, muscularis,sub mucosa,
mucosa.Serosa is the outer most layer and it secrets serous fluid, muscularis is responsible for
gut movement that is peristalsis, sub mucosa joins to the mucosa and underlying smooth muscle.
The main function of small intestine is to absorb nutrients and minerals.
Large intestine: It is comparatively shorter than small intestine .It\'s size ranges from 1.5 meters
long and 4 to 5 cm in diameter. It\'s anatomical features are it has ascending colon consists of
caecum and appendix, transverse colon consists of colic flexures and transverse mesocolon,
descending colon and sigmoid s shaped colon. It\'s histological features are thick mucosa with
deep crypts but it does not contain villi and the epithelium consists of columnar absorptive cells,
endocrine cells basal stem cells and many goblet cells. The main function of large intestine is to
absorb water from remaining indigestible food and transmit the useless waste materials from the
body.
As they have different anatomical , histological and structural features so we can say that the
small intestine and large intestine are different in their respective functional features..
Chemical composition of rain water.SolutionRainwater gets its .pdf
Chemical composition of rain water.
Solution
Rainwater gets its compositions largely by dissolving particulate materials in the atmosphere
(upper troposhere) when droplets of water nucleate on atmospheric particulates, and secondarily
by dissolving gasses from the atmosphere. Rainwater compositions vary geographically. In open
ocean and coastal areas they have a salt content essentially like that of sea water (same ionic
proportions but much more dilute) plus CO2 as bicarbonate anion (acidic pH). Terrestrial rain
compositions vary siginificantly from place to place because the regional geology can greatly
affect the types of particulates that get added to the atmosphere. Likewise, sources of gaesous
acids (SO3, NO2) and bases (NH3) vary as a function of biome factors and anthopogenic land
use practices. Each of these gasses can be added in varying proportions from natural and non
natural input sources (non-natural sources of SO3 and NO2 far outweigh natural ones).
An adult male receives all his water from a municipal supply that is.pdf
An adult male receives all his water from a municipal supply that is contaminated with
0.003mg/Lof tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Assume he takes a 15-minute shower every day. The
PCE concentration in the air is in equilibrium with the PCE in the water and thus can be
determined by Henry’s law from the concentration in the water. PCE has a unitless Henry’s
constant KH=1.4, which means Cair=Caq/KH. The dermal permeability constant of PCE is
6.17×10-5 m/min. (10 pts)
a. Calculate his total annual (ED=AT=1 yr) LADD due to exposures of drinking the water and
showering (dermal absorption + inhalation) with the water.
b. Which of the three modes of exposure results in the highest delivered dose?
Solution
There are generally three routes of exposure: dermal, oral and inhalation, as clear from the
question. Intake from these routes of exposure differ based upon the chemical and physical
properties of the toxicant as well as the permeability of the surface at the site of absorbtion, here,
lung, skin and the GI tract.
LADD (Lifetime Average Daily Dose) is obtained by adding up the AADD(Average Adsorbed
Daily Dose) for all the years of a person\'s life, namely:
->infant (1yr),
->child (1-6yrs),
->child (7-12 yrs),
->adolescents (13-18yrs),
->adults (19-70yrs)
AADD is obtained by adding adsorbed dose (AD) through all the 3 ways.
AD=Exposure x Adsorption Factor
Exposure = Concentration x Intake x Duration x Frequency
Body Weight
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
Another way to calculate LADD is:
LADD = (C x IR x ED)/(BW x LT) ;
where;
C = concentration of chemical
IR = intake rate
ED = exposure duration
BW = body weight
LT = lifetime (also AT)
(a) Total Annual LADD due to drinking water + showering
(1) Drinking water
C = 0.003 mg/L
IR = 2 L daily; for 1 year = 2*365 = 730 L
ED = AT = 1 year = 365 days
LT = 70 years = 25,550 days
BW = 70 kg
i.e, LADD = (0.003 * 730 * 1) / (70 *365)
= 8.57 x 10-5 mg/kg.day
(2) Similarly, for dermal absorption
For dermal adsorption,
Dosage, D = (C x P x SA x ET x CF) / (BW); where
D = Dose ( mg/kg day)
C = conc. of contaminant (mg/L)
P=Permeability coefficient (cm/hr)
SA = exposed body surface area (cm2); here 19400 cm2 (Standard value)
ET = Exposure time (hrs/day); here 0.25 hours /day
CF = conversion factor = 1 L/1000 cm3
BW = body weight = 70 kg
thus, D= (0.003*(6.15*10-5*10-2/60)*19400*0.25))/(1000*70)
=2.13*10-12 mg/kg.day.
However for 1 year, D = 7.776 * 10-10 mg/kg.day
Thus, total LADD = 8.57*10-5 + 7.776 * 10-10 = 8.57 * 10-5 mg/kg.day
(b)
Usually, studies show that of all the modes of exposure, ingestion or drinking the water will
deliver the highest dose.
Here, dosage due to air inhalation will be 8.57 * 10-5 / 1.4
= 6.121 * 10-5 mg/kg.day (as Cair = Caq/1.4)
Thus, comparing all the values, drinking the water will cause more dosage..
C++ problemPart 1 Recursive Print (40 pts)Please write the recu.pdf
C++ problem
Part 1: Recursive Print (40 pts)
Please write the recursive List reverse print function, whose iterative version we wrote in class.
Below are the function signatures for the functions you are going to need:
public:
/**Additional Operations*/
void print_reverse();
//Wrapper function that calls the reverse helper function to print a list in reverse
//prints nothing if the List is empty
private:
void reverse(Nodeptr node);
//Helper function for the public printReverse() function.
//Recursively prints the data in a List in reverse.
Why do we need the private helper function here?
Since we are going to be reversing our list node by node, in a recursive fashion, we want to pass
a one node at a time to our reverse function.
However, since our nodes are private, we cannot access them if we call the function inside of
main.
Add these function signatures to your List.h file along with your other function prototypes inside
the class definition.
Make sure that you place the reverse function inside the private portion of your List class
definition and the print_reverse function prototype to the public portion of your List class
definition.
Now, implement these two functions inside of List.h, under your section for additional
operations.
Important: Test each function carefully inside of your ListTest.cpp to make sure that it is
working properly.
Part 2: Adding an Index to Your List Nodes (20 pts)
Next, you will add the following functions to your List.h
/**Accessor Functions*/
int get_index();
//Indicates the index of the Node where the iterator is currently pointing
//Nodes are numbered from 1 to length of the list
//Pre: length != 0
//Pre: !off_end()
...
int List::get_index()
{
//Implement the function here
}
/**Manipulation Procedures*/
void scroll_to_index(int index);
//Moves the iterator to the node whose index is specified by the user
//Pre: length != 0
...
void scroll_to_index(int index)
{
//Implement function here
}
Part 3: Implementing Search as Part of Your List (40 pts)
Now, we are going to add two search functions to our List so that we can search for elements in
our List.
The first of these functions is going to be a simple linear search function.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
/**Additional Operations*/
int linear_search(listitem item);
//Searchs the list, element by element, from the start of the List to the end of the List
//Returns the index of the element, if it is found in the List
//Returns -1 if the element is not in the List
//Pre: length != 0
...
int List::linear_search(listitem item)
{
//Implement the function here
}
You are also going to add a function to perform recursive binary search on your List.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
int binary_search(int low, int high, listitem item);
//Recursively searchs the list by dividing the search space in half
//Returns the index of the element, if it is fo.
1.What does the emergence of autonomous vehicles mean to you What v.pdf
1.What does the emergence of autonomous vehicles mean to you? What value about car travel
would you increase, decrease, eliminate?
2. Think of at least 3 Blue Ocean innovations that would be needed in order for autonomous
vehicles to be successful: these can be internal/organizational efficiency innovations or new
products/services.
3. Do you think the biggest barriers will be technical or social in nature?
4) each individual should create a list of at least 10 “factors of competition” that are relevant to
the personal transportation market.
5) Conduct “mini-interviews” with at least 5 people and get feedback about your identified
factors of competition – are some factors more important to people than others, are there factors
identified by your interviewees that you missed? Note: these are informal “mini-interviews”, and
each individual must conduct at least 5 interviews to provide market feedback on your factors of
competition. Record your notes from each mini-interview using the table structure below:
Interviewee
Name, Age, Location, Gender and About
Eliminate
Reduce
Raise
Create
Insights
Mary Jones: 48 from Birmingham, AL. Female. Busy working mom with 2 middle-school kids
1. External Appearance
2. Taxi services
3. New road construction
4. Road signs
5. Mom having to drive kids to soccer practice – YEAH!!
1. Complexity of the dashboard
2. Air pollution
3. Engine size and performance
4. Car salesmen and personal car ownership
1. Entertainment and internet access in car
2. Comfort through alternative seating styles (e.g. 4 people facing each other around a table)
3. Ease of maintenance and longevity of cars
1. Members-only service (e.g. I belong to the Volvo driving club, which has its own app and
fleet of cars)
2. Vehicle support services – cars need to come in to get gas and fixed by mechanics
Value proposition: Time (not having to drive kids everywhere)
Safety (people could drink and get home safely)
Fun (spend travel time playing with kids, watching movies etc.) individual’s interview summary
table, each individual’s original list of 10 competitive factors. These should all be aggregated
into one document and uploaded to our Canvas course site.
Interviewee
Name, Age, Location, Gender and About
Eliminate
Reduce
Raise
Create
Insights
Mary Jones: 48 from Birmingham, AL. Female. Busy working mom with 2 middle-school kids
1. External Appearance
2. Taxi services
3. New road construction
4. Road signs
5. Mom having to drive kids to soccer practice – YEAH!!
1. Complexity of the dashboard
2. Air pollution
3. Engine size and performance
4. Car salesmen and personal car ownership
1. Entertainment and internet access in car
2. Comfort through alternative seating styles (e.g. 4 people facing each other around a table)
3. Ease of maintenance and longevity of cars
1. Members-only service (e.g. I belong to the Volvo driving club, which has its own app and
fleet of cars)
2. Vehicle support services – cars need to come in to get gas and fixed by mechanic.
You have installed a PCIe wireless NIC in a computer desktop in a sm.pdf
You have installed a PCIe wireless NIC in a computer desktop in a small office environment that
cannot be wired for an Ethernet network. Despite the fact that the nearest access point is well
within range, the computer still receives a poor Wi-Fi signal. What can you do to improve the
computer’s reception?
A. Turn up the sensitivity on the PCIe wireless NIC.
B. Install a PCIe wireless NIC with a stronger receiver.
C. Install an external USB wireless NIC that can have its antenna placed to get better reception.
D. Change the entire wireless network to use an 802.11 standard that has greater range.
Solution
C. Internal wireless NICs have the antenna directly connected to the NIC so that it sits at the
back of the computer. This might not be the ideal location to receive Wi-Fi signals, even if the
computer is within range otherwise. Using a USB wireless NIC with an external antenna that can
be moved for better reception is a more workable option..
You have identified a novel enzyme. Supercoiled DNA shows an upward m.pdf
You have identified a novel enzyme. Supercoiled DNA shows an upward mobility shift
following a short incubation with the enzyme. Following a long incubation with the enzyme, the
supercoiled DNA seems to disappear or be converted in a large number of small fragments. What
kind of enzyme is our novel enzyme likely to be? Type I topoisomerase Type II topoisomerase
Restriction enzyme DNA nuclease A and B are both correct
Solution
.C. Restriction enzymes . are a class of enzymes that act upon the DNA molecule at specific site
and cleave DNA molecule into small fragments..
Which of the following wireless standards uses direct sequence sprea.pdf
Which of the following wireless standards uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) by
default?
A. Bluetooth
B. 802.11a
C. 802.11b
D. 802.11ac
Solution
C. 802.11b uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology. DSSS is a transmission
method that transmits the data along with a chipping bit to increase the signal’s resistance to
interference. Answer A is incorrect because Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
Answer B is incorrect because 802.11a uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. Answer
D is incorrect because 802.11ac uses MIMO-OFDM.
Which one of the following statements about lichens is false lichen.pdf
Which one of the following statements about lichens is false? lichens are resistant to pollution.
Lichens can withstand severe drought. lichens are important pioneers on new land. Some
lichens are thousands of years old. Some lichens tolerate severe cold. Which of the following
bacterium type would die in the presence of oxygen(poisoning)? Obligate aerobes Obligate
anaerobes Facultative anaerobes All of the above Which of the following traits do archaeans
and bacteria share? composition of the cell wall. presence of plasma membrane lack of a
nuclear envelope identical rRNA sequences 1 only 3 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 What do
\"fimbriae\" of bacteria do? Catch food Absorbing liquid food Sticking to a substrate. Help in
sexual reproduction All of the above. Picking up naked exracellular DNA molecule is
accomplished during Transcription Conjugation Transformation Transduction Translation
Which of the following confers antibiotic resistance? Transduction Jumping genes Hfr R
plasmid F plasmids
Solution
Lichens are resistant to pollution Obligate anaerobes lack of nuclear envelope Sticking to the
substrate transformation R plasmid.
What is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain.pdf
What is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information?
A. Metadata
B. Inference
C. Aggregation
D. Deadlocking
Solution
C. Aggregation is the capability to combine data from separate sources to gain information.
Answer A is incorrect because metadata is data about data. Answer B is incorrect because
inference attacks occur when authorized users infer information by analyzing the data they have
access to. Answer D is incorrect because deadlocking is a database stalemate.
What are Factors that influence primary production in different zone.pdf
What are Factors that influence primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes
Solution
Organisms that synthesise the organic elements of life from the inorganic molecules are known
as \"primary producers.\" Plants, certain bacteria and algae are autotrophs (they feed themselves
by photosynthesis). Photosynthesis is a process through which plants use sun energy for the
production of organic material. Plants utilise necessary amount of sunlight for photosynthesis.
The major factors affecting the primary production in different zones of oceans and lakes are,
1). Availability of Sun light
2). Mineral nutrients
In contrast, the terrestrial plants have the limitations of water supply and uniform temperature.
As the aquatic plants and organisms live in the water itself, they do not suffer from water
scarcity. Also, temperature is uniform due to the heat capacity of water..
Using NetBeansQ1. Write a program that uses a stack to convert a n.pdf
Using NetBeans
Q1. Write a program that uses a stack to convert a number in base 10 to a number in base 2.
Solution
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Decimal2BinaryDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner in =new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter decimal number =\");
int num=in.nextInt();
Stack s4 = new Stack();
int n=num;
int i = 0;
while (n > 0) {
s4.push(n % 2);
n = n / 2;
i++;
}
//s4.print();
System.out.print(num+\" is convert to binary ->\");
while (i > 0) {
System.out.print(s4.pop()+\" \");
i--;
}
}
}.
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