This document discusses quantitative research designs, including descriptive research, correlational research, and experimental research. It defines key aspects of each design, such as their purposes and common methodologies. Descriptive research aims to systematically describe characteristics of a population or area of interest using observational methods like surveys and case studies. Correlational research describes and measures associations between two or more variables, while experimental research tests hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables using true experiments or quasi-experiments. The document provides examples of research questions for each design and activities for classifying variables and generating quantitative research topics.

1. The Nature of Inquiry and
Research
Quantitative Research Designs
Practical Research 2:
VON CHRISTOPHER G. CHUA
von_christopher_chua@dlsu.edu.ph

2. 1. What are the differences between
quantitative and qualitative
research?
2. What are the strengths of
quantitative research? Its
weaknesses?
3. What are variables?
4. How do we classify variables?
Let’s look
back…

3. IDENTITY MAGNITUDE
EQUAL
INTERVALS
ABSOLUTE ZERO
A variable varies and has values. The values of
variables under study are the research data.
Are these variables? chair, shape of table, tweet,
shirt style.
RATIO
INTERVAL
ORDINAL
NOMINAL
Classifying Variables
according to Scales of
Measure
Variables

4. Which goes
where?
ACTIVITY ONE • Daily Allowance
• Availability of Internet
Connection
• Time
• Temperature
• Test Score
• Position in Student Government
• Cellphone Brand
• Height
• Cellphone number
• Class rank in the honor roll
AGE GRADE LEVEL GENDER
Classify the variables at the right based on their “likelihood” to the
three others in the color-coded columns.

5. Our Learning Goals:
After this discussion, you are expected to have the ability to…
 describe characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of
quantitative research;
 differentiate kinds of variables according to scales of measure;
and
 contrast kinds of quantitative research.
This slideshow presentation will be made available through the trainer’s website:
mathbychua.weebly.com.
Download the document to use it as reference.
The Nature of Inquiry and Research



6. Quantitative Research Designs
Studying
relationships
Describing
characteristics
Manipulating
conditions and
studying effects
Correla
tional
Experi
mental
Descrip
tive
Non-
experimental
research

7. Quantitative Research Designs
Descriptive
Research
This design aims to
describe systematically
the facts and
characteristics of a
given population or
area of interest,
factually and
accurately
Observational
methods
are used to
document and
describe animal
and human
behavior in a
natural or artificial
environment.
TYPES
Survey research
designs involves
administering a
survey to a sample
or the entire
population of
people to describe
the attitudes,
opinions,
behaviors, or
characteristics of
the population
Case Studies
Involves an in-
depth study of an
individual or a
small group of
individuals
Survey research
designs

8. • Describing trends
• Determining
individual opinions
about policy
issues
• Identifying
important beliefs
and attitudes of
individuals
Use it when…
Survey research
designs
Cross-sectional survey is used
when the researcher collects
data at one point in time. The
purpose is to examines current
attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or
practices
Compare two or more groups
in terms of attitudes, beliefs,
opinions, or practices.
Evaluates a program.
TYPES
Longitudinal survey designs
involves the survey
procedure of collecting data
about trends with the same
population, changes in a
cohort group or
subpopulation, or changes in a
panel group of the same
individuals over time.

9. What are the sleeping
habits of SHS students
in DLSAU?
What factors affected
the SHS track choice of
SHS students?
Examples of Research Questions for
Descriptive Research
What do teenagers
consider when buying a
new phone?
What are the most
common stressors that
affect professors?
What is the level of
marketability of
personalized phone
cases on DLSAU
students?

10. Quantitative Research Designs
Correlational
Research
aims to describe and
measure the degree
of association
between two or
more variables or
sets of scores.
Explanatory research
design determines the
extent to which two
variables (or more) co-
vary.
Co-vary means to predict
a score on one variable
with knowledge about
the individual’s score on
another variable.
Prediction research
design seeks to
identify variables that
will predict an
outcome or criterion.
Variables can be the
predictor variable or
the criterion variable.
TYPES

11. Does wearing school
uniform have any
relationship with
students’ ability to
participate in class?
Is there a relationship
between phone brand
and Facebook usage
among teens?
Examples of Research Questions for
Correlational Research
Does mathematical
competence have any
relationship with a
person’s willingness to
do business?
Is there a relationship
between a student’s
attitude towards
research and his/her
real world problem
solving skills?

12. Quantitative Research Designs
Experimental
Research
An experiment tests an
idea to determine whether
it influences an outcome.
Used when the researcher
wants to establish possible
cause and effect between
variables.
Independent
variable
Dependent
variable
Variables that cause
change in the subject.
Variables that bear or
manifest the effects
caused by the
independent variable.

13. Experimental
Research Designs
In true experiments, the
researcher randomly assigns
participants to different
conditions of the experimental
variable.
EG: R O1 x O2
CG: R O1 x O2
TYPES
Quasi-experiments include
assignment, but not random
assignment of participants to
groups.
EG: O1 x O2
CG: O1 x O2
Experimental group
(treatment group)
Control group
(non-treatment group)
Randomization
(assigning individuals
randomly to groups)
pretest
post-test
treatment

14. Does the use of audio-
visuals in class have any
effect on students’
memory?
Does playing indie pop
music improve students’
ability to solve Math
problems while in class?
Examples of Research Questions for
Experimental Research
Does a meme-based ad
on social media improve
a product’s name recall
as compared to an
ordinary ad?
Can peer counseling
improve a person’s
school anxiety?

15. Determine the
design
ACTIVITY ONE • Internet availability at home and student’s
average sleeping time at night
• Social media involvement and practices of
Grade 12 HUMSS students
• The effect of the use of <a local packaging
material> on the shelf life of a product.
• The marketability of <innovative
product> to SHS students.
• Children of single parents and their level
of Math anxiety.

16. Quest for
Questions
ACTIVITY TWO As a group, decide on a topic of interest for your
research.
For the next 10 minutes, come up with at least three
research questions, one for each quantitative
research design based on that topic and relevant to
your SHS track.
Present your group’s ideas to the rest of the class by
sharing why your group thinks the question is
interesting and how you see the group doing it.
Be creative. No idea is crazy.
The more innovative the idea, the better.