This document discusses various types and elements of poetry. It begins by explaining that poetry is a creative form of writing that uses specific elements like rhythm, imagery, and verse to express thoughts and feelings. It then discusses some common purposes and characteristics of poetry. The document proceeds to explain key elements of poetry like theme, tone, imagery, and poetic devices. It also defines and provides examples of different poetic forms like sonnets, haikus, limericks, and more. In addition, it discusses elements of conventional or traditional poetry like rhyme, rhythm, and meter.

1. What do you think is the purpose of writing?
We all know that a lot of people write for different reasons,
but some of the common reason why people write is to:
• entertain other people or himself
• to share experience
• to provide a means of expression
• to convey/share an idea/a message

2. Creative Writing
• Is a form of writing that goes beyond the traditional realms
of normal, professional, academic or technical form of
writing.
- Demands you to use your own creativity, imagination and
story to portray message.

3. Different writing styles
• Academic Writing – conveys specific information about a
technical subject / topic to a specific audience. (research
proposals or research paper, academic articles, dissertations)
• Expressive Writing – a subjective response to a personal
experience (diaries or blogs)
• Expository Writing – exposes a topic analytically and objectively;
aims to explain/reveal knowledge or a particular information. The
goal is to teach the reader something. It should aim to answer
any reader might have about the subject. (must answer, what,
where, when and how questions.) Ex. Textbooks, training
materials.

4. • Persuasive Writing – the goal is to share your opinion in a
thoughtful way. To actually convince the reader of a
viewpoint or idea. Aims to change the attitudes of the
reader; motivate them to take action. (Essays, Speeches or
presentation, cover letter, letter of recommendation)
• Creative Writing – relies heavily on the writer’s imaginative
skills.
Writing that expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in
an imaginative, often unique and poetic way. The goal is to
find new ways to tell stories that can surprise and delight
readers. Eg. Poetry, flash fiction

5. Sensory imagery
is a literary device writer employ to engage a reader's mind on
multiple levels. Sensory imagery explores the five human senses:
sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell.
• Imagery is a form of figurative/implied language that uses objects, actions
and ideas in such a way that it appeals to the senses.
Gustatory – engages the sense of taste
Olfactory – engages the sense of smell
Tactile – engages the sense of touch
Auditory – engages the sense of hearing
Visual – engages the sense of sight

6. Keeper of My Heart
Permit the words I write upon this page
To remain truthful, hammered into stone
All walk the path of life
But only fools attempt to walk alone.
But you and I need not accept this fate
For night’s dread purpose flees before true love.
My love for you will never fade
You are my saving rain from up above.
Our paths may wind but may never be apart
Because you are the keeper of my heart

7. 1.Cite at least three (3) specific experiences
where you were able to relate in the poem.
Write your answers in your notebook.
2.What do you mean by ---“My love for you will
never fade”? Cite an experience that
shows/proves this.
3.When can you say that someone really
keeps one’s heart? Cite an experience.
4.Interview you parent(s)/guardian(s) and ask
them how they feel about the poem? How do
they define love? Is it the same with your
own definition?

8. Write a creative essay entry
(not more than 300 words) as a
reply to the poem
“Keeper of My Heart.” Use your
knowledge about imageries to
make your essay more
descriptive. You may imagine
someone has written it for you.

9. Two types of meaning:
Connotative - is an implied meaning or the association made with a
certain word.
Denotative - is the literal meaning; standard definition of a word

10. AIR
HEIR
AFFECT
EFFECT

11. Homonyms
may be words with identical pronunciations but different spellings and
meanings. Eg., (two-too)
There are two classifications of homonyms:
• Homophones - are words of the same sound but different in spelling
and meaning, (e.g. see vs sea, cell vs sell, air vs heir)
• Homographs - are words of the same spelling but may be different in
pronunciation and in meaning (e.g. act vs. act, account vs. account,
record (n) vs. record (v))

12. What is Diction
• is the careful selection of words to communicate a message or
establish a particular voice or writing style.
Examples are the flowery figurative language that creates colorful
prose or meaning in a sentence.

13. • The trees are like a canopy protecting the road.
• The lake is as smooth as glass.
• The leaves are blanket covering the ground.
• The lake is a mirror of beauty.
• The angry wind slashed its way across the island.
• The Earth choked and coughed from all the pollution.
• “Boy, I rang that doorbell fast when I got to old Spencer’s
house”.

14. Figure of Speech
is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using
words in a distinctive way.
a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its
literal definition.

15. Types of Figures of Speech
simile – indirect comparison of two things using “like” or “as”
metaphor – direct comparison between two objects
personification – attribution of human qualities to a thing
onomatopoeia – use of words that mimic sounds

16. My Dog
His bark breaks the sound barrier
His nose is as cold as an ice box.
A wag of his tail causes hurricanes
His jumping causes falling rocks.
He eats a mountain of dog food
And drinks a water fall dry.
But though he breaks the bank
He’s the apple of my eye.

17. Hyperbole
A hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration or overstatement to
make a point. It is not meant to be taken seriously, and usually
when explored, reveals a deeper meaning. Hyperboles occur
most often in poetry, but they also appear in common clichés or
sayings.
For example, “The shot heard round the world” is a phrase used
to describe the first shot fired by the British soldiers on unarmed
Colonial citizens which began the Revolutionary War. While the
actual gunshot was not heard around the world, the implications
of that gunshot changed world history.

18. Apostrophe
An apostrophe, in figurative language, is the direct address to an
absent person, object, or abstract idea. An apostrophe is often
used to begin a poem to establish the primary subject or mood.
e.g.,
1. O holy night! The stars are brightly shining!
2. Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I need you to,"

19. Irony
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.
Also, a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted
by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
1. I posted a video on YouTube about how boring and useless
YouTube is.
2. The name of Britain’s biggest dog was “Tiny.”

20. Underline the hyperbole in sentence. Then, briefly explain its meaning.
1. The dog was nothing but fangs and claws.
2. Jim Dandy sometimes bumped his head on the moon.
3. The boy was already at the finish line before the sound from the starting pistol has faded.
Read each sentence below and underline the ones that contain irony.
1. The name of America’s biggest dog was “Tiny”.
2. I can’t wait to play basketball after school.
3. I posted a video on YouTube about how boring and useless YouTube is.
Read each sentence below and underline the word/phrase that contain apostrophe.
1. Oh, rose, how sweet you smell and how bright you look!
2. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.
3. Then come sweet death, and rid me of this grief. (Edward II, Marlowe)

21. Allusion, in literature, an implied or indirect reference to a person, event, or
thing or to a part of another text.
Example
1. I am an Einstein in the class. (Albert Einstein is the reference which
means an intelligent person)
2. I’m listening to the king.
Oxymoron is a combination of two words that contradict each other.
Examples includes bittersweet, jumbo shrimp, only choice, and sweet
sorrow, Clearly confused, Silent scream, Terribly good

22. A paradox is a statement that appears at first to be
contradictory, but upon reflection then makes
sense.
• less is more
• do the thing you think you cannot do
• you’re damned if you do and damned
if you don’t
• the enemy of my enemy is my friend
• the beginning of the end
• if you don’t risk anything, you risk
everything
• earn money by spending it
• nobody can make you feel inferior
without your consent
• The Pen is Mightier Than a Sword
• the more you give, the more you get
• living in the present for the future
• the best way out is always through
• the louder you are, the less they hear
• impossible is not a word in my
vocabulary
• the only constant is change

23. • Alliteration – repeated initial consonant sounds in multiple
words
• Assonance – repeated vowel sounds in multiple words
• Consonance – repeated consonant sounds in multiple words
• Meter: It is a unit of rhythm in poetry, the pattern of the beats.
• Onomatopoeia: It refers to the word which imitates the natural
sounds of things.

24. Vignette - defined as a short literary sketch. A short
description of an object. It normally appears as a
stand-alone piece of literature, or as a part of long
stories or stage plays. The vignette's primary
purpose is to express and vividly describe a place,
emotion, setting, person, or object, in short.
Typically, it is around 800 - 1,000 words, but in
some cases it can be under 500 words or even
shorter, especially if it is a vignette poem. It will
describe 1 or 2 scenes about a person, object,
place, etc.

25. What imagery was used on the first sentence? What other senses are present?
What sound device is present on the last sentence in example no. 1?
What figurative language is present in the vignette?
What was the diction used by the author on the given example?
1. The room was warm and stuffy, but in a comforting way. It
had the heavy but pleasing odor of musty books and old
upholstery, with an overall air of ash and cedar from the fire that
was always burning low the stone hearth, crackling and spitting
quietly. There was a patchwork blanket resting over the side of
the sunken but cozy couch, its squares tattered by the love and
wear of time. A wooden clock ticked reliably on the wall.

26. Poetry is a word composition arranged in a rhythmic pattern. It is used to
express one’s creative thoughts and feelings through a specialized and
heightened language.
Poetry has unique characteristics if compared to other forms of creative writing
which include the following:
1. It expresses creative thoughts in much briefer way than a short story and
novel.
2. It uses elements such as rhythm, imagery, verse and meter, and poetic
devices.
3. It has a musical quality.
4. It has structure.
5. It is used to express intense personal emotions and experiences.
6. The content of the poem shows the universal truth and connotes a deeper
meaning.
7. It does not use everyday language.

27. Meaning of theme and tone in poetry.
Theme is the summarized statement containing the main thought
or meaning of the poem.
Examples of theme in poem:
Love, hardships, poverty, city life, first love, loneliness, war,
country life, lost love, fear, nature.
Tone refers to the quality of the persona’s voice that expresses
the speaker’s feelings or thoughts towards the person or thing
addressed in the poem.

28. Presentation of Themes
• the feelings of the main character about the subject written about
• through the thoughts and conversations of different characters
• the experiences of the main character in the course of a literary
work
• the actions and events taking place in a narrative
Functions of Themes
• gives readers better understanding of the main character’s conflicts,
experiences, discoveries, and emotions
• gives readers an insight into how the world works or human life can
be viewed

29. Theme is the lesson about life or statement about human nature
that the poem expresses.
Tone - is a literary device that reflects the writer's attitude toward
the subject matter or audience of a literary work.

30. Essential Elements of Poetry
1. Structure – the way it is presented to the reader
• Form – appearance of words on the page reference
• Poetic Line or Line – group of words that form a single line
• Stanza – a section of a poem named for the ff. no. of line
2. Mood – atmosphere and suspense in your poem
3. Tone – refers to the quality of the persona’s voice that expresses the authors
feelings or thoughts towards the person or thing addressed in the poem.
4. Theme – summarized statement containing the main thought or meaning of the
poem
5. Poetic Device – it beautify the piece of literature; give deeper meanings to it
6. Rhyme Scheme – pattern of rhymes at the end of each line

31. Poetry has been around for centuries, beginning with bards
and messengers who used poetry to pass along news, songs
and stories as they travel from town to town. Today, we often find
poetry in songs, greeting cards, posters, gift books and a variety
of other places. Looking into the form of poetry embedded into
these things, we can observe that there are commonalities
amongst them.
They all have rhyme, rhythm and meter.

32. Conventional Poetry
Basically, a conventional or traditional poem has rhyme, rhythm
and meter. Unlike free verse poetry or the modern poetry, the
traditional or conventional form of poetry follows strict and fixed
rules. Some of these rules include:
• It has a limited number of lines.
• It has a specified meter and rhyme scheme.
• It has a definite structure.

33. Elements of Conventional Poetry
RHYME is a repetition of similar sounds in the final stressed
syllables and any following syllables of two or more words.
RHYTHM is the pattern of stressed and unstressed beats.
Rhythm is also closely associated with meter, which identifies
units of stressed and unstressed syllables. When an author
combines metrical units into a pattern, he or she creates rhythm.
METER is determined by accented (stressed) and Unaccented
(unstressed) syllables.

34. METER is determined by accented (stressed)
and Unaccented (unstressed) syllables.
English poetry employs five basic meters. You may use the guide
below to help you in identifying the meter of a poem.
1. Iambic meter (unstressed/stressed)
2. Trochaic meter (stressed/unstressed)
3. Spondaic meter, (stressed/stressed)
4. Anapestic meter (unstressed/unstressed/ stressed)
5. Dactylic meter (stressed/unstressed/unstressed)

35. TYPES OF CONVENTIONAL POETRY
1. HAIKU is a type of poetry which originated from Japan.
Traditionally, it is an unrhymed poem consisting of three lines
and seventeen (17) syllables. These poems are normally
about nature.
Example:
The autumn wind blows (5 syllables)
Calling the leaves on the ground (7 syllables)
To join him in dance (5 syllables)

36. 2. LIMERICK is a humorous poem with five lines that always
have rhyme and meter patterns: Lines 1, 2 and 5 shares the
same rhyme and lines 3 and 4 rhyme with each other.
Example:
What is a limerick Mother? A
It is a form of verse, said Brother. A
In which lines one and two B
Rhyme with five when its through, B
And three and four rhyme with each other. A

37. 3. CINQUIAN is a form of poetry that is very popular because of its
simplicity. It consists of five lines with twenty-two (22) syllables, which
comes in two, four, six, eight, and two syllables.
Line 1: 2 syllables (NOUN)
Line 2: 4 syllables (TWO ADJECTIVES)
Line 3: 6 syllables (THREE –ING WORDS)
Line 4: 8 syllables (A PHRASE)
Line 5: 2 syllables (ANOTHER WORD FOR THE NOUN)
Example:
PENGUIN
Flightless, Gentle
Swimming, Flipping, Freezing
Wandering in the cold Arctic
Soft Bird

38. 4. SONNET is a poem consisting of fourteen lines written in
iambic pentameter whose subject lies mostly about love and
nature. It introduces a problem or a question in the beginning,
and a resolution is offered after the “volta” which is the turning
point of the sonnet.
The three known forms of sonnet include:
• Italian/Petrarchan Sonnets
• Spenserian Sonnets
• English/Shakespearean Sonnets

39. 5. TANAGA is a Philippine version of Haiku. It is short but it has
measure and rhyme. It is a traditional mono-rhyming quatrain that
consists of seven syllables with the same rhyme at the end of each
line.
Tanaga poems can both be written in Filipino and English language
depending on the preferred medium of the writer.
Examples Written by Idelfonso Santos
MAHAL PALAY
Mahal na ang delata Palay siyang matino
Mahal pa’ng abri-lata Nang humangi’y yumuko
Minamahal kong sinta Ngunit muling tumayo
Nagmahal ka na rin ba? Nagkabunga ng ginto

40. 6. DIONA is a pre-Hispanic rhyming poem, which consists of three lines with
seven syllables in each line expressing a complete thought.
Examples:
Ang payong ko’y si Inay
Kapote ko si Itay
Sa maulan kong buhay
-Raymond Pambit
Lolo, huwag malulungkot
Ngayong uugod-ugod
Ako po’y inyong tungkod
-Gregorio Rodillo

41. FREE VERSE POETRY
The orientation in writing a free verse poetry is different from
conventional poetry. Free verse is a literary device that is free
from limitations of regular meter or rhythm, and does not rhyme
with fixed forms.
Even without rhythm and rhyme schemes still provide artistic
expression.
However, despite of its being “free” from rules and
restrictions, it still allows poets to use alliteration, rhyme,
cadences and rhythms to get the effects that they consider
suitable for the piece.

42. THE LINE & LINE BREAKS
A line is the basic structural component of a poem regardless if it
is conventional or free verse. A set of lines comprises the stanza
while line breaks is a poetic device that is used at the end of a
line and marks the beginning of the next line in a poem.

43. ENJAMBMENT
This is the running over of a line or thought into the next line
without a strong break or pause.
It enables the poem to move and develop coherence and to
direct the reader with regard to form and meaning.
Example:
I’m feeling rather sleepy, but
I really don’t know why I guess it
is the way the day has spun
out of control;
No pause and the idea
keep going = enjambed
Line ends and the idea
comes to a close = end
stopped

44. Direction: Create your original free verse poetry on a topic of
your choice. Use metaphor and other literary devices to make
your free verse substantial and interesting.
Cohesiveness - 10pts.
Use of literary devices - 10 pts.
Creativity - 5 pts.
Total - 25 pts.

45. You will now create your doodle name art.
Draw your name doodle a4 size bond paper
Color Harmony (Use of vivid colors) - 15pts.
Artistry (Smart use of lines and graphics) - 10pts.
Visual Impact - 5pts.
TOTAL 30pts.

46. EXPERIMENTAL POETRY
It is a product of modernist and post-modernist poetry.
It explores and emphasizes innovation.
The words follow their own form rather than standard.
Sometimes disregards rules related to language & function.
Reading experimental poetry is like listening to impromptu freestyle
jazz. The words are original, daring and sometimes stunning. The
forms are MORE ORGANIC, LOOSE AND SPONTANEOUS, as the
words are a product of the subject and the poet’s feelings as he/she
writes. The words are often the first thoughts, the best thoughts.

47. TYPOGRAPHY
Typography is the art and technique of arranging letters and text
in a way that makes the copy legible, clear and visually
appearing to the reader.
Typography involves FONT STYLE, APPEARANCE, and
STRUCTURE which aims to elicit certain emotions and convey
specific messages.

48. PROSE POETRY
Prose poetry shares with prose the characteristics of being
written in sentences and paragraphs. In short, prose poetry is a
poetry that is not composed in verse but contains other poetic
qualities like rhythm, figures of speech, voice and tone as well as
mood and atmosphere.

49. MY DREAM
By Terry McArdle
My name is Terry. I’m from Ireland where the grass is so
green and the countryside is so breathtaking.
I came to the US in September of 1992 for a vacation
because I was curious. I decided to go home and get a job to
make more money to come back to the States. My ambition was
to get more out of life.
The States has a lot of opportunity for young people. It
gave me the inspiration to be around people who were able to
read and write. I wanted to help myself. It was a great experience
to have help with my reading and writing.

50. CONCRETE POETRY
Is a form of poetry that deploys visual and typographical effects,
like the shape of words, letters or symbols as they appear on the
page as an image, It is also known as SHAPED VERSE, VISUAL
POETRY OR PATTERNED POETRY.

52. PERFORMANCE POETRY
This is a post-modern art form, a hybrid genre that combines
literary and dramatic elements. The performance poetry utilizes
the theatrical stage as if it were the printed page. Performance
poetry as a literary cum dramatic movement is also known as
SPOKEN WORD OR POETRY SLAM.

53. 2nd Quarter
Q2 – Module 1: Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary
devices in drama

54. Identify the various elements, techniques,
and literary devices in drama:
Directions: Arrange the jumbled letter to identify the words that are relevant to our
topic. Definitions will help you to determine the hidden words. Write your answers
on your answer sheet.

55. What is Drama?
• Drama in literature refers to the performance of written dialogue and
stage action. It’s a literary genre that allows actors to act out a
writer’s words directly to an audience.
• It is a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or
pantomime a story involving conflict or contrast of character,
especially one intended to be acted on the stage.
• It is a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and
performance. It is one of the literary genres, which is an imitation of
some action. Drama is also a type of a play written for theater,
television, radio, and film.

56. Different Types of Literary Drama
Comedy/ies are usually humorous plays which uses clever wordplay or
turns of phrase.
Farce is a comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and
typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable
situations.
Melodrama is a dramatic work wherein the plot, which is typically
sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes
precedence over detailed characterization. Melodramas typically
concentrate on dialogue, which is often bombastic or excessively
sentimental, rather than action.

57. Musical drama is an opera in which the musical and dramatic elements
are equally important; the music is appropriate to the action. opera - a
drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment
and an orchestral overture and interludes.
Tragedy is a genre of story in which a hero is brought down by his/her
own flaws, usually by ordinary human flaws – flaws like greed, over-
ambition, or even an excess of love, honor, or loyalty.
Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and
comic forms. Most often seen in dramatic literature, the term can
describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to
lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending

58. Understanding Intertextuality as a Technique
of Drama
What is Intertextuality?
• Intertextuality is a word coined by a French linguist, Julia Kristeva.
• Her notion of Intertextuality refers to the literal and effective
presence in a text of another text.
• Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It is
the interconnection between similar or related works of literature
that reflect and influence an audience's interpretation of the text.

59. “When writers borrow from previous texts, their work acquires layers
of meaning. In addition, when a text is read in the light of another text,
all the assumptions and effects of the other text give a new meaning
and influence the way of interpreting the original text.”
• Intertextuality is when a text implicitly and explicitly refers to another
text, by using common or recognizable elements of the referenced
text.
An implicit reference is when the composer alludes to another text
through ideas, symbols, genre or style.
An explicit reference is when the composer directly mentions quotes or
references another text in their work.

60. Different Types of Intertextuality
1. Allusion is a subtle or indirect reference to another text, historical
period or religious belief.
2. Parody is an imitation of another text for satirical purpose, usually
to mock.
3. Quotation is a direct reference to another text with an
acknowledgement of its composer.
4. Appropriation is a reworking or the reimagination of a well-known
text to change or extend its meaning.
5. Adaptation is a film, TV drama or stage play that is based on a
written work.

61. Critiquing Time! Directions: Using the template below, write your comments and
observations on the intertextuality used in each literary pieces. Answer the following
questions. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Watch/ listen to song of Katy Perry entitled “Roar” and answer the following
questions:
1. What is the song is about?
2. What does the line “eye of the tiger” mean in Katty Perry’s song?
Watch/ listen to Survivor’s 1980s music video “Eye of the Tiger” and answer
the following questions:
1. How does this video inform your understanding of Katy Perry’s song Roar?
2. In what ways does this song change your understanding of Katy Perry’s
song?

62. Conceptualizing character, setting and plot for
a one-act play
Characters. People who take part in the story who do the action in
the story and represent of a person in the story
Setting. The time and location in which a story takes place
Plot.The plot is the logical arrangement of events in a story or play. The
plot is a organized. logical series of events having a beginning, middle,
and end.
Play. usually consisting mostly of dialogue between characters and
intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading.

63. Nature of a one-act play
• A one-act play is a play that has only one act, as distinct from plays
that occur over several acts.
• One-act plays may consist of one or more scenes.
• In recent years, the 10-minute play known as "flash drama" has
emerged as a popular sub-genre of the one-act play, especially in
writing competitions.
• The origin of the one-act play may be traced to the very beginning of
drama: in ancient Greece, Cyclops, a satyr play by Euripides, is an
early example.
• One-Act Play, very popular in the 20th century

64. • Percival Wilde defines the one-act play as “an orderly representation
of life, arousing emotion in an audience” (Wilde 41).
• Bernard Grebanier provides this definition: “A one-act play is an
elaboration of a single, significant incident” (Grebanier 172).
• The playing time of a one-act is about twenty to sixty minutes, the
playwright has the challenge of creating an engaging plot, enticing
characters, and resolution to the conflict in a relatively short amount
of time.

65. A one-act play must have the following
characteristics and components:
• The story must revolve around, or focus on one event.
• The action of the play should move fairly quickly. There is no time to have a
lengthy introduction. Introduce characters and conflict fairly early on in the action
of the play.
• The characters should be limited to two to seven, with one clear main character.
• Make your characters believable, but interesting!
• Create a setting that is realistic in regards to the characters and plot. The setting
can be very detailed or discussed minimally, always in italics.
• The playing time or read-through time of the play should be between twenty and
sixty minutes.
• The play should be entertaining and engaging, with some element of suspense.

66. Characters in one- act play
A play presents us directly with scenes which are based on
people’s actions and interactions, characters play a dominant role in
this genre and therefore deserve close attention. The characters in
plays can generally be divided into major characters and minor
characters, depending on how important they are for the plot. A good
indicator as to whether a character is major or minor is the amount of
time and speech as well as presence on stage he or she is allocated.

67. In play, characters can be:
• Protagonist – the chief figure who struggles against opposing forces
• Antagonist – the force, most often another character, that opposes
the protagonist
• Dynamic Character – one whose attitudes and values are affected by
the events in the story
• Flat Character – a character having only a single trait or quality
• Round Character – a multi-dimensional or a complex character
• Static Character – one whose personality, attitudes, and beliefs
remain fixed, no matter what kinds of situations he encounters

68. Setting in one- act play
• Setting is an environment or surrounding in which an event or story
takes place. It may provide particular information about placement
and timing.
• Setting could be simply descriptive, like a lonely cottage on a
mountain. Social conditions, historical time, geographical locations,
weather, immediate surroundings, and timing are all different aspects
of setting.

69. Two types of Setting
• Backdrop setting emerges when it is not important for a story, and it could
happen in any setting. For instance, A. A. Milne’s story Winnie-the-Pooh
could take place in any type of setting.
• Integral Setting is when the place and time influences the theme,
character, and action of a story. This type of setting controls the characters.
By confining a certain character to a particular setting, the writer defines
the character.
Beatrix Potter’s short story The Tail of Peter Rabbit is an example of integral
setting, in which the behavior of Peter becomes an integral part of the
setting.
Another good example of this type of setting can be seen in E. B. White’s
novel Charlotte’s Web.

70. Plot in one- act play
• The plot is the logical arrangement of events in a story or play. The
plot is a organized. logical series of events having a beginning, middle,
and end.

71. Kinds of Plot
In literature, a linear plot begins at a certain point, moves through a series of
events to a climax and then ends up at another point. Also known as the plot structure of
Aristotle, it is possible to represent a linear plot line with the drawing of an arc.
The primary advantage of using a linear plot is that the reader knows, or at least
has an idea, of where the plot goes next, and the reader is guaranteed to get a beginning
and ending.
a) Introduction - The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is
revealed.
b) Rising Action - This is where the events in the story become complicated and the
conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax).
c) Climax - This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The
reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?
d) Falling action - The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader
knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events
between climax and denouement).
e) Denouement - This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.

72. Modular Plot is a nonlinear narrative, disjointed narrative or disrupted
narrative is a narrative technique, sometimes used in literature, film,
hypertext websites and other narratives, where events are portrayed,
for example out of chronological order, or in other ways where the
narrative does not follow the direct causality pattern of the events
featured, such as parallel distinctive plot lines, dream immersions or
narrating another story inside the main plot-line. It is often used to
mimic the structure and recall of human memory, but has been applied
for other reasons as well.
It is a story that does not follow a linear narrative. That is, it
doesn’t move in a chronological order, instead jumping around within
the story or between different stories. Sometimes, the different
sections don’t even feature the same characters or world. Instead, they
are united by thematic meaning.

73. Episodic Plot is made up of a series of chapters or stories linked
together by the same character, place, or theme but held apart by their
individual plot, purpose, and subtext.

74. Writing one scene for one-act play applying the
various elements, techniques and literary devices
Throughout the history of drama, the architecture of stages has influenced
the style of drama and vice versa.
What is Staging?
Staging refers to the performance of a drama or play in a stage. The
stage is the area where the actors perform, and it is usually a raised
platform. It is essential to understand how to explore different staging
modalities vis-a-vis envisioning the script because these give great impact to
the performance. Thus, the mode of the stage must be fit to the script or
kind of drama or play.
Staging is the position of the acting area in relation to the audience.
The Acting area is the part of the available space occupied by the set and
used by the actors when acting.

75. Types of Staging Modalities
A proscenium is the stage of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• It is also known as picture frame stage since the audience sits in rows facing the stage and they could
watch the play as it would regard a large moving picture in a frame just like in cinemas.
• This is considered as the traditional. It is a type of staging wherein a curtain underlines the division of
the actors and the audience.
• In this type of modality, the stage is illuminated during the performance while the audience remained
dark. The audience are not disturbed during the play which makes this staging modality successful in
giving real-life illusions during the performance.
• This type of stage, gives everyone in the audience a good view because the performers need only focus
on one direction rather than continually moving around the stage to give a good view from all sides.

76. A traverse stage is a form of theatrical in which the audience is
predominantly on two sides of the stage, facing towards each other.
The stage is also commonly known as an 'alley' or 'corridor stage’.
• It is a type of staging modality wherein the audience are sitting on the
sides of the stage, facing each other just like in a fashion catwalk. This
type is appropriate for confrontation scenes but needs dynamic fast-
paced entrances.

77. • A thrust theatre stage is known by its arrangement which consists of
being surrounded by audience on three sides. The Fourth side serves
as the background.
Often the playing area is of square or rectangular shape, usually raised
and surrounded by raked seating.

78. • An End stage is the same as the Thrust stage but in this case the
audience is located only on the front of the stage and doesn’t extend
around it. “Backstage” is behind the background wall. There is no real
wing space to the sides, although there may be entrances there. An
example of a modern end is a music hall, where the background walls
surround the playing space on three sides. Like a thrust stage, scenery
primarily background.

79. • An Arena stage is characterized by a central stage surrounded by
audience on all sides. The stage area is also often raised to improve
sightlines.

80. • Flexible theatre also called as a “Black Box” theatre, these are often
big empty boxes painted black inside. Stage and seating not fixed.
Instead, each can be altered to suit the needs of the play or the whim
of the director.

81. Considerations in writing a one-act play
The following steps in writing a one-act play is published at
penandthepad.com by (Contributor 2018):
1. Choose a subject to cover in a brief one act play. A short story
works best. Remember to give the one act play the necessary plot,
action and characters to make it a complete story. Research other
one act plays (http://www.one-act-plays.com/) to get ideas and
inspiration for yours.
2. Develop the action first, then compose the dialog before you decide
anything else. Keep the plot simple for a one act play and it should
move consistently throughout the play.

82. 3. Develop the characters. Write out a character sketch beforehand to
help you flesh out your characters and bring them to life. Give your
characters a motive in life (or lack thereof) and up the stakes by
making them face a problem. This is central to any story.
4. Generate the setting. The setting for a one act play will be one
scene, but you have to still develop the scene so the audience sees
everything about the story line. Include as many of the five senses
as you can. Lighting helps the setting. Make sure you write in notes
about how the lighting should look.
5. Add in the stage directions after you write the action. Write notes
about how each character should respond and what props you'll
need. For example, if the characters should be facing another
direction and talking to another character, note it in the script.
6. Find performers that fit each part.

83. 7. Make copies of the play for each cast member. Save the document
in case you need extra copies. Give copies of the one act play to
each member of the stage and prop handling too.
8. Practice the play. Ask for feedback from all the people involved in
the play.