This document discusses the chemistry of OXINE, a disinfecting product. It is composed of chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorite, and other oxychloro species. These components give OXINE the ability to disinfect, deodorize, sanitize, attack biofilms, and kill microbes. While chlorine dioxide is active, the other species in OXINE also contribute significantly to its high antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. OXINE is therefore more effective as a disinfectant than chlorine dioxide alone.
Eye drops are used to relieve minor eye discomforts like redness, dryness, and blurriness. They contain ingredients like antihistamines or lubricants that relieve symptoms. This document analyzes the cationic and anionic radicals present in various eye drops. It describes the procedure used, which involves testing for ions like chloride, sulfate, and carbonate using silver nitrate, barium chloride, and hydrochloric acid. The results are analyzed to identify what cations and anions are present in different eye drops.
Chlorine dioxide has distinct chemistry from chlorine despite sharing "chlorine" in its name. It can absorb more electrons than chlorine and reacts differently with organic compounds, generating different byproducts. This explains chlorine dioxide's superior performance in industrial applications. Specifically, chlorine dioxide does not form toxic chlorinated aromatic compounds like chlorine does. It is also more effective at treating bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in water. Chlorine dioxide is more powerful and selective than chlorine, requires lower doses, and avoids the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts.
Chemical synthesis involves chemical reactions to produce desired products from starting reagents. It provides important products like food additives, fertilizers, dyes, paints, and pharmaceuticals. Chemicals can be fine chemicals made in small quantities for uses like flavors or drugs, or bulk chemicals made in large cheap quantities for other chemical processes. Controlled chemical synthesis requires planning reactions, risk assessment, calculating quantities, purification, and yield measurement. Reaction rates depend on factors like particle size, concentration, and temperature.
Práctica 4 reacciones típicas de química orgánicaJessFlores87
This document provides instructions for a virtual laboratory simulation. It explains that users can select different buttons and interactive elements throughout the virtual lab to access theoretical background information, laboratory materials and reagents, and to perform simulated experiments. The document provides examples of interactive elements that can be clicked, such as books to access theoretical bases, drawers to view laboratory instruments, and flasks to see reagents. It also explains that all rooms in the virtual lab contain a button to return to the main room and buttons to move forward or backward within the content. The goal is for users to feel like they are conducting a real laboratory experiment by navigating between the different sections and interactive elements.
1. The document provides guidance for students taking their board practical exam, outlining 52 important points to remember and topics to study.
2. Students are instructed to show calculations for standard solutions, write balanced equations, describe procedures, record observations, and state results clearly in their exam.
3. The viva questions section lists over 40 topics that may be asked about in the oral exam, including theory, tests, reactions, and applications. Students are told to thoroughly learn the objectives, equations, and inferences related to these topics.
1. The document summarizes a lab report for a qualitative analysis experiment identifying inorganic compounds through precipitation reactions.
2. Key reactions identified calcium, copper, lead, carbonate, chloride, and sulfate ions based on the color and solubility of precipitates formed when the unknown compounds were reacted with specific reagents.
3. The experiment allowed the student to gain experience using common techniques to identify inorganic cations and anions through observation and interpretation of precipitation results.
This document provides instructions for classifying an unknown alcohol through a series of classification tests. It describes performing the Lucas test, TCICA test, and forming derivatives of the unknown compound to aid in identification. The Lucas test distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols based on reaction rates. The TCICA test also distinguishes alcohol types by the time taken for a precipitate to form. Derivatives can be made and have melting points compared to literature values to identify the unknown alcohol. Proper experimental procedure and waste disposal are emphasized.
These are the class 12 practicals held in cbse schools and it contains all the inorganic and organic salt tests in a simplified way and all the other experiments
Eye drops are used to relieve minor eye discomforts like redness, dryness, and blurriness. They contain ingredients like antihistamines or lubricants that relieve symptoms. This document analyzes the cationic and anionic radicals present in various eye drops. It describes the procedure used, which involves testing for ions like chloride, sulfate, and carbonate using silver nitrate, barium chloride, and hydrochloric acid. The results are analyzed to identify what cations and anions are present in different eye drops.
Chlorine dioxide has distinct chemistry from chlorine despite sharing "chlorine" in its name. It can absorb more electrons than chlorine and reacts differently with organic compounds, generating different byproducts. This explains chlorine dioxide's superior performance in industrial applications. Specifically, chlorine dioxide does not form toxic chlorinated aromatic compounds like chlorine does. It is also more effective at treating bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in water. Chlorine dioxide is more powerful and selective than chlorine, requires lower doses, and avoids the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts.
Chemical synthesis involves chemical reactions to produce desired products from starting reagents. It provides important products like food additives, fertilizers, dyes, paints, and pharmaceuticals. Chemicals can be fine chemicals made in small quantities for uses like flavors or drugs, or bulk chemicals made in large cheap quantities for other chemical processes. Controlled chemical synthesis requires planning reactions, risk assessment, calculating quantities, purification, and yield measurement. Reaction rates depend on factors like particle size, concentration, and temperature.
Práctica 4 reacciones típicas de química orgánicaJessFlores87
This document provides instructions for a virtual laboratory simulation. It explains that users can select different buttons and interactive elements throughout the virtual lab to access theoretical background information, laboratory materials and reagents, and to perform simulated experiments. The document provides examples of interactive elements that can be clicked, such as books to access theoretical bases, drawers to view laboratory instruments, and flasks to see reagents. It also explains that all rooms in the virtual lab contain a button to return to the main room and buttons to move forward or backward within the content. The goal is for users to feel like they are conducting a real laboratory experiment by navigating between the different sections and interactive elements.
1. The document provides guidance for students taking their board practical exam, outlining 52 important points to remember and topics to study.
2. Students are instructed to show calculations for standard solutions, write balanced equations, describe procedures, record observations, and state results clearly in their exam.
3. The viva questions section lists over 40 topics that may be asked about in the oral exam, including theory, tests, reactions, and applications. Students are told to thoroughly learn the objectives, equations, and inferences related to these topics.
1. The document summarizes a lab report for a qualitative analysis experiment identifying inorganic compounds through precipitation reactions.
2. Key reactions identified calcium, copper, lead, carbonate, chloride, and sulfate ions based on the color and solubility of precipitates formed when the unknown compounds were reacted with specific reagents.
3. The experiment allowed the student to gain experience using common techniques to identify inorganic cations and anions through observation and interpretation of precipitation results.
This document provides instructions for classifying an unknown alcohol through a series of classification tests. It describes performing the Lucas test, TCICA test, and forming derivatives of the unknown compound to aid in identification. The Lucas test distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols based on reaction rates. The TCICA test also distinguishes alcohol types by the time taken for a precipitate to form. Derivatives can be made and have melting points compared to literature values to identify the unknown alcohol. Proper experimental procedure and waste disposal are emphasized.
These are the class 12 practicals held in cbse schools and it contains all the inorganic and organic salt tests in a simplified way and all the other experiments
Applications of Redox Titrations - Reon SylvesterBebeto G
Redox titrations are used for a variety of applications in organic and inorganic analysis. Some examples include determining chemical oxygen demand to manage industrial wastewaters, determining water content in non-aqueous solvents using Karl Fischer titration, and measuring dissolved oxygen levels through Winkler's method. Iodometric and iodimetric titrations can be used to indirectly or directly determine oxidizing or reducing agents by exploiting the redox reaction between iodine and the analyte. Chlorination of public water supplies is also monitored through an indirect iodometric titration to measure total chlorine residual levels.
This document describes various tests used to identify alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones. It discusses the reactions that occur in sodium metal, Lucas, potassium dichromate, iron(III) chloride, bromine water, and Millon's tests for alcohols and phenols. It also outlines the reactions and results seen in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, bisulfite, Schiff's, Tollen's, iodoform, and Fehling's tests for identifying aldehydes and ketones.
Azo compounds contain the -N=N- azo group and are formed via a coupling reaction between a diazonium salt and a coupling agent. Diazonium salts are produced by diazotization, which involves reacting an arylamine with sodium nitrite and an acid below 5°C to form an unstable salt. This salt then reacts with a coupling agent containing an aromatic ring, producing a colored azo compound precipitate. Azo compounds are important dyes due to their stability and ability to produce different colors depending on the reactants used.
1st year Organic Chem in Nursing-my group's powerpoint presentation. Enjoy! Not responsible for any error in information..it's been 3 years and I'm not sure if I corrected the information after we presented and were critiqued
This document provides instructions for identifying cations through qualitative analysis using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium hydroxide (NH3) solutions. Precipitates formed when salts are reacted with these reagents can indicate the present metal ions. Observations of solubility in excess reagent and reactions with other substances like hydrochloric acid help distinguish between ions. Proper technique like warming solutions gently and testing gas evolution with litmus paper is emphasized.
This document summarizes a YouTube chemistry video about acids, bases, and salts. It discusses the pH of salt solutions, methods of preparing salts, and properties of different salts like solubility and water of crystallization. It also contains sample chemistry questions and their answers about identifying oxides, salts, and writing chemical equations. Key topics covered include acid-base reactions, salt preparations, and properties of common salts and oxides.
The document summarizes experiments conducted on carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It discusses (1) esterification reactions between acetic acid and ethanol catalyzed by sulfuric acid, (2) using ferric chloride tests to detect phenols and enols, (3) hydrolysis reactions of anhydrides and benzamide producing carboxylic acids and ammonia, and (4) using dicarboxylic acids to remove stains. Key points covered include the mechanisms of esterification and hydrolysis, results of qualitative tests, and observations made during the experiments.
This document discusses ammonia, its properties, production, and reactions. It provides information on collecting ammonia through downward displacement of air and drying it with calcium oxide. Key reactions discussed include producing ammonia from ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide, and the reducing nature of ammonia shown through its reaction with copper oxide. The Haber and Ostwald processes for producing ammonia and nitric acid respectively are summarized.
Sodium, magnesium, and aluminium react with oxygen to form ionic oxides. Sodium oxide and magnesium oxide are basic due to their oxide ions and react with water to form alkaline solutions. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric as it displays both acidic and basic properties, reacting with both acids and bases. Silicon dioxide does not react with water or acids due to its covalent bonding. Phosphorus and sulphur form acidic oxides that react with water to produce acids. Chlorine forms oxides that react with water to form acids or salts.
Modern Periodic Table :- Gp 15 elements :- CBSE Class XIIPranav Ghildiyal
Group 15 elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, and others. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere and is essential to life, being a component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Phosphorus is found in phosphate rocks and is also essential to life, being a component of bones, cells, and biomolecules like phosphoproteins. Properties of group 15 elements include increasing electronegativity and ionization energy but decreasing atomic radius up the group. Nitrogen and phosphorus have many important applications; nitrogen is used industrially and is essential to amino acids and nucleic acids in living things, while phosphorus is predominantly used in fertilizers due to its importance in biology.
Qualitative tests for elements in organic compoundsAbigail Sapico
This document outlines qualitative tests for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, and sulfur in organic compounds. Carbon and hydrogen are detected by heating compounds with CuO and observing the formation of calcium carbonate and water droplets. Oxygen is detected using ferrox paper or iron(III) hexathiocyanatoferrate(III) solutions, which turn red in the presence of oxygen. Nitrogen, halogens, and sulfur require sodium fusion to convert them to inorganic ions before qualitative testing, such as using Prussian blue for nitrogen or lead sulfide for sulfur.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including classification of hydrocarbons, functional groups, and laboratory methods of preparation. It discusses properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes including catenation, isomerism and reactions with bromine, potassium permanganate and other reagents. Specific compounds covered include methane, ethene, ethane, ethanol and their reactions. Laboratory preparation methods are outlined for methane, ethene, ethane and other compounds. Testing reactions to distinguish between functional groups are summarized.
Ppt acids, bases and salts , dr mona shrivastava , founder masterchemcla...DR MONA Srivastava
Viewers,
A very basic topic of chemistry for grade x is acid , bases and salts. A topic with lot of scope to add activities and make students understand better. Used all possibility to add colorful activities to explain concepts. Hope its beneficial for students.
Dr MOna Srivastava
Founder-
Master chem Classes
The document discusses qualitative analytical chemistry techniques for separating and identifying cations and anions in aqueous solutions. It provides examples of separation schemes based on differences in solubility rules of metal hydroxides and oxides. Confirmatory tests are described to verify the presence of specific cations like Fe3+, Al3+, Pb2+, and Ni2+ after separation. The document also discusses approaches for distinguishing between common anions using chemical reactions.
Experiment 15. Reactions of carboxylic acidsAlex Rabanes
This document describes an experiment involving reactions of carboxylic acids. It includes drawing structural formulas of common carboxylic acids, writing equations for reactions like ionization and with NaOH and NaHCO3. Results show trichloroacetic acid is most acidic due to chlorine electron withdrawal. Solubility depends on structure. Carboxylic acids are resistant to oxidation but some can oxidize. Evidence of esterification is change in odor and insolubility in water.
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. They are classified as monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, or tricarboxylic based on the number of carboxyl groups. Carboxylic acids are named using IUPAC or common names. They are resonance stabilized and can form hydrogen bonds. Carboxylic acids are acidic due to the stability of the conjugate base. They undergo characteristic reactions like forming salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, and undergoing oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation. Common carboxylic acids and their uses include acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, and aspirin.
This document outlines the procedures and observations for analyzing an unknown salt sample. It describes preliminary examinations to identify possible cations present. It then details systematic analysis of anions using acid and base tests. Specific anions like carbonates, chlorides, acetates and others are tested for. The document concludes by describing analysis of cation groups through precipitation reactions and tests, identifying possibilities like ammonium, lead, copper, aluminum, zinc, barium/strontium/calcium, and magnesium. The goal is to determine the identities of the anions and cations present in the unknown salt.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses Raw materials, Flow sheet diagram unit operat...Sumama Shakir
Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced through the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation over a platinum catalyst. It is used to make explosives, fertilizers, and other chemicals. Proper storage of nitric and hydrochloric acids is important due to their corrosive nature and potential for dangerous reactions. They should be kept in acid-resistant containers in a well-ventilated chemical storage area.
Organic Chemistry: Carbonyl Compounds and Nitrogen CompoundsIndra Yudhipratama
Organic Chemistry: Carbonyl Compounds and Nitrogen Compounds
Discussing nucleophilic addition on carbonyl discussion and reactions on carboxylic acid and its derivates. Also a brief description about amino acids and protein structures
Applications of Redox Titrations - Reon SylvesterBebeto G
Redox titrations are used for a variety of applications in organic and inorganic analysis. Some examples include determining chemical oxygen demand to manage industrial wastewaters, determining water content in non-aqueous solvents using Karl Fischer titration, and measuring dissolved oxygen levels through Winkler's method. Iodometric and iodimetric titrations can be used to indirectly or directly determine oxidizing or reducing agents by exploiting the redox reaction between iodine and the analyte. Chlorination of public water supplies is also monitored through an indirect iodometric titration to measure total chlorine residual levels.
This document describes various tests used to identify alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones. It discusses the reactions that occur in sodium metal, Lucas, potassium dichromate, iron(III) chloride, bromine water, and Millon's tests for alcohols and phenols. It also outlines the reactions and results seen in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, bisulfite, Schiff's, Tollen's, iodoform, and Fehling's tests for identifying aldehydes and ketones.
Azo compounds contain the -N=N- azo group and are formed via a coupling reaction between a diazonium salt and a coupling agent. Diazonium salts are produced by diazotization, which involves reacting an arylamine with sodium nitrite and an acid below 5°C to form an unstable salt. This salt then reacts with a coupling agent containing an aromatic ring, producing a colored azo compound precipitate. Azo compounds are important dyes due to their stability and ability to produce different colors depending on the reactants used.
1st year Organic Chem in Nursing-my group's powerpoint presentation. Enjoy! Not responsible for any error in information..it's been 3 years and I'm not sure if I corrected the information after we presented and were critiqued
This document provides instructions for identifying cations through qualitative analysis using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium hydroxide (NH3) solutions. Precipitates formed when salts are reacted with these reagents can indicate the present metal ions. Observations of solubility in excess reagent and reactions with other substances like hydrochloric acid help distinguish between ions. Proper technique like warming solutions gently and testing gas evolution with litmus paper is emphasized.
This document summarizes a YouTube chemistry video about acids, bases, and salts. It discusses the pH of salt solutions, methods of preparing salts, and properties of different salts like solubility and water of crystallization. It also contains sample chemistry questions and their answers about identifying oxides, salts, and writing chemical equations. Key topics covered include acid-base reactions, salt preparations, and properties of common salts and oxides.
The document summarizes experiments conducted on carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It discusses (1) esterification reactions between acetic acid and ethanol catalyzed by sulfuric acid, (2) using ferric chloride tests to detect phenols and enols, (3) hydrolysis reactions of anhydrides and benzamide producing carboxylic acids and ammonia, and (4) using dicarboxylic acids to remove stains. Key points covered include the mechanisms of esterification and hydrolysis, results of qualitative tests, and observations made during the experiments.
This document discusses ammonia, its properties, production, and reactions. It provides information on collecting ammonia through downward displacement of air and drying it with calcium oxide. Key reactions discussed include producing ammonia from ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide, and the reducing nature of ammonia shown through its reaction with copper oxide. The Haber and Ostwald processes for producing ammonia and nitric acid respectively are summarized.
Sodium, magnesium, and aluminium react with oxygen to form ionic oxides. Sodium oxide and magnesium oxide are basic due to their oxide ions and react with water to form alkaline solutions. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric as it displays both acidic and basic properties, reacting with both acids and bases. Silicon dioxide does not react with water or acids due to its covalent bonding. Phosphorus and sulphur form acidic oxides that react with water to produce acids. Chlorine forms oxides that react with water to form acids or salts.
Modern Periodic Table :- Gp 15 elements :- CBSE Class XIIPranav Ghildiyal
Group 15 elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, and others. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere and is essential to life, being a component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Phosphorus is found in phosphate rocks and is also essential to life, being a component of bones, cells, and biomolecules like phosphoproteins. Properties of group 15 elements include increasing electronegativity and ionization energy but decreasing atomic radius up the group. Nitrogen and phosphorus have many important applications; nitrogen is used industrially and is essential to amino acids and nucleic acids in living things, while phosphorus is predominantly used in fertilizers due to its importance in biology.
Qualitative tests for elements in organic compoundsAbigail Sapico
This document outlines qualitative tests for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, and sulfur in organic compounds. Carbon and hydrogen are detected by heating compounds with CuO and observing the formation of calcium carbonate and water droplets. Oxygen is detected using ferrox paper or iron(III) hexathiocyanatoferrate(III) solutions, which turn red in the presence of oxygen. Nitrogen, halogens, and sulfur require sodium fusion to convert them to inorganic ions before qualitative testing, such as using Prussian blue for nitrogen or lead sulfide for sulfur.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including classification of hydrocarbons, functional groups, and laboratory methods of preparation. It discusses properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes including catenation, isomerism and reactions with bromine, potassium permanganate and other reagents. Specific compounds covered include methane, ethene, ethane, ethanol and their reactions. Laboratory preparation methods are outlined for methane, ethene, ethane and other compounds. Testing reactions to distinguish between functional groups are summarized.
Ppt acids, bases and salts , dr mona shrivastava , founder masterchemcla...DR MONA Srivastava
Viewers,
A very basic topic of chemistry for grade x is acid , bases and salts. A topic with lot of scope to add activities and make students understand better. Used all possibility to add colorful activities to explain concepts. Hope its beneficial for students.
Dr MOna Srivastava
Founder-
Master chem Classes
The document discusses qualitative analytical chemistry techniques for separating and identifying cations and anions in aqueous solutions. It provides examples of separation schemes based on differences in solubility rules of metal hydroxides and oxides. Confirmatory tests are described to verify the presence of specific cations like Fe3+, Al3+, Pb2+, and Ni2+ after separation. The document also discusses approaches for distinguishing between common anions using chemical reactions.
Experiment 15. Reactions of carboxylic acidsAlex Rabanes
This document describes an experiment involving reactions of carboxylic acids. It includes drawing structural formulas of common carboxylic acids, writing equations for reactions like ionization and with NaOH and NaHCO3. Results show trichloroacetic acid is most acidic due to chlorine electron withdrawal. Solubility depends on structure. Carboxylic acids are resistant to oxidation but some can oxidize. Evidence of esterification is change in odor and insolubility in water.
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. They are classified as monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, or tricarboxylic based on the number of carboxyl groups. Carboxylic acids are named using IUPAC or common names. They are resonance stabilized and can form hydrogen bonds. Carboxylic acids are acidic due to the stability of the conjugate base. They undergo characteristic reactions like forming salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, and undergoing oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation. Common carboxylic acids and their uses include acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, and aspirin.
This document outlines the procedures and observations for analyzing an unknown salt sample. It describes preliminary examinations to identify possible cations present. It then details systematic analysis of anions using acid and base tests. Specific anions like carbonates, chlorides, acetates and others are tested for. The document concludes by describing analysis of cation groups through precipitation reactions and tests, identifying possibilities like ammonium, lead, copper, aluminum, zinc, barium/strontium/calcium, and magnesium. The goal is to determine the identities of the anions and cations present in the unknown salt.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses Raw materials, Flow sheet diagram unit operat...Sumama Shakir
Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced through the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation over a platinum catalyst. It is used to make explosives, fertilizers, and other chemicals. Proper storage of nitric and hydrochloric acids is important due to their corrosive nature and potential for dangerous reactions. They should be kept in acid-resistant containers in a well-ventilated chemical storage area.
Organic Chemistry: Carbonyl Compounds and Nitrogen CompoundsIndra Yudhipratama
Organic Chemistry: Carbonyl Compounds and Nitrogen Compounds
Discussing nucleophilic addition on carbonyl discussion and reactions on carboxylic acid and its derivates. Also a brief description about amino acids and protein structures
Learning objectives
Introduction
Preparation of a standard solution used for redox titration
Oxidizing and reducing agents used in volumetric analysis
N/10 potassium permanganate preparation
N/10 potassium dichromate preparation
N/10 Iodine solution preparation
Examples of redox titrations
Conclusion
References
02 DIOXYGEN.ppt 16th group elements presentationtharshdharsh
Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen that is present in the upper atmosphere where it absorbs harmful UV rays from the sun. It is prepared in the lab by passing oxygen through a silent electric discharge or electrolyzing acidified water. Ozone is a pale blue gas that is heavier than air and slightly soluble in water. It decomposes to oxygen at 30°C. Ozone exhibits strong oxidizing properties by decomposing to nascent oxygen that can oxidize compounds like HCl to Cl2 and ferrous sulfate to ferric sulfate. Ozone in the upper atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing UV radiation.
Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids that are highly soluble in water. Nitric acid is produced commercially via the Ostwald process, which involves catalytic oxidation of ammonia to produce nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed in water to form nitric acid. Hydrochloric acid is produced via electrolysis of sodium chloride to produce chlorine, which is then combined with hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid. Both acids are colorless liquids with pungent odors that are widely used in industry, such as in fertilizer production and cleaning applications. Proper storage of the acids requires acid resistant containers and secondary containment to mitigate hazards.
1) The document is a seminar report on the oxidation of organic compounds by d-block metals. It discusses various d-block metals used as oxidizing agents such as manganese, chromium, osmium, ruthenium, and silver.
2) Manganese in the form of MnO2 and KMnO4 is discussed as a selective oxidizing agent that can convert alcohols, alkenes, and other functional groups to carbonyl compounds under different conditions.
3) Chromium compounds including CrO3, Jones reagent, and chromium chloride are reviewed as oxidizing agents that can convert alcohols to carbonyls with varying selectivity depending on solvents and ligands.
Omni Solutions provides water treatment systems that use advanced oxidation processes to purify water. Their CBW system uses counter flow mixing, an advanced oxidative gas generator, and UV irradiation lamps to reduce bacteria and other contaminants by 99.9% without chemicals. The system injects oxidative gas generated on-site and exposes the water to UV light to generate hydroxyl radicals that safely and effectively treat the water.
1. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Their general formulas are RCHO and RCOR' respectively.
2. They undergo several characteristic reactions including oxidation, reduction, addition reactions, condensation reactions, and substitution reactions. Common reactions include hydrate formation, addition of Grignard reagents, and cyanohydrin formation.
3. Due to the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones exhibit properties between nonpolar alkanes and polar alcohols such as higher boiling points and solubility. They also undergo nucleophilic addition reactions at the carbonyl carbon.
30.-Aldehydes-Ketones-and-Carboxylic-Acid.pdfrajat rajat
1. Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are important classes of organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Aldehydes contain a C=O bond with an H atom on the adjacent carbon. Ketones contain a C=O bond between two carbon atoms. Carboxylic acids contain a C=O bond bonded to an OH group.
2. These compounds can be prepared through oxidation of alcohols, from hydrocarbons using ozonolysis followed by hydrolysis, and from nitriles or acid chlorides using organometallic reagents. Aldehydes and ketones are generally more reactive than comparable saturated hydrocarbons due to the electron-withdrawing effects of the
Oxidative Rancidity in Fats and Oils, Causes and Prevention Sadanand Patel
Fats are one of the very important component of our diet. But they are highly unstable toward atmospheric oxygen and start producing unpleasant smell. These undesirable compounds generated by degradation of fats are very harmful for our health. They are Carcinogenic in nature.
Experiment 1: A student determined the empirical formula for magnesium by reacting magnesium with hydrochloric acid. The reaction produced hydrogen gas.
Experiment 2: Another experiment was carried out to study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate solution and sulfuric acid. Increasing the temperature increased the rate of reaction.
Experiment 3: A student determined the percentage composition of oxygen in copper(II) nitrate through its decomposition reaction. The percentage of oxygen was calculated to be 51.06% based on the relative atomic masses and mole ratios in the balanced equation.
Nitro compounds contain a nitro (NO2) group bonded directly to carbon. They include nitroalkanes, nitroarenes, and others. Nitro compounds are polar due to the structure of the nitro group, which gives it electron-withdrawing properties. This allows nitroalkanes to exist as tautomers and undergo reactions like substitution. Nitroarenes are produced by nitrating aromatic compounds, with additional nitro groups requiring harsher conditions. They undergo reduction to amines, electrophilic substitution to meta derivatives, and nucleophilic substitution to ortho/para products. Important nitro compounds include nitrobenzene, nitromethane, picric acid, and trinitrotoluene.
Organic chemistry: Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and alcoholsIndra Yudhipratama
This document outlines topics in organic chemistry including hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, and alcohols. It discusses the reactions and properties of alkanes such as combustion and free radical reactions. Alkenes and alkynes are introduced along with elimination and addition reactions. Alkyl halides are explored with substitution reactions. Finally, the document covers alcohols and their elimination through dehydration and oxidation reactions.
Acid Halides and Acid Anhydrides.Aneeq Javed.pptxAneeqJaved
Acid halides and anhydrides are derivatives of carboxylic acids. Acid halides are prepared from carboxylic acids through reaction with thionyl chloride, phosphorus trichloride, or phosphorus pentachloride. They are reactive due to the electronegative chlorine and undergo nucleophilic substitution. Anhydrides are derived from two carboxylic acid molecules and are less reactive than acid halides. Both undergo hydrolysis and reactions with alcohols and amines to form carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.
Acid Halides and Acid Anhydrides.Aneeq Javed.pptxAneeqJaved
Acid halides and anhydrides are derivatives of carboxylic acids. Acid halides are prepared from carboxylic acids through reaction with thionyl chloride, phosphorus trichloride, or phosphorus pentachloride. They are reactive due to the electronegative chlorine and undergo nucleophilic substitution. Anhydrides are derived from two carboxylic acid molecules and are less reactive than acid halides. Both undergo hydrolysis and reactions with alcohols and amines to form carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.
This document discusses redox titrations and provides examples of different types of titrations including acid-base, complexometric, precipitation, and redox titrations. It defines oxidation and reduction in terms of the gain or loss of electrons. Redox titrations involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. The document provides examples of balancing redox equations using half-reactions and discusses how oxidation numbers are used to identify oxidation and reduction in redox reactions.
1) Acid halides are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by a halogen such as chlorine.
2) They are commonly prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride, phosphorus trichloride, or phosphorus pentachloride.
3) Acid halides are reactive due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the halogen, allowing them to undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with water, alcohols, ammonia, and amines.
1) Acid halides are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by a halogen atom. Thionyl chloride and phosphorus trichloride/pentachloride are commonly used to prepare acid chlorides.
2) Acid chlorides are colorless liquids with sharp, pungent smells that hydrolyze in air, forming hydrogen chloride. They are reactive due to the electron-withdrawing chlorine.
3) Acid chlorides undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions, reacting with water, alcohols, ammonia, amines to form acids, esters, amides, or substituted amides. They also react with carboxylic
1. Q
I
S Chemistry of OXINE
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N
2. Q
I
S OXINE
P
R
E Composition
S ]
E
N
Characteristics Of Matter - OXINE
T
A ]
T
I
Chemical Reactions ]
O
N
3. Q
I
S OXINE
P
R COMPOSITION
E
S
E
N
T CHARACTERISTICS
A
T
I
O
N CHEMICAL REACTIONS
4. OXINE
COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfects Disinfecting Activity
Sodium Chlorite Deodorizes Deodorizing Activity
Oxychloro Species Sanitizes Sanitizing Activity
Attacks Biofilms Attack of Biofilms
Kills Microbes Antimicrobial Activity
5. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
R
OXINE is a highly refined blend
E of oxychloro species containing
S
E 3.35% purified sodium chlorite
N
T or 2.00-2.10 % available
A chlorine dioxide
T
I
O
N
6. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
R … highly refined…
E
S
E * above minimum standard purity
N
T
* then production process involves
A “a refining process”
T one that removes impurities (undesirable substances)
I to render the end-product with a high degree of purity.
O
N
7. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
R … blend …
E
S
E combination of two or more substances
N which result in a homogeneous mixture .
T
A homogeneous - one phase only, components have no visible
T differing parts; the components are uniformly distributed
I throughout the mixture
O
N
8. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
… Oxychloro …
R
E combination of Oxygen (oxy) and
S Chlorine (chloro)
E
N … species …
T groups having similar set of properties
A
T
… Oxychloro species …
I chemical groups containing oxygen
O and chlorine, having similar set of
N
properties
9. Q Oxychloro Species
I
S CHEMICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
NAME FORMULA
P Sodium chlorate NaClO3 used in the Solvay Process* to generate Chlorine dioxide.
R Chlorate (ion) ClO3 - can be a minor component of the by-product of the
reaction of chlorine dioxide.
E Sodium chlorite NaClO2 the primary precursor to chlorine dioxide in use today.
S Chlorite (ion) ClO2 – the primary by-product of the reaction of chlorine dioxide
E with other compounds.
N Chlorous acid HClO2 a weak acid that is intermediate in the reaction path
between sodium chlorite and chlorine dioxide.
T It is thought to have high antimicrobial activity, especially
A when combined with chlorine dioxide itself.
T Hypochlorite ClO- sometimes used in the generation of chlorine dioxide to
drive the reaction as completely as possible towards the
I production of chlorine dioxide.
O Chlorine dioxide ClO2 generally regarded as the “active ingredient” in Oxine
chemistry.
N It is a powerful oxidizer and exists as a gaseous free
radical in nature.
10. Q
I
S OXINE
P Oxine is a highly refined blend of oxychloro species
R containing 3.35% purified sodium chlorite
E
or 2.00-2.10 % available chlorine dioxide
S
E
N purified sodium chlorite + oxychloro species
T
A OXINE or
T
I available chlorine dioxide + oxychloro species
O
N
11. OXINE TECHNICAL DATA SHEET
Q
CHEMICAL PRODUCT
I
S PRODUCT NAME
CHEMICAL FAMILY
:
:
Oxine
Mixture of Oxychlorine Compounds
E.P.A.REGISTRATION NUMBER: 9804-1
P EFFECTIVE DATE : June 2004
SUPERSEDES : April 2002
R
E COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
S Chemical Name C.A.S. No. % by Wt.
E Sodium Chlorite 7758-19-2 3.35%
N CONCENTRATE PROPERTIES
T Concentration: 2.00 – 2.10 % available chlorine dioxide
A Appearance: Colorless liquid
pH Concentrate: of 8.2 – 8.5
Odor: Very faint chlorinous odor
Boiling point: 213 oF (100.5 oC)
T Melting point: N/A Freezing point: 28.9 oF (-1.72 oC)
I Vapor Pressure: 23.7 mm Hg (25 oC) Vapor Density: 0.02 kg/m3
O Specific Gravity: 1.03 g/ml (20 oC)
Solubility in water: Complete
Volatiles (by volume): 97% (Water)
Evaporation rate: Comparable to water
N Very low acute toxicity (EPA Cat. III) Non-flammable, non explosive, stable solution
NFPA Rating: Fire: 0 Health: 1 - Reactivity: 1 - Special: None
12. Q
I
S Chlorine Dioxide
P
R
E
Is chlorine dioxide the
S
E sole active ingredient
N
T in Oxine?
A
T
I
O
N
13. Q Comparison of Solutions containing Equal
I Concentrations of ClO2 against Listeria
S monocytogenes Scott A
P Generated Activated
R
ClO2 Oxine
E
S Chlorine 12.5 ppm 12.5 ppm
E dioxide
N
T Other species 4.7 ppm 72.9 ppm
A
T Bacteria control 7.3 x 107 7.3 x 107
I
O After exposure 6.4 x 107 <5
N
SR log -0.07 -7.86
14. Comparison of Solutions containing Equal
Concentrations of ClO2 against Listeria
monocytogenes Scott A
Generated ClO2 Activated Oxine
Chlorine dioxide 12.5 ppm 12.5 ppm
Other species 4.7 ppm 72.9 ppm
Bacteria control 7.3 x 107 7.3 x 107
After exposure 6.4 x 107 <5
SR log -0.07 -7.86
These results clearly show that “other species” must play
a significant role in Oxine’s antimicrobial activity.
15. COMPARISON OF
DISINFECTING AGENTS
1400
1200
1000 Oxine
Quat
800 Sodium Chlor it e
Per oxy l Compl
600 Chlor ine
A cid A nionic Comp
400
200
0
P S aur eus S E. coli
aer uginosa cer evi si ae
16. OXINE
COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfects Disinfecting Activity
Sodium Chlorite Deodorizes Deodorizing Activity
Oxychloro Species Sanitizes Sanitizing Activity
Attacks Biofilms Attack of Biofilms
Kills Microbes Antimicrobial Activity
17. Q
I Characteristics of Chlorine
S
dioxide
P Chemical Formula: ClO2
R
E
S Chlorine - Cl
E
N
T Dioxide - di (indicates “two”) / oxide
A
T
(means Oxygen)
I - two oxygen (O2)
O
N
18. Q
I How is Chlorine Dioxide
S
Produced?
P
R * Chlorine Dioxide is explosive under pressure
E
S * It is difficult to transport and is usually manufactured on site
E * Chlorine Dioxide today is generated
N 1. By the reaction of sodium chlorite with chlorine
T
2NaClO2 + Cl2 → 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
A
T
I 2. By the reaction of sodium chlorite with hydrochloric acid
O 5 NaClO2 + 4HCl → 4 ClO2 + 5NaCl + 2H2O
N
19. Q
I Can chlorine dioxide be
S
dissolved in water?
P
R Chlorine dioxide has high water solubility especially in
E cold water.
S
E Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze when it enters water.
N It remains a dissolved gas in solution.
T
A Chlorine dioxide is approximately 10 times more soluble
T in water than chlorine.
I
O
N
20. Q What are the
I
S applications of chlorine
P dioxideto clean circuit boards,
It is used in the electronics industry
R
E
S In the oil industry to treat sulfides and to bleach textiles and
E candles.
N
T Chlorine dioxide is used to bleach paper.
A It produces a clearer and strong fiber than chlorine does.
T
I
O Chlorine dioxide gas is used to sterilize medical and
N laboratory equipment, surfaces, rooms, and tools.
21. Q What are the
I
S applications of chlorine
P dioxide
Chlorine dioxide is a very strong oxidizer and disinfectant.
R
E As a disinfectant and pesticide, it is mainly used in liquid
S form.
E
N It effectively kills pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi
T bacteria and viruses.
A
T It also prevents and removes biofilms.
I
O Chlorine dioxide can also be used against anthrax,
N because
It is effective against spore-forming bacteria.
22. Q What are the disinfection
I
S applications of chlorine
P
dioxide?
Drinking water Treatment
R
Sewage water disinfection
E
S Industrial process water treatment
E Cooling tower water disinfection
N Industrial air treatment
T Mussel control
A
T Foodstuffs production and treatment
I Industrial waste oxidation
O Gas sterilization of medical equipment
N
23. Q
I Characteristics of
S
sodium chlorite
P
Chemical Formula - NaClO2
R
E Sodium – Na (from the Latin Name Natrium)
S Chlorite – ClO2-
E
Other chemical name: Chlorous acid sodium salt
N (sodium salt of Chlorous acid)
T
Neutralization
A Acid + Base Salt + Water
T
I HClO + NaOH NaClO + HOH
2 2
O (H O)
2
Chlorous Sodium Sodium
N hydroxide
Acid chlorite
24. Q
I
S Sodium Chlorite
P * Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is the only chlorite salt
R produced commercially in significant quantities.
E
S It is used mainly for the generation of chlorine dioxide in
E situ (on the spot)
N
T * Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is used in a small number of
A water treatment plants to generate chlorine dioxide.
T
* This oxychlorine (oxychloro) compound (sodium
I
O chlorite) is the primary precursor to chlorine dioxide in
use today.
N
25. Q
I
S Sodium Chlorite
P Acidified Sodium Chlorite (ASC) is a
R Highly effective, broad spectrum antimicrobial.
E
S ASC is approved by the FDA (21 CFR 173.325)
E as a ‘secondary direct food additive
N permitted in food for human consumption’
T specifically as an antimicrobial intervention treatment
A for poultry carcasses, poultry carcass parts, red meat
T carcasses, red meat parts and organs, seafood, and
I raw agricultural commodities.
O
N
26. Q Characteristics of other Oxychloro species
I
CHLORITE ION CHLORINE DIOXIDE
S
ACID (H+)
OXYGEN OXYGEN
P [-]
R 110 o 117 o
E CHLORINE CHLORINE
S
OXYGEN OXYGEN
E
N
T CHLORINE DIOXIDE CHLORITE ION
A
T ELECTRON (e-)
OXYGEN OXYGEN
I [-]
O 117 o 110 o
CHLORINE CHLORINE
N
OXYGEN OXYGEN
27. Q
I
S Chlorous Acid, HClO2
P
R
Chlorous acid is the weak acid that is intermediate in the
E
S reaction path between sodium chlorite and
E chlorine dioxide.
N
T Chlorous acid is thought to have high microbial activity,
A
T especially when combined with chlorine dioxide itself.
I
O
N
28. Q
I
S OXINE
P
R
E
S
COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
E
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfects Disinfecting Activity
N
Sodium Chlorite Deodorizes Deodorizing Activity
T
Oxychloro Species Sanitizes Sanitizing Activity
A
Attacks Biofilms Attack of Biofilms
T
Kills Microbes Antimicrobial Activity
I
O
N
29. Q
I
S Characteristics of OXINE
P PHYSICAL UNACTIVATED ACTIVATED
PROPERTY
R STATE Liquid Liquid
E COLOR Colorless Green-yellow
S ODOR Very faint chlorinous odor Chlorine-like odor
E pH 8.2 – 8.5 2.0 – 2.5
N Boiling Point 213oF (100.5oC)
T Melting Point Not determined
A Freezing Point 28.9oF (-1.72oC)
T Vapor Pressure 23.7 mm Hg
Vapor Density
I 0.02 kg/m3
Specific Gravity 1.03 g/ml (20oC)
O Volatiles (by volumes) 97% (water)
N Solubility in water Complete
Evaporation rate Comparable to water
30. Q
I Chemical Properties of
S
OXINE
P Ultra high antimicrobial activity
R
E Disinfectant/ Bacteriostat
S Excellent deodorant
E Uniquely effective against biofilms
N
T Low corrosion potential at use concentration
A Does not chlorinate (no THM formation)
T
I Does not hydrolyze in water
O Resists neutralization due to organic load
N
Active over a broad range of pH, 1-10
31. Q
I Summary of
S
Antimicrobial Efficacy
P Bacteria
R TEST ORGANISM CONTACT TIME CONCENTRATION RESULT
E Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris 10 mins. 30 ppm 99.998% kill
S Bacillus cereus spores
Campylobacter jejuni
5 mins.
30 sec
200 ppm
30 ppm
99.999% kill
99.9% kill
E Erwinia carotovora 60 sec 50 ppm 99.999% kill
N Escherichia coli O157:H7
Lactobacillus sp.
60 sec
60 sec
3 ppm
20 ppm
99.999% kill
99.999% kill
T Legionella pneumophila 60 sec 25 ppm 99.999% kill
A Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium bovis (tuberculosis)
60 sec
10 mins.
25 ppm
500 ppm
99.9999% kill
99.9999% kill
T Pediococcus sp. 60 sec 20 ppm 99.999% kill
I Proteus mirabilis 60 sec 100 ppm 99.999999% kill
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 60 sec 5 ppm 99.9999% kill
O Salmonella typhimurium 60 sec 100 ppm 99.999% kill
N Staphylococcus aureus 60 sec 30 ppm 99.999% kill
Streptococcus faecalis 60 sec 100 ppm 99.99999% kill
Streptococcus faecium 60 sec 100 ppm 99.9999% kill
32. Q
I Summary of
S
Antimicrobial Efficacy
P Fungi
R
E TEST ORGANISM CONTACT TIME CONCENTRATION RESULT
S Aspergillus fumigatus spores 60 sec 100 ppm 99.9999% kill
Aspergillus niger 60 sec 100 ppm 99.9999% kill
E
Candida Albicans 60 sec 100 ppm 99.99999% kill
N Cladosporium 30 sec 500 ppm 99.999% kill
T Mucor sp 30 sec 500 ppm 99.999% kill
A Penicillium 60 sec 100 ppm 99.999% kill
T Penicillium roquefortii 60 sec 500 ppm 100 % kill
I Saccharomyces cerevisiae 60 sec 30 ppm 99.999% kill
Stachybotrys chartarum 60 sec 100 ppm 99.997% kill
O Trichophyton mentagrophytes 5 min 500 ppm 100% kill
N
33. Q
I Summary of
S
Antimicrobial Efficacy
P Viruses
R
E TEST ORGANISM CONTACT TIME CONCENTRATION RESULT
S African Swine Fever Virus 5 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
E Canine Parvovirus 10 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
Coxsackie Virus 5 mins 550 ppm 99.9% kill
N Foot & Mouth Disease Virus 5 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
T Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 5 mins 550 ppm 99.9% kill
A Newcastle Disease virus
Polio Virus Type 2
10 mins
5 mins
500 ppm
550 ppm
100% kill
99.9% kill
T PRRS virus 60 sec 312 ppm 100 % virucidal
I Pseudorabies virus 10 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
Rhino virus 5 mins 550 ppm 99.9% kill
O Swine Vesicular Virus 5 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
N
34. Q
I Comparison with other
S
Disinfecting Agents
P BIOCIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENT
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
P. aeruginosa S. aureus S. cerevisiae
R Oxine
Alcide-LD
Chlorine Dioxide 20,000
Sodium Chlorite 27,300
5
310
30
1300
30
640
E Chlorine
C-13
Sodium Hypochlorite 52,500
Sodium Hypochlorite 85,000
200
820
200
820
400
1600
S Iodophor Complex-Bound Iodine 180,500 440 440 450
Wavicide-01 Glutaraldehyde 20,000 Unactivated 2,300 1,200 620
E Sporocidn Glutaraldehyde activated 20,000 1,600 2,200 18,000
N
Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide 30,000 36,000 68,000 270,000
Quat Quatemary Ammonium Compounds 580 140 74
T 22,500 Octyldecyldimethylammonium Chloride
11,250 Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride
A 11,250 Diotyldimethylammonium Chloride
30,000 Alkydimethylbenzylammonium Chloride
T Acidified Quat
Amphyl
As Quat + Phosphoric Acid
Phenolic Compounds
150
1,500
1,200
380
300
190
I o-phenylphenol 105,000
o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol
O Peroxy Compound I Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide
Peroxy Compound II Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide & Acetic Acid 20
30 60
40
300
400
N Acid Anionic Compound I
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid & Phosphoric Acid
Acid Anionic Compound II
Octanoic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Citric Acid &
40
80
80
150
600
200
Phosphoric Acid
35. Q
I
S Test Criteria
P
R
E The criteria of the test itself was:
S
E to determine the lowest concentration of the various
N disinfectants which would produce a 99.999% reduction
T
of organism after only sixty second (60 second) contact
A
T time with the chemical.
I
O
N
36. Q
I
S
P
R
E
S The strength or potency of the disinfectants
E
N
can be seen by comparing the concentrations,
T expressed in parts per million (ppm)
A necessary to produce the required kill
T
I within the specified contact period.
O
N
37. Q
I
S
P
R
E
S Those products which meet the kill criteria at
E
N
LOWER concentrations are judged to be
T MORE POTENT DISINFECTANTS,
A than those that must use higher concentration
T
to achieve the same result.
I
O
N
38. Q
I Comparison with other
S
Disinfecting Agents
P BIOCIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENT
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
P. aeruginosa S. aureus S. cerevisiae
R Oxine
Alcide-LD
Chlorine Dioxide 20,000
Sodium Chlorite 27,300
5
310
30
1300
30
640
E Chlorine
C-13
Sodium Hypochlorite 52,500
Sodium Hypochlorite 85,000
200
820
200
820
400
1600
S Iodophor Complex-Bound Iodine 180,500 440 440 450
Wavicide-01 Glutaraldehyde 20,000 Unactivated 2,300 1,200 620
E Sporocidn Glutaraldehyde activated 20,000 1,600 2,200 18,000
N
Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide 30,000 36,000 68,000 270,000
Quat Quatemary Ammonium Compounds 580 140 74
T 22,500 Octyldecyldimethylammonium Chloride
11,250 Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride
A 11,250 Diotyldimethylammonium Chloride
30,000 Alkydimethylbenzylammonium Chloride
T Acidified Quat
Amphyl
As Quat + Phosphoric Acid
Phenolic Compounds
150
1,500
1,200
380
300
190
I o-phenylphenol 105,000
o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol
O Peroxy Compound I Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide
Peroxy Compound II Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide & Acetic Acid 20
30 60
40
300
400
N Acid Anionic Compound I
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid & Phosphoric Acid
Acid Anionic Compound II
Octanoic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Citric Acid &
40
80
80
150
600
200
Phosphoric Acid
39. Q
OXINE …
I
S
P
R
E
S
is significantly
E
N
T SUPERIOR
A
T
I to all other tested products
O
N
40. Comparison with other
Disinfecting Agents
1400
1200
1000 Oxine
Quat
800 Sodium Chlor it e
Per oxy l Compl
600 Chlor ine
A cid A nionic Comp
400
200
0
P S aur eus S E. coli
aer uginosa cer evi si ae
41. Reduction of Bacteria on Conveyor Lines
Q Using Oxine as Lube Additive
I Before and After Bacteria counts taken along
S a lubed conveyor/filler system in a large
softdrink manufacturing plant
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N
42. Q By simply injecting Oxine into the lube stream at
I as little as 20 ppm (unactivated),
S several significant benefits result :
P 1. Substantial bacterial control of the conveyor lines.
R * 2-3 log reductions of counts on the conveyors
E
2. Various soils are loosened.
S
E 3. The natural cleaning action of the lube is enhanced.
N 4. Dirt and grit slide off with the use of a pressure hose.
T 5. The chains and conveyors run more smoothly with
A less wear on chains and motors.
T 6. The lubricity of the lube is increased.
I (Result: savings in lube usage itself).
O REASON: Oxine attacks the biofilms attached to the
N conveyors and the underlying rails.
43. Q
I
S FINAL BENEFIT
P
R
E Even low concentrations of Oxine in the
S
E
lube will help DEODORIZE the area
N immediately surrounding the can or
T bottle line – noticeably FRESHER and
A
T
nearly ODOR-FREE area.
I
O
N
44. Q
I Study conducted by three (3) companies:
S
Boeing Company
P
R Douglas Aircraft
E United Airlines Medical Division
S
E
N Nation-wide Search for the BEST Disinfectant
T
A to sanitize their onboard water systems and
T
holding tanks
I
O to treat their onboard potable drinking water
N
45. Q
I Principal Areas of
S
Concern
P
R
E
S antimicrobial activity
E
N
T low corrosion
A
T
I off flavors and odors in the
O
N water systems
46. Q
I
S RESULTS
P
R
E All three companies selected “stabilized
S
E
chlorine dioxide” (OXINE).
N
T
A OXINE is in the maintenance manuals of
T both Boeing and Douglas Aircraft as the
I
O
recommended compound for water
N system disinfection
47. Q COMPREHENSIVE
I
S STUDY OF
P DISINFECTANTS
R
Source : Journal of Industrial Microbiology
E
S volume 4 (1989) 145-154
E
Author : Dr. Ralph Tanner
N
T University of Oklahoma
A Feature:The products evaluated covered the complete
T
I spectrum of sanitizers, including other
O chlorine dioxide based products.
N
48. Q COMPREHENSIVE
I
S STUDY OF
P DISINFECTANTS
R RESULT:
E
S
E
OXINE is the overall most effective
N antimicrobial product tested.
T
A
T OXINE was dramatically more potent
I
O in its antimicrobial activity than
N standard sanitizers.
49. Comparison of the Activities of
Q Chlorine dioxide and Peracetic Acid
I
against Lactic Acid Bacteria
S
Condition ppm Viable cells/ml (60 sec. exposure
Pediococcus Lactobacillus
P
Control 2.5 x 106 1.6 x 106
R
Chlorine dioxide 20 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E 50 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
S 100 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E Peracetic acid 100 > 105 > 105
N 200 8.5 x 102 > 105
T 500 < 2 x 100 7.3 x 105
A
T RESULTS: (for comparative purposes only)
I
O 1. indicate that 20ppm chlorine dioxide could reduce viable
N counts of lactic acid bacteria at least 99.999% in a 60-second
speed-of-kill assay
50. Comparison of the Activities of
Q Chlorine dioxide and Peracetic Acid
I
against Lactic Acid Bacteria
S
Condition ppm Viable cells/ml (60 sec. exposure
Pediococcus Lactobacillus
P
Control 2.5 x 106 1.6 x 106
R
Chlorine dioxide 20 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E 50 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
S 100 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E Peracetic acid 100 > 105 > 105
N 200 8.5 x 102 > 105
T 500 < 2 x 100 7.3 x 105
A
T RESULTS: (for comparative purposes only)
I
O 2. suggest that about 1000 ppm of peracetic acid would be
N required to achieve a similar reduction in viability, using the
test.
51. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
Product Application: Food Processing Disinfectant(Sanitizer)
R Trade Name : Oxine
E
Chemical Family : Mixture of Oxychlorine Compounds
S
Active Ingredient : 2.0% Chlorine Dioxide
E
N E.P.A. Registration No.: 9804-1
T
A Oxine is an E.P.A. registered disinfectant/sanitizer with
T applications in food processing plants.
I E.P.A. registration as a terminal sanitizing rinse for food
O contact surfaces in food processing plants such as
N poultry, fish, meat, and in restaurants, dairies, bottling
plants and breweries. (100ppm)
52. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R E.P.A. registration registration for disinfection of environmental
E surfaces on floors, walls and ceilings in food processing
S plants such as poultry, fish, meat, and in restaurants,
E dairies, bottling plants and breweries.(500ppm)
N
T E.P.A. registration as a sanitizing rinse of uncut and unpeeled
fruits and vegetables at 5ppm followed by a potable water
A
rinse.
T
I E.P.A. registration as a bacteriostat in ice making plants and
O machinery. (20 ppm)
N
53. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as a terminal sanitizing rinse, not requiring a
E water rinse, on all food contact surfaces. (100-200 ppm)
S 21 CFR 178.1010
E
F.D.A. Letter of no objection for the use of stabilized chlorine
N
dioxide at 20 ppm for treating ice used for icing fish in
T the round
A
T F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent on raw agricultural
commodities at 500-1200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite
I
followed by thermal processing or a potable water rinse.
O
21 CFR 173.325
N
54. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as a sanitizing wash for uncut and unpeeled
E fruits and vegetables at 3 ppm free chlorine dioxide
followed by the thermal processing or a potable water
S
rinse. 21 CFR 173.300
E
F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent on raw agricultural
N commodity in preparing, packing or holding. Applied as
T a dip or spray at 500- 1200 ppm acidified sodium
A chlorite followed by a thermal process or a potable
T water rinse. 21 CFR 173.325
I F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in water used in
O poultry processing at 2 ppm chlorine dioxide. 21 CFR.
N 173.300
55. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in poultry
E processing water as a component of:
S - Carcass spray or dip at 500-1200 ppm acidified sodium
E chlorite. 21 CFR 173.325
N
-Prechiller/chiller tank at 50-150 ppm acidified sodium
T
chlorite. 21 CFR 173.325
A
T F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in water or ice (40
I – 50 ppm acidified sodium chlorite) used to wash, rinse,
O thaw, transport, or store seafood. 21 CFR 173.325
N
56. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in the processing
E of red meat as a component of a carcass spray at 500-
S 1200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite. 21 CFR 173.325
E
N F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent on processed,
T comminuted or formed meat food products (unless
A precluded by standards of identity….). Applied as a dip
T or spray at 500-1200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite prior
I to packing 21 CFR 173.325
O
N
57. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
U.S.D.A., D-2 approval as a terminal sanitizing rinse, not requiring
R a potable water rinse, on all food contact surfaces found in
food processing plants. (Use according to Label Instructions)
E
U.S.D.A, P-1 approval for bacterial and mold control in federally
S inspected meat and poultry processing plants for
E environmental surfaces. (Use According to Label
N Instructions.)
T U.S.D.A., 3-D approval for washing fruits and vegetables that
A are used as ingredients of meat, poultry and rabbit
products followed by a potable water rinse. (Use
T
According to Label Instructions.)
I
U.S.D.A., G-5 approval for cooling and retort water treatment
O (According to Label Instructions.)
N
58. Q
I
OXINE’s – Profile of
S Excellence
P
R
E A Focus on Chlorine Dioxide: The Ideal Biocide
S
G. D. Simpson, R. F. Miller, G. D. Laxton, and
E
W. R. Clements
N Unichem International Inc.
T 16800 Imperial Valley Drive, Suite 130
A Houston, Texas 77060
T
I Meitz, "Environmental Concerns and Biocides,"
O Paper No. 306, Corrosion 91, March 11-15, 1991.
N
59. Q
I
S
PERFORMANCE
P It must exhibit rapid kill of target organisms, with a high
R LC50 toward non-target organisms.
E
S It must be able to keep systems clean of biofilm; ideally it
E should be able to clean up already fouled systems.
N
It should not be consumed by materials commonly
T
encountered in cooling systems, e.g., hydrocarbons,
A
wood, plastic, or other treatment chemicals.
T
I Finally, it must be effective over a wide range of operating
O conditions.
N
60. Q
I
S
ENVIRONMENT
P
R
E
S Side or by-product reactions should be minimized and
E reaction products should be environmentally friendly;
N
T Neither it, its by-products, nor its reaction products should
A persist in the environment.
T
I
O
N
61. Q
I
S
SAFETY
P
R
E
S It must be safe and easy to handle.
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N
62. Q
I
S
ECONOMICS
P
R
E
S It must be affordable.
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N
63. COMPARISON OF OXIDIZING
Q
I
BIOCIDES
S IN LIGHT OF THE CRITERIA OF
AN 'IDEAL' BIOCIDE
P
R HOCl HOBr ClO2 O3
E PERFORMANCE
S High pH C B A A
E Kinetics B B A A
N Selectivity C B A D
T Biofilm B B A C
A System Contamination C C A D
T Bacterial Recovery B B A C
I ENVIRONMENTAL
O THM C C B A
N TOX C C B A
64. COMPARISON OF OXIDIZING
Q
BIOCIDES
I
S IN LIGHT OF THE CRITERIA OF
AN 'IDEAL' BIOCIDE
P
R HOCl HOBr ClO2 O3
E ENVIRONMENTAL
S Toxicity
E of primary oxidant B A A C
N of oxidation by-products B B C A
T of oxidation reaction products B C A D
A residual life (short life best) C B C A
T SAFETY
I Easy to Use B B C B
O Safe to Handle B B C B
N
65. COMPARISON OF OXIDIZING
Q
BIOCIDES
I
S IN LIGHT OF THE CRITERIA OF
AN 'IDEAL' BIOCIDE
P
R
E HOCl HOBr ClO2 O3
S ECONOMICS
E Clean System A B B C
N Contaminated System C C A C
T
A Cumulative GPA 2.6 2.8 3.3 2.7
T
I
O
N
66. Q
I OXINE’s profile of excellence
S
is no elusion.
P
R
E Numerous independent processing facilities,
S government research laboratories, private
E laboratories and universities have selected
N OXINE as the
T
A
T
I
O
“BEST OF THE
N BEST”
67. Q
I
S
P
R
E Presentation Ends
S
E
N
T
A
T
THANK YOU
I
O
N