This document discusses qualitative and quantitative measurement processes. For quantitative studies, conceptualization involves refining abstract constructs into theoretical definitions, while operationalization connects concepts to empirical measures through indicators. For qualitative studies, conceptualization and operationalization are intertwined with data collection and analysis, with concepts refined during this iterative process rather than predefined. Both approaches aim to link theoretical ideas to empirical observation through precise definitions and measurement techniques.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
Theory building, What Is a Theory? , What Are the Goals of Theory?, Research Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Variables, and Hypotheses, Research Concepts and Constructs, Research Propositions and Hypotheses, Understanding Theory, Verifying Theory, Theory Building, The Scientific Method
The topic is leadership in law enforcement Course Overview Secti.docxssusera34210
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Course Overview Section 1: The Application of Theory Activity 1: Theoretical Framework (10 Points) Section 2: The Theory of Management Activity 2: Validity: External, Internal, and Construct (10 Points) Section 5: Qualitative Methods Activity 5: Exploratory methods (10 Points) Section 6: Northcentral Dissertation Center Activity 6: Northcentral’s Expectation (10 Points) Section 7: Synthesis: Research Problem, Method, and Design Activity 7: Hypothetical Research Designs (10 Points) Activity 8: Signature Assignment: Research Proposal (30 Points)
Activity 1: Theoretical Framework (10 Points) Activity Resources • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Chapters 1, 3 • Cozby, P. C. (2012). Chapters 1, 2 • Northcentral University Dissertation Center • Northcentral University Concept Paper Template • Concept Paper Best Practices Main Task: Compose a Theoretical Perspective Based on your research interest, write a Theoretical Perspective section for your envisioned dissertation research. Theoretical frameworks provide a basis for the study; examples include social and psychological theories, organizational theories, leadership theories, economic theories, and educational theories.
Support your paper with a minimum of 5 resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 5-7 pages not including title and reference pages Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy. Submit your document in the Course Work area below the Activity screen. Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3 • Argue the criteria for selection of a research method. • Evaluate the differences between facts and theory, as well as concepts and variables. • Examine the use of a theoretical perspective in the design process. Section 2: The Theory of Management In this section, you will be exploring validity as it applies to measurement. It is important to understand the concept of validity early in the process of your research so that you will be able to identify your measurements as valid. The key topics for this section are Theoretical Framework and External, Internal, and Construct Validity. Required Reading: Please refer to each Activity for required readings within Activity Resources.
Activity 2: Validity: External, Internal, and Construct (10 Points) Activity Resources • Trochim, W., & Donnelly, J. (2008). Chapters 2, 3, 7 • Cozby, P. C. (2012). Chapters 4, 5 Main Task: Prepare a Validity Paper Based on your topic of interest, write a paper in which you compare and contrast the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity. In addition, please identify the threats to external and ...
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The keynote discusses the added value provided by Virtual Reality (VR) in transforming our external experience by focusing on the high level of personal efficacy and self-reflectiveness generated by their sense of presence and emotional engagement. More, it outlines the potential future use of virtuality for transforming our inner experience by structuring, altering, and/or replacing our bodily self-consciousness. The final outcome may be a new generation of transformative experiences that will open a new field - Embodied Medicine - in which the goal is not to change the physical body but the experience of the body. The possible practical application of Embodied Medicine in eating disorders and obesity is also presented and discussed
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2. The measurement process:
When we measure, we connect an invisible concepts or ideas in our
minds with a technique process with which we observe the ideas in the
empirical world.
In quantitative studies we start with abstract ideas and end with
empirical data.
In qualitative studies we mix ideas and data while gathering data.
We use two process in measurement :
conceptualization & operationalization.
3. Conceptualization:
Conceptualization is taking an abstract construct and refining it by
giving it a conceptual and theoretical definition.
Conceptualization is basically a statement of any idea in your mind in
specific world or term that are linked with others ideas and constructs.
It’s not a magical way to construct , its involve thinking carefully,
observing directly, consulting with others , reading the articles what
other said or describe and then finally trying to make possible definition
by your self with the help of old literature and observing.
the definition must be clear, explicit and have specific meaning.
Conceptualization is highly creative and produce new directions.
4. Conti…..
A single construct have several definition.
Conceptual definition linked to theoretical framework.
Some concepts are highly abstract and complex others are concrete
and simple. As a researcher we aware of how complex abstract a
construct is.
We need three things in measurement process:
a construct
a measurement
a ability to recognize what we are looking for
5. Operationalization:
The process of moving from a construct conceptual definition to
specific activities or measures that allow a researcher to observe it
empirically.
Its could be a survey, questionnaire, a method of observing events in
field setting , content analysis or any other process that reflect or
represent the abstract, construct as its expressed in the conceptual
definition.
Theory has many abstract concept, assumption and cause and effect
relationship by contrast empirical measure are very concrete action in
specific real situation with actual people and event.
6. conti…
Operationalization connect the language of theory with the language of
empirical measure.
Measures are specific to the operation we engage into indicators the
presence or absence of a construct. Its exists in concrete through
observation and techniques.
8. Quantitative conceptualization and
operationalization
Quantitative measurement procedure in a sequence first
conceptualization, next operationalization and then the collection of
data.
We link abstract ideas to measure procedure that produce information or
result in a form of numbers.
One way to do this with the rules of correspondence.
Rules of correspondence are standards that researcher use to connect
abstract constructs with measurement operation in empirical social
reality.
9. Conti…
When we measure, we link the three level together and move deductively from
the abstract to concrete.
We consider the three levels :
conceptual
operational
empirical
First, we conceptualize the variable giving it clear conceptual definition.
Next, we operationalize it by developing an operational definition or set of
indicator for it.
Lastly, we apply indicators to collect data and test empirical hypothesis.
10. Conti..
At the conceptual level we are interested in the casual relationship
between the variables that is called conceptual hypothesis.
Conceptual hypothesis: a type of hypothesis that express variable and
the relationship among them in abstract and conceptual term.
At operational level we are interested in testing empirical hypothesis.
Empirical hypothesis: determine the degree of association between
indicator. At that level we consider correlation, statistics and
questionnaire.
11. Conti…
The third level is the empirical reality of the lived social world.
At that stage we capture what is taking place in lived social world and
then relate back to the conceptual level.
Conceptualization and operationalization are necessary for each
variable.
13. Qualitative conceptualization and
operationalization
Conceptualization in qualitative:
In qualitative research we didn’t refine abstract idea early into
theoretical definition. We refine it during data collection and analysis
process.
After gather and analyze qualitative data we develop new concepts,
formulate definition for major constructs and relationship among them.
We link concept to create theocratical relationship.
14. Conti…
We form and refine concept while examine data and ask theoretical question
about the data.
We need clear definition and express them in words and description of specific
actions that linked to other ideas and are tried to data.
In qualitative research conceptualization flaws largely from the data.
15. Conti…
Operationalization in qualitative research:
In qualitative research operationalization largely involve creating a
description of how we use working ideas and concepts during
observation.
Operationalization describe how we gather data through observation
and try to understand the data as the data evolved into abstract to
concrete.
Qualitative operationalization include using preexisting techniques and
concepts that we blend with those that emerged during the data
collection.
16. Casing:
In qualitative research ideas and evidence are mutually interdependent.
This applies particularly to case study analysis.
Cases are not given before empirical units we defined it by theory and
data.
After analyzing the situation, researcher organize a data and applies
ideas to create case.
Developing cases in qualitative research is called casing.
It brings the data and theory together.
