This document provides information on flavor enhancers and stabilizers used in foods. It discusses flavor, common flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate, and techniques for analyzing flavors like gas chromatography. It also defines food stabilizers, provides examples like alginates and agar, describes general confirmatory tests, and discusses applications such as preventing emulsions from separating.
Detection of dilution_and_threshold_in_relation_to_food_productshubh_0712
This document discusses threshold tests and dilution tests used in sensory evaluation of foods. Threshold tests measure the minimum concentration of a stimulus that can be detected. There are different types of thresholds including detection, recognition, and terminal saturation thresholds. Dilution tests establish the smallest amount of an unknown substance that can be detected when mixed with a standard product. The document provides details on preparing solutions, number of solutions, and factors that can influence test results like age, sex, and sensitivity. It concludes that these tests are useful for analyzing complex foods and establishing minimum differences in flavors.
Flavor is a combination of taste and aroma. Flavor encapsulation is a technology that coats or entraps flavor compounds within another material so they can be released at controlled rates under specific conditions. The coating material, or shell, protects the inner core material and allows controlled release. Common shell materials include carbohydrates, proteins, and gums. Microencapsulation preserves high value flavor compounds, provides protection and shelf life, and allows controlled flavor release for excellent flavor profiles in foods and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing lipids in foods. It describes the properties of lipids and how they are classified. Several common extraction and analytical techniques are covered, including solvent extraction methods like Soxhlet extraction, and nonsolvent wet methods like the Babcock method for analyzing milk fat. Accurate lipid analysis is important for nutritional labeling and quality control of food products.
Ultra High Temperature Processing of Food ProductsSourabh Bhartia
The document discusses ultra high temperature (UHT) processing of food products. UHT processing involves heating food to 135°C for 2-5 seconds to kill microorganisms and spores. This allows for longer shelf life without refrigeration. There are two main methods - direct heating which applies steam directly to the food, and indirect heating which uses a partition between the food and steam. Indirect heating includes plate heat exchangers, tubular heat exchangers, and scraped surface heat exchangers. UHT processing offers benefits like longer shelf life and packaging flexibility but requires complex sterile processing equipment.
The document summarizes a seminar on active and intelligent packaging presented by Bhavesh Datla. It discusses various types of active packaging systems that interact with the internal environment of the package, such as oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide emitters/absorbers, ethylene absorbers, and moisture absorbers. It also describes intelligent packaging systems containing indicators that provide information on the history or quality of food, including sensors to detect gases, ripeness, temperature, or tampering. The seminar provided an overview of these emerging packaging technologies and their potential to extend shelf life and ensure food safety.
This document discusses various unit operations involved in food processing. It describes 12 key unit operations - material handling, cleaning, separating, size reduction, fluid flow, mixing, membrane processing, blanching, heat transfer, concentration, drying and packaging. For each operation, it provides details on the types of equipment used and objectives. It notes that most food processing involves a combination of these unit operations with complex controls to ensure each operation functions properly. The document serves to provide an overview of the main unit operations that make up food processing.
Spices are added to food in small amounts but contribute significantly to sensory qualities through volatile and fixed oils. Quality testing of spices includes determining moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, volatile oils, non-volatile ether extract, crude fiber, and extraneous matter. Standard methods such as Dean-Stark distillation and Karl Fischer titration are used to precisely measure components in a repeatable and reproducible manner for quality assessment, detection of adulteration, and facilitation of spice trade.
This document provides information on flavor enhancers and stabilizers used in foods. It discusses flavor, common flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate, and techniques for analyzing flavors like gas chromatography. It also defines food stabilizers, provides examples like alginates and agar, describes general confirmatory tests, and discusses applications such as preventing emulsions from separating.
Detection of dilution_and_threshold_in_relation_to_food_productshubh_0712
This document discusses threshold tests and dilution tests used in sensory evaluation of foods. Threshold tests measure the minimum concentration of a stimulus that can be detected. There are different types of thresholds including detection, recognition, and terminal saturation thresholds. Dilution tests establish the smallest amount of an unknown substance that can be detected when mixed with a standard product. The document provides details on preparing solutions, number of solutions, and factors that can influence test results like age, sex, and sensitivity. It concludes that these tests are useful for analyzing complex foods and establishing minimum differences in flavors.
Flavor is a combination of taste and aroma. Flavor encapsulation is a technology that coats or entraps flavor compounds within another material so they can be released at controlled rates under specific conditions. The coating material, or shell, protects the inner core material and allows controlled release. Common shell materials include carbohydrates, proteins, and gums. Microencapsulation preserves high value flavor compounds, provides protection and shelf life, and allows controlled flavor release for excellent flavor profiles in foods and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing lipids in foods. It describes the properties of lipids and how they are classified. Several common extraction and analytical techniques are covered, including solvent extraction methods like Soxhlet extraction, and nonsolvent wet methods like the Babcock method for analyzing milk fat. Accurate lipid analysis is important for nutritional labeling and quality control of food products.
Ultra High Temperature Processing of Food ProductsSourabh Bhartia
The document discusses ultra high temperature (UHT) processing of food products. UHT processing involves heating food to 135°C for 2-5 seconds to kill microorganisms and spores. This allows for longer shelf life without refrigeration. There are two main methods - direct heating which applies steam directly to the food, and indirect heating which uses a partition between the food and steam. Indirect heating includes plate heat exchangers, tubular heat exchangers, and scraped surface heat exchangers. UHT processing offers benefits like longer shelf life and packaging flexibility but requires complex sterile processing equipment.
The document summarizes a seminar on active and intelligent packaging presented by Bhavesh Datla. It discusses various types of active packaging systems that interact with the internal environment of the package, such as oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide emitters/absorbers, ethylene absorbers, and moisture absorbers. It also describes intelligent packaging systems containing indicators that provide information on the history or quality of food, including sensors to detect gases, ripeness, temperature, or tampering. The seminar provided an overview of these emerging packaging technologies and their potential to extend shelf life and ensure food safety.
This document discusses various unit operations involved in food processing. It describes 12 key unit operations - material handling, cleaning, separating, size reduction, fluid flow, mixing, membrane processing, blanching, heat transfer, concentration, drying and packaging. For each operation, it provides details on the types of equipment used and objectives. It notes that most food processing involves a combination of these unit operations with complex controls to ensure each operation functions properly. The document serves to provide an overview of the main unit operations that make up food processing.
Spices are added to food in small amounts but contribute significantly to sensory qualities through volatile and fixed oils. Quality testing of spices includes determining moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, volatile oils, non-volatile ether extract, crude fiber, and extraneous matter. Standard methods such as Dean-Stark distillation and Karl Fischer titration are used to precisely measure components in a repeatable and reproducible manner for quality assessment, detection of adulteration, and facilitation of spice trade.
This document provides an overview of flavours used in food industries. It discusses the history and classification of flavours, as well as methods for producing natural flavours through extraction, distillation, and biotechnology. It also covers techniques for producing artificial flavours synthetically. The document aims to educate readers on the various flavour manufacturing processes and categories used in food production.
The document discusses packaging for beverages in India. It covers non-carbonated beverages like fruit juices, coffee, and tea, as well as carbonated drinks. Common packaging materials include glass, metal cans, plastic bottles and aseptic cartons. Plastic is increasingly used for fruit juices due to its ability to be hot-filled and provide longer shelf life. Bag-in-box systems are also used for some beverages. The document outlines factors to consider for different beverage types like acidity, enzymes, and oxygen permeability.
Water activity is the moisture content of the food which is available for microbial growth.By controlling water activity the food can be preserved for longer duration
Titratable acidity and Total Soluble Solidsbenitoo
Titratable acidity and total soluble solids are measurements used to analyze foods and beverages. Titratable acidity is determined by neutralizing acid in a food sample with sodium hydroxide and measuring the amount needed. Total soluble solids measures the sugar content using a refractometer and is expressed as degrees Brix, which corresponds to the percentage of sucrose. These measurements are important for determining food quality factors like juice content in fruits.
The document discusses the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), which measures the apparent viscosity of starch-containing suspensions and flour/water mixtures under controlled heating and cooling conditions. It works by rapidly heating a sample in an aluminum container surrounded by a paddle until gelatinization, then cooling to observe setback. A pasting curve of viscosity over temperature and time is generated. The RVA provides a rapid viscosity profile in 13 minutes and is useful for applications in starches, milling, baking, malting, brewing, foods, dairy, and ingredients. Approved methods utilize the RVA to determine properties of rice, oats, wheat, and measure alpha-amylase activity. The stirring number method indirectly measures alpha
The document summarizes a student's presentation on determining the wet gluten content of wheat. It outlines the aim to test wheat gluten levels, describes the apparatus and reagents used including brine solution and flour samples, and explains the principle that a brine solution is used to obtain insoluble gluten protein. It then details the procedure of mixing flour with brine, washing away starch and soluble proteins, and weighing the residue of gluten to determine percentage. The results are interpreted based on standard levels, and the conclusion is that the wet gluten test provides information on wheat's protein quantity and quality required by the food industry.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
Aseptic packaging involves sterilizing products and packaging materials under sterile conditions to prevent contamination and extend shelf life without refrigeration. It allows foods to be stored at ambient temperatures for months. The key aspects are pre-sterilizing the product using techniques like UHT and sterilizing packaging materials using methods like heat, chemicals, or radiation. Filled packages are then sealed quickly to maintain sterility. Common packaging types for aseptic storage include cartons, bags, bottles and cans. Aseptic packaging provides benefits like convenience, food safety, long shelf life and nutrient retention compared to canning.
The document discusses various methods for refining fats and oils, including chemical refining, physical refining, miscella refining, and the Zenith process. Chemical refining uses an alkaline solution to saponify free fatty acids and is the most commonly used method. Physical refining uses steam stripping under vacuum to remove free fatty acids and other impurities. Miscella refining involves refining crude oil prior to solvent stripping in a solvent extraction plant. The Zenith process passes oil droplets down a column of sodium hydroxide solution and consists of acid treatment, neutralization, and bleaching steps.
Butter is made by churning cream to separate the butterfat globules. The document discusses the definition, history, properties, classification, manufacturing process, packaging and storage of butter. It defines butter as a concentrate containing at least 80% milk fat obtained by churning cream. The manufacturing process involves receiving milk, separating cream, standardizing, pasteurizing, churning, ripening, packaging and storage. Butter can be classified based on storage, manufacturing practice, acidity of cream and salt content.
High pressure processing is a non-thermal food processing technique that uses high pressures, usually between 100-1000 MPa, to inactivate microorganisms and extend the shelf life of foods. It has minimal effects on taste, texture, color, and nutrients of foods. HPP is being used commercially for products like guacamole, sliced meats, seafood, juices, and dairy to kill pathogens and spoilage microbes while maintaining quality. The high pressure is applied uniformly from all directions using a pressure vessel filled with water, which compresses the packaged foods within minutes and safely destroys microbes without heat.
The document discusses the determination of ash content in food samples. Ash content measures the total amount of minerals present and is determined by heating the sample in a muffle furnace to incinerate organic compounds and leave only the inorganic ash. The procedure involves weighing the dried sample, incinerating it using an electric heater and then a muffle furnace at 550-650°C for 5-6 hours, cooling the sample, and weighing it again to calculate the percentage of ash content using the formula: Ash Content (%) = Weight of ash / Total weight of sample × 100.
This document discusses flavor absorption by plastic packaging materials. It finds that polyolefins like LLDPE and PP absorb flavors to a much higher degree than polyesters like PC, PET, and PEN. Absorption is influenced by properties of the polymer like glass transition temperature and crystallinity, as well as properties of the flavor molecule like concentration, polarity, and molecular size. Higher temperatures increase absorption for all materials. Polyesters are preferred over polyolefins for packaging due to their much lower absorption.
Active packaging incorporates additives into packaging films or containers to maintain and extend the shelf life of food products. It includes oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide generators, ethylene scavengers, and antimicrobial agents. Oxygen scavengers prevent food spoilage by chemically removing oxygen from packages through reactions with iron, ascorbic acid, or unsaturated fatty acids. Carbon dioxide generators and ethylene scavengers inhibit microbial growth and ripening to preserve freshness. Antimicrobial packaging prevents microbial growth through the release of compounds like ethanol or silver ions. Active packaging technologies are expected to grow significantly due to consumer demand for premium, safe, and convenient packaged foods.
This document provides information on analyzing lipids, fats, and oils. It defines important terms like ester, fatty acid, and glycerides. It discusses the importance of accurate lipid analysis in foods. The key steps outlined for lipid estimation include sample preparation through predrying, particle size reduction, and acid hydrolysis. Important solvent properties and commonly used solvents like ethyl ether and petroleum ether are explained. Extraction methods covered include continuous extraction with the Goldfish method, semi-continuous extraction with the Soxhlet method, and discontinuous extraction with the Mojonnier method.
BAKERY AND CONFECTIONERY TECHNOLOGY notesMohit Jindal
This document provides an overview of the contents and topics covered in a course on Bakery and Confectionery Technology. The key topics discussed include:
- Raw materials used in bakery products like flour, sugar, shortening, yeast, and leavening agents. The roles and specifications of these raw materials are outlined.
- Manufacturing processes for various bakery products like bread, biscuits, cakes, and other products. Methods for preparation, quality evaluation, and causes of staling are addressed.
- Introduction to confectionery products, ingredients, and industry. Classification of confectionery and details about common sweeteners are provided.
- Layout, hygienic conditions,
The document presents analytical testing methods for alcoholic beverages as established by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). It begins with an introduction to FSSAI's regulations for alcoholic beverages and lists common types of alcoholic beverages. The main part of the document outlines 11 specific analytical testing methods prescribed by FSSAI to test alcoholic beverages for various quality parameters like ethyl alcohol content, residue, total acidity, volatile acids, esters, and contaminants. Each testing method is described in detail including required equipment, reagents, procedures, and calculations.
This document provides an overview of flavours used in food industries. It discusses the history and classification of flavours, as well as methods for producing natural flavours through extraction, distillation, and biotechnology. It also covers techniques for producing artificial flavours synthetically. The document aims to educate readers on the various flavour manufacturing processes and categories used in food production.
The document discusses packaging for beverages in India. It covers non-carbonated beverages like fruit juices, coffee, and tea, as well as carbonated drinks. Common packaging materials include glass, metal cans, plastic bottles and aseptic cartons. Plastic is increasingly used for fruit juices due to its ability to be hot-filled and provide longer shelf life. Bag-in-box systems are also used for some beverages. The document outlines factors to consider for different beverage types like acidity, enzymes, and oxygen permeability.
Water activity is the moisture content of the food which is available for microbial growth.By controlling water activity the food can be preserved for longer duration
Titratable acidity and Total Soluble Solidsbenitoo
Titratable acidity and total soluble solids are measurements used to analyze foods and beverages. Titratable acidity is determined by neutralizing acid in a food sample with sodium hydroxide and measuring the amount needed. Total soluble solids measures the sugar content using a refractometer and is expressed as degrees Brix, which corresponds to the percentage of sucrose. These measurements are important for determining food quality factors like juice content in fruits.
The document discusses the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), which measures the apparent viscosity of starch-containing suspensions and flour/water mixtures under controlled heating and cooling conditions. It works by rapidly heating a sample in an aluminum container surrounded by a paddle until gelatinization, then cooling to observe setback. A pasting curve of viscosity over temperature and time is generated. The RVA provides a rapid viscosity profile in 13 minutes and is useful for applications in starches, milling, baking, malting, brewing, foods, dairy, and ingredients. Approved methods utilize the RVA to determine properties of rice, oats, wheat, and measure alpha-amylase activity. The stirring number method indirectly measures alpha
The document summarizes a student's presentation on determining the wet gluten content of wheat. It outlines the aim to test wheat gluten levels, describes the apparatus and reagents used including brine solution and flour samples, and explains the principle that a brine solution is used to obtain insoluble gluten protein. It then details the procedure of mixing flour with brine, washing away starch and soluble proteins, and weighing the residue of gluten to determine percentage. The results are interpreted based on standard levels, and the conclusion is that the wet gluten test provides information on wheat's protein quantity and quality required by the food industry.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
Aseptic packaging involves sterilizing products and packaging materials under sterile conditions to prevent contamination and extend shelf life without refrigeration. It allows foods to be stored at ambient temperatures for months. The key aspects are pre-sterilizing the product using techniques like UHT and sterilizing packaging materials using methods like heat, chemicals, or radiation. Filled packages are then sealed quickly to maintain sterility. Common packaging types for aseptic storage include cartons, bags, bottles and cans. Aseptic packaging provides benefits like convenience, food safety, long shelf life and nutrient retention compared to canning.
The document discusses various methods for refining fats and oils, including chemical refining, physical refining, miscella refining, and the Zenith process. Chemical refining uses an alkaline solution to saponify free fatty acids and is the most commonly used method. Physical refining uses steam stripping under vacuum to remove free fatty acids and other impurities. Miscella refining involves refining crude oil prior to solvent stripping in a solvent extraction plant. The Zenith process passes oil droplets down a column of sodium hydroxide solution and consists of acid treatment, neutralization, and bleaching steps.
Butter is made by churning cream to separate the butterfat globules. The document discusses the definition, history, properties, classification, manufacturing process, packaging and storage of butter. It defines butter as a concentrate containing at least 80% milk fat obtained by churning cream. The manufacturing process involves receiving milk, separating cream, standardizing, pasteurizing, churning, ripening, packaging and storage. Butter can be classified based on storage, manufacturing practice, acidity of cream and salt content.
High pressure processing is a non-thermal food processing technique that uses high pressures, usually between 100-1000 MPa, to inactivate microorganisms and extend the shelf life of foods. It has minimal effects on taste, texture, color, and nutrients of foods. HPP is being used commercially for products like guacamole, sliced meats, seafood, juices, and dairy to kill pathogens and spoilage microbes while maintaining quality. The high pressure is applied uniformly from all directions using a pressure vessel filled with water, which compresses the packaged foods within minutes and safely destroys microbes without heat.
The document discusses the determination of ash content in food samples. Ash content measures the total amount of minerals present and is determined by heating the sample in a muffle furnace to incinerate organic compounds and leave only the inorganic ash. The procedure involves weighing the dried sample, incinerating it using an electric heater and then a muffle furnace at 550-650°C for 5-6 hours, cooling the sample, and weighing it again to calculate the percentage of ash content using the formula: Ash Content (%) = Weight of ash / Total weight of sample × 100.
This document discusses flavor absorption by plastic packaging materials. It finds that polyolefins like LLDPE and PP absorb flavors to a much higher degree than polyesters like PC, PET, and PEN. Absorption is influenced by properties of the polymer like glass transition temperature and crystallinity, as well as properties of the flavor molecule like concentration, polarity, and molecular size. Higher temperatures increase absorption for all materials. Polyesters are preferred over polyolefins for packaging due to their much lower absorption.
Active packaging incorporates additives into packaging films or containers to maintain and extend the shelf life of food products. It includes oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide generators, ethylene scavengers, and antimicrobial agents. Oxygen scavengers prevent food spoilage by chemically removing oxygen from packages through reactions with iron, ascorbic acid, or unsaturated fatty acids. Carbon dioxide generators and ethylene scavengers inhibit microbial growth and ripening to preserve freshness. Antimicrobial packaging prevents microbial growth through the release of compounds like ethanol or silver ions. Active packaging technologies are expected to grow significantly due to consumer demand for premium, safe, and convenient packaged foods.
This document provides information on analyzing lipids, fats, and oils. It defines important terms like ester, fatty acid, and glycerides. It discusses the importance of accurate lipid analysis in foods. The key steps outlined for lipid estimation include sample preparation through predrying, particle size reduction, and acid hydrolysis. Important solvent properties and commonly used solvents like ethyl ether and petroleum ether are explained. Extraction methods covered include continuous extraction with the Goldfish method, semi-continuous extraction with the Soxhlet method, and discontinuous extraction with the Mojonnier method.
BAKERY AND CONFECTIONERY TECHNOLOGY notesMohit Jindal
This document provides an overview of the contents and topics covered in a course on Bakery and Confectionery Technology. The key topics discussed include:
- Raw materials used in bakery products like flour, sugar, shortening, yeast, and leavening agents. The roles and specifications of these raw materials are outlined.
- Manufacturing processes for various bakery products like bread, biscuits, cakes, and other products. Methods for preparation, quality evaluation, and causes of staling are addressed.
- Introduction to confectionery products, ingredients, and industry. Classification of confectionery and details about common sweeteners are provided.
- Layout, hygienic conditions,
The document presents analytical testing methods for alcoholic beverages as established by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). It begins with an introduction to FSSAI's regulations for alcoholic beverages and lists common types of alcoholic beverages. The main part of the document outlines 11 specific analytical testing methods prescribed by FSSAI to test alcoholic beverages for various quality parameters like ethyl alcohol content, residue, total acidity, volatile acids, esters, and contaminants. Each testing method is described in detail including required equipment, reagents, procedures, and calculations.
Standardization of herbal drugs involves physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological methods. Physical methods include determining viscosity, melting point, solubility, moisture content, and ash values. Chemical methods involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, and oils. Biological assays test for effects on microbes, tissues, or animals. Toxicological analysis checks for pesticide, heavy metal, and radioactive contamination as well as aflatoxins. Together, these techniques provide a standardized profile for identifying herbal drugs and ensuring their quality and purity.
CHI Limited is a food and beverage company in Nigeria that produces products such as fruit juices, dairy products, and snacks. The presentation discusses CHI Limited's quality assurance processes, including testing raw materials and finished products for parameters like pH, acidity, and brix. Areas of assignment for industrial training include the QA laboratory, production department, and utility section. Quality control aims to ensure products meet requirements and are dependable. Recommendations include encouraging more organizations to participate in student internship programs.
This document provides a manual for analyzing oils and fats. It begins by describing oils and fats as important parts of the human diet and food products. It then discusses the types of oils and fats, including standards for 24 vegetable oils and animal fats such as butter and lard. The document provides procedures for preparing test samples of both liquid and solid oils and fats. It outlines several methods for analyzing the properties of oils and fats, including determining moisture content, specific gravity, refractive index, flash point, color, melting point, saponification value, acid value, iodine value, and fatty acid composition.
This document describes experiments to determine the alcohol content and titratable acidity of an alcoholic beverage. For acidity, the beverage was titrated with sodium hydroxide and the results were used to calculate the percentage of acetic acid as 0.1904%. For alcohol content, an ebulliometer was used to measure the boiling point of the sample, with results of 3.5% and 3.8% alcohol, and a mean of 3.65%. An ebulliometer works by measuring the change in boiling point temperature caused by the presence of alcohol.
In this slide contains Study of Quality of Raw Materials and General methods of analysis of Raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BSI
Presented by: P.PAVAN KALYAN (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
This document discusses standardization of herbal medicines. It explains that standardization of herbal medicines is needed to ensure quality and efficacy. The document then describes several parameters used in standardization of herbal raw materials (simplisia), including moisture content determination, total ash content determination, acid-insoluble ash determination, water soluble extract content determination, and ethanol soluble extract content determination. The standardization process aims to obtain raw materials that are consistent in quality and can guarantee the pharmacological effects of the plants.
The document describes how to calibrate and use a pH meter to measure the pH of samples. It explains that the pH meter must be calibrated using buffer solutions of known pH before taking measurements. The process involves inserting the electrode into the buffer solutions, allowing the reading to stabilize, and calibrating the meter at pH points of 7.0, 4.2, and 9.6. Once calibrated, the electrode can be rinsed and inserted into samples to measure and record the pH values. Accurately measuring pH is important for various industrial and laboratory applications.
refractive index, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, alcohol content, fineness of the particles, saponification value, Acid value, iodine value, Reducing sugars, quantitative inorganic analysis, loss on drying, determination of ash value.
The document provides details about Narjis Fatima's internship at National Foods Limited from May to June 2016. It includes:
1) An introduction to National Foods Limited, which started as a spice company in 1970 and has grown to one of the largest food companies in Pakistan with over 110 products.
2) A description of the equipment used in the microbiology lab such as an autoclave, incubator, biosafety cabinet, and pH meter.
3) An overview of the daily activities performed in the microbiology lab including media preparation, sample testing using methods like total plate count, and sanitizing equipment.
This document discusses adulteration and contamination in milk. It defines adulteration as the addition of cheaper substances or removal of constituents to make extra profit. Common adulterants include water, detergents, preservatives and colors. Tests are described to detect these, such as measuring freezing point depression to detect water addition. Contaminants like antibiotics, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compounds can also be present and detected using specific chemical tests. The document also outlines standards for different heat-treated milks and tests to verify treatment, including the methylene blue reduction, resazurin, and phosphatase tests.
This document describes the volumetric method used to determine the concentration of lactic acid in cow's milk. A small milk sample is diluted with water and titrated with sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein indicator. The volume of sodium hydroxide required is used to calculate the lactic acid concentration in ppm. Four milk samples are tested and the average lactic acid concentration is found to be 1137.4826 ppm, within the acceptable range set by food authorities.
- The document is a lab report analyzing the proximate composition of carcass feed ingredients and compounded feeds through a series of experiments.
- Key components analyzed include moisture, ash, protein, lipid, and crude fiber content. Standard methods like oven drying, muffle furnace incineration, Kjeldahl digestion and distillation, Soxhlet extraction, and acid/base hydrolysis are used.
- The results of these proximate analyses can help ensure the quality of aquatic life by evaluating the nutritional composition of their feeds.
1. Upon receipt, samples are assigned batch numbers and information is recorded in a database. Samples are then prepared for analysis by drying and grinding.
2. Dry matter, ash, and organic matter are determined using standard methods such as drying samples at 105°C and igniting them in a muffle furnace at 550°C. These values validate other nutritional analyses.
3. Crude protein is determined by the Kjeldahl method where samples are digested in sulfuric acid and nitrogen is distilled and titrated. Fat is extracted from samples using a Soxhlet apparatus with petrol ether.
This document describes the development of a halal testing method to differentiate gelatin from different sources using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) combined with principal component analysis. It discusses gelatin production processes, amino acid analysis methods, and the validation of the developed HPLC method. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, detection and quantitation limits to differentiate bovine, porcine, fish and other animal sources of gelatin.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate pharmaceutical ointments and determine their quality. It describes physical tests like examining appearance, measuring particle size, checking weight variation and testing absorption, penetration and drug release rates. It also covers microbiological tests to check microbial content and preservative efficacy. Specific methods are provided for particle size determination, weight variation testing, and evaluating absorption rate. The document emphasizes that these tests are important to characterize individual drug and excipient properties and how moisture can impact them.
Similar to Quality control & testing parameters in alcoholic beverage (20)
Quality control & testing parameters in alcoholic beverage
1. Quality Control & Testing Parameters in Alcoholic Beverage Production
By--
M.Rachana Sai,
Food Technology,
2. QUALITY CONTROL:
It is a process by which we can control the product quality either by chemical testing or biological identification.
It ensures in maintaining quality standards while also preserving cost efficiencies.
Well designed lab tools that trace, measure, report product quality are the key to comprehensive analytical checks.
The goal of quality control program is to ensure that all the requirements are fulfilled so that only safe foods are sent
to the customers.
The basic tools of quality control are
Ingredient specification
Product formulas & standards
Manufacturing procedures
Identification of critical control points
Good Manufacturing Practices
Laboratory Analysis
Cleaning & sanitizing
In process analysis etc.,
3. The testing parameters in quality control lab are
I. Determination of Ethyl Alcohol content
II. Determination of Residue on Evaporation
III. Determination of Total Acidity
IV. Determination of Volatile Acidity
V. Determination of Ash
VI. Determination of Higher Alcohols
VII. Determination of Aldehydes
VIII.Determination of Esters
IX. Determination of Furfural
X. Determination of Methanol
8. III Determination of Total Acidity
A.Method 1 (for colourless liquors- vodka & gin)
Take 50ml of sample and add about 200ml of neutralised distilled water.
Titrate against standard sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as
indicator.
Total acidity =
𝑉∗0.00375∗100∗1000∗2
𝑉1
Where V= volume of standard NaOH used for titration (ml)
V1=alcohol % by volume
9. B.Method 2 (for coloured liquors- wine, toddy)
Calibrate and standerdise the pH meter using the buffer solutions of pH 4, 7 & 9.2.
Take approx 100ml of dist.water in a beaker and put a magnetic bead and place the
beaker on a magnetic stirrer.
Carefully immerse the electrode of the pH meter into the water and titrate against
standard NaOH solution to pH 8.2
Now add 50ml of liquor sample to the pH adjusted water and titrate to pH 8.2
Note down the volume of NaOH required.
Total acidity =
𝑉∗0.00375∗100∗1000∗2
𝑉1
Where V= volume of standard NaOH used for titration (ml)
V1=alcohol % by volume
11. V Determination of Ash
Evaporate 100ml of the sample in a dried, tared dish on a waterbath.
Place the dish with the residue on a hot plate or on a low flame.
Heat the contents at low temperature until thoroughly charred and place the dish in the muffle furnace
maintained at 450 to 500°C for about an hour.
Cool the dish in a dessicator and weigh.
Ash content =
100(𝑊2−𝑊1)
𝑉
where 𝑊2= weight of the dish with ash in g
𝑊1=weight of the empty dish in g
V=volume of liquor taken for estimation in ml
12. VI Determination of Esters, Higher alcohols, Aldehydes, Furfural, Methanol by Gas Chromatographic
method
13. Calculate the individual component in grams per 100litres of absolute alcohol
as follows
Individual component =
𝑅2∗𝐶∗𝐷∗1000∗100∗100
𝑅1∗𝑆
Where 𝑅2 = peak ratio of respective individual component(wrto standard) to
n-pentanol for sample solution
𝑅1 = peak ratio of respective individual component(wrto standard) to
n-pentanol for standard solution
C= concentration of respective individual component to in standard
solution in g/ml
D= dilution factor for sample dilution
S= ethanol content of liquor sample in %(v/v)