The document explores various paradigms and methodologies in research, focusing on their philosophical foundations and practical applications for understanding social phenomena. It distinguishes between nomothetic and idiographic approaches, detailing the characteristics of both qualitative and quantitative methods, and emphasizes the importance of reflexivity and context in research. Additionally, it highlights different research strategies, including ethnography, phenomenology, and chaos theory, while providing insights into the evolution of social science research methodologies.

1. Organized and summarized from
different sources by:
Joesron Alie Syahbana
For:
MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM IN
URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
Semarang City, August – September 2024

3. 1. A basis for thinking, basic concepts, and also a basis for thinking that
is used or adopted as a model or basic concept by scientists in
carrying out their studies or key technology used in the
development of science (Thomas Kunt);
2. A set of values that shape a person's mindset as a starting point
for his or her views and form a person's subjective image of
reality so that they can determine how to deal with that reality
(Robert Friedrichs);
3. A philosophical reference or basis for the implementation of a
motive or goal (C. J. Ritzer);
4. A set of basic beliefs that guide human actions in their lives
(Egon G. Guba);
5. The most basic way to understand, think, judge, and also do
things related to something specific about reality (Harmon);
6. A collection of rules that establish or define boundaries. This term
also explains how something must be done within these limits to
be successful
SOME DEFINITION/CONCEPTS ON PARADIGMS
JUST FOR YOUR REFERENCES

4. External Influencers
External Influencers
External
Influencers
External
Influencers
Researcher’s
capacity
Locus and
Object
Environment
Research’s
Goals and
Objectives
Research
Strategy and
Action
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

5. TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
JUST FOR YOUR REFERENCES

6. PARADIGM, APPROACH, STRATEGY AND ACTION, METHODE,
PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS,

7. A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF
RESEARCH PARADIGMS

8. JUST FOR YOUR REFERENCES

10. PRE-POSITIVISM POSITIVISM POST-POSITIVISM
Reality Static, stable, mechanistic Atomistic Dynamic, turbulence, un-stable
Theoretical-based Theory verification Theory construction
Deductive Deductive-Inductive Inductive
Nomothetic Nomothetic
Interpretation Idiographic
Process
General General - Substantive Substantive
Value free Value free Value bound
We will see what we think We will see what we think We will think what we see
Utility of theory
Type of theory
Type of Value
Type of Analysis Quantitative-Rationalistic
Quantitative-Rationalistic Qualitative
Process
What and How What and How (What , How)., and Why
Conventional Researches
(RATIONALISM/LOGICALISM) (EMPIRISM +CONSTRUCTIVISM)
Interpretive
Researches
Basic R. Question
(RATIONALISM + EMPIRISM))
(Some principle characteristics)
Pioneers &
followers
Aristoteles (384 – 322 SM);
David Hume (1711 – 1776);
Emmanuel Kant
August Comte (1798-1857)
Karl Popper ;
Thomas Kuhn ;
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

11. Rationalists assume that the world is
deterministic and that cause and effect holds for all
events;
Rationalists generally develop their view in two
ways:
1.They argue that there are cases where the content of
our concepts or knowledge outstrips the information
that sense experience can provide;
2.They construct accounts of how reason in some form
or other provides that additional information
about the world.
JUST FOR YOUR REFERENCES

12. Nomothetic is described as a tendency to
generalize, and is typical for the natural
sciences. It describes the effort to derive
laws that explain types or categories of
objective phenomena, in general.
Idiographic is described as a tendency to
specify, and is typical for the humanities. It
describes the effort to understand the
meaning of contingent, unique, and often
cultural or subjective phenomena.
JUST FOR YOUR REFERENCES

13. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium
suggest that a social
constructionist approach deals best
with what people construct and how
this social construction process unfolds.
A social constructionist approach
to grounded theory allows us to address
why questions while preserving the
complexity of social life.
The form of constructionism includes examining:
(1) the relativity of the researcher’s perspectives,
positions, practices, and research situation,
(2) the researcher’s reflexivity; and
(3) depictions of social constructions in the
studied world
JUST FOR YOUR REFERENCES

15. ETHNOGRAPHY
Study on culture and sub-culture (tribes, heritage, modern, life styles)
PHENOMENOLOGY
Study on structure and core of the phenomena
HEURISTICS
A problem-solving method that used shortcut to produce good enough solutions given a limited
time frame or deadline
The best practice and lesson learn from other researchers in the similar phenomena;
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
Study on an acceptable attitudes and behaviors daily life;
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
Study on the meanings of a set of symbols, signs, insights, sense etc
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Study on human behavior in their specific environment in order to achieve their goal

16. (SOFT) SYSTEM
Study on (how and why) the survival/sustainable of a set of social system
CHAOS
Dealing with the construction of description which involving all aspects within and without
the rule of phenomena.
HERMENEUTICS
As the methodology of interpretation is concerned with problems that arise when dealing
with meaningful of human actions and the products, most importantly texts, for example
To express actions or cultural products can be interpreted to be meaningfulthing.
ORIENTATIONAL
Studi on the prespectives of ideology within the phenomena
NATURALISTIC INQUIRY
Study on social phenomena in the natural or normal setting

17. The New Language of Qualitative Method (Gubrium & Holstein,
1997), they proposed that naturalistic qualitative researchers could
address why questions “by considering the contingent relations
between the whats and hows of social life”

18. 1. Natural Setting;
2. Human Instrument;
3. Tacit Knowledge;
4. Qualitative Methods;
5. Purposive Sampling;
6. Inductive (Data) Analysis;
7. Grounded Theory;
8. Emerged Design;
9. Negotiated Outcomes;
10. Case Study Reporting Mode;
10. Idiographic Interpretation;
11. Tentative Application;
12. Focus Determined
Boundaries;
13. Special Criteria for
Trustworthiness;
14. Phenomenology;
15. Substantive theory
construction;
16. Participatory observation

20. STAGES
Different Paradigms
Pre-Positivism Pre-Positivism
Post-Positivism Positivism
Justification of
the research
Main research
Example
Transferability
(Extended research)
Dialog with existing
theories
Research
activities

21. Conventional
Researches
Interpretive
Researches
Gap of knowledge
on re-ability

22. Conventional
Researches
Interpretive
Researches
Gap of knowledge
on re-ability
Equilibrium between
rationality and emotionality
Domain of
rationality
Domain of
emotionality

23. Single-case
research
New
Knowledge
New
hypothesis
New/next
researches

24. New
Knowledge
transfer Other cases
•Fittingness;
•Auditing;
•Dependability;
•Predictability
Multi case-
research
Single-case
research

25. Single case-
research
New
Knowledge
Holographic
generalization
Meaning

26. 1. COMBINE
METHOD/TECHNIQUE
2. CROSS – CHECK
3. COMPLEMENTARY
4. SEQUENCE PROCESS;

27. MEASUREABLE UN-MEASUREABLE
SCALE UNIT

28. 1. PARAMETRIC – NON PARAMETRIC
STATISTICS;
2. MULTI-VARIATE ANALYSIS;
3. SOFTWARES;
4. HARDWARES

29. An example mix analysis method for
CONTENT ANALYSIS
DISCRIPTION
DATA
SCALE
DATA
NON PARAMETRIC
STATISTICS
PARAMETRIC
STATISTICS
MULTI-VARIATE
ANALYSIS
SPSS
INTERPRETATION AND MEANING
ANALYSIS
STANDARD STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
Which is most
students pay or prefer
more attention

30. WITHIN A STAGE
OF RESEARCH
Example Positivism
Verification process
Theory based???
Qualitative method
and technique
analysis
Qualitative type of
data collecting
Domain of quantitative
method and technique
analysis
Domain of
quantitative data
collecting
Empirical world

31. WITHIN A STAGE
OF RESEARCH
Example Post-Positivism
Construction of
theory
Empirical world
Quantitative method
and technique
analysis
Quantitative type of
data collecting
Domain of
qualitative method
and technique
analysis
Domain of
qualitative data
collecting

32. THANK YOU VERY MUCH
MERCI BEAUCOUP
MUCHAS GRACIAS
TERIMA KASIH BANYAK
MATUR NUWUN SANGET