In designing dehydration units for natural gas, several critical parameters exist which can be varied to achieve a specified dew point depression. This paper studies the effects of varying number of trays in the contactor, glycol circulation rate through the contactor, temperature of the reboiler in the regenerator, amount of stripping gas used and operating pressure of the regenerator on the water content of the gas in a glycol dehydration unit. The effect of incorporating free water knock out (FWKO) tank before the absorber is also presented. An offshore platform in the Arctic region was chosen as the base case of this simulation and was modeled by using ASPEN HYSYS. Results show that the incorporation of FWKOT does not affect the TEG circulation rate required to approach equilibrium.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column Rita EL Khoury
Methanol is an essential feed stock for the manufacture of many industrial products such as adhesives and paints and it is widely used as a solvent in many chemical reactions. Crude methanol is obtained from steam reforming of natural gas and then a purification process is needed since it contains smaller and larger degree of impurities.
The purification process consists of two steps: a topping column used to remove the low boiling impurity called the light ends; and the remaining water methanol mixture is transferred to another column called the refining column where it is constantly boiled until separation occurs. Methanol rises to the top while the water accumulates in the bottom.
This document focuses on methanol water separation. A detailed design study for the distillation column is conducted where the separation occurs at atmospheric pressure with a total condenser and a partial reboiler.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column Rita EL Khoury
Methanol is an essential feed stock for the manufacture of many industrial products such as adhesives and paints and it is widely used as a solvent in many chemical reactions. Crude methanol is obtained from steam reforming of natural gas and then a purification process is needed since it contains smaller and larger degree of impurities.
The purification process consists of two steps: a topping column used to remove the low boiling impurity called the light ends; and the remaining water methanol mixture is transferred to another column called the refining column where it is constantly boiled until separation occurs. Methanol rises to the top while the water accumulates in the bottom.
This document focuses on methanol water separation. A detailed design study for the distillation column is conducted where the separation occurs at atmospheric pressure with a total condenser and a partial reboiler.
Natural gas condensates can form liquid slugs in transmission lines. This presentation describes alternative modelling strategies to determine slug volumes
The operational considerations for switching from helium to hydrogen
are explained and options discussed. Analysts need to make decisions
about their approach to switching the carrier gas to hydrogen. Are they
looking for analysis time reductions or would they like to quickly switch
their analysis without having to optimize or change their run conditions?
The source of the hydrogen and purity levels needed for its use as a
carrier gas are discussed along with the advantages or disadvantages of
using hydrogen generators versus gas cylinders.
Enhancement of the processes of desiccant aireSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the liquid desiccant system performance during dehumidification and humidification processes using air injection through the liquid desiccant solution (Calcium Chloride). The air flows cross the desiccant solution with different air mass flow rates. The system is studied at different operating condition (air flow rate, temperature, humidity ratio and solution levels). The effectiveness of the proposed system for both dehumidification and humidification processes were evaluated. Also, the cooling effect and mass transfer coefficient was obtained. It is found that the system effectiveness reached 0.75 in the dehumidification process and 0.7 in the humidification process. Mass transfer coefficient depends on the air mass flow rate and the desiccant solution level in the tank Economical Results of the presented system is estimated Keywords : Air humidification , Air dehumdificaion, Liquid Desiccant
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
BOIL OFF GAS ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) AT RECEIVING TERMINALSVijay Sarathy
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a cryogenic mixture of low molecular weight (MW) hydrocarbons with its chief component being methane. Its uses cover a gamut of applications from domestic & industrial use, power generation, to transportation fuel in its liquid form. LNG is transported in double-hulled ships specifically designed to handle low temperatures of the order of -1620C. As of 2012, there were 360 ships transporting more than 220 million metric tons of LNG every year. [1]
When LNG is received at most terminals, it is transferred to insulated storage tanks that are built to specifically hold LNG. These tanks can be above or below ground & keep the liquid at a low temperature to minimize evaporation & compositional changes due to heat ingress from the ambient. The temperature within the tank will remain constant if the pressure is kept constant by allowing the boil off gas (BOG) to escape from the tank. This is known as auto-refrigeration. BOG is collected & used as a fuel source in the facility or on the tanker transporting it. When natural gas is needed, LNG is warmed enough using heat exchangers to vaporize it called re-gasification process, prior to transferring it to the pipeline grid to various users.
Boil-off gas (BOG) management & assessment of LNG’s thermodynamic properties are key issues in the technical assessment of LNG storage. Increased vaporization process may negatively affect the stability and safety of the stored LNG. For these reasons the rate of vaporization (boil off rate) should be precisely determined in storage terminal energy systems. [2].
Reactive distillation
LeChatelier’s law
conventional process
mtbe production using Reactive distillation
various contact devices used for Reactive distillation
advantages of Reactive distillation
disadvantages of Reactive distillation
application of Reactive distillation
This presentation is about cooling tower & cooing water treatment & cooing water problems. In the end the presentation can able to understand about operation & monitoring of cooling water.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
The Economic Comparison Between Dry Natural Gas And Nitrogen Gas For Strippin...inventionjournals
Natural gas isa substantial energy source among other sources of fossil fuels. It is usually produced saturated with water vapor under production conditions. The natural gas dehydration is very paramount in the gas industry to stripthe water vapor existing in the gas production, at low-temperature conditions that may plug the system because of hydrate formation in pipelines. Totake off water vapor from natural gas flow usestriethylene glycol (TEG) in the gas dehydration process. In the glycol method, the wet gas is contactwith leanglycolinan absorber to dehydrate naturalgas and the rich glycol will be recovered and used again. This paper deals with stripping gas in the regenerator of glycol dehydration package with part of dry natural gas instead of nitrogen for stripping water vapor from triethylene glycol and studying the economic comparison between both of them by using modeling and simulation with HYSYS program. The two methods were investigated and evaluated to choose the optimal one with respect to the capital and utility costs, provided that keeping the same specifications and quantity of the glycol purity.In addition, the wet gas from the stripping process can be used to operate texsteam pumps and compressors or recycle with wet gas feed. The model has been built according to the actual process flow diagram. Finally, the results of this model could be considered as a basis on which a new heat and material balance will be developed for the plant.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Natural gas condensates can form liquid slugs in transmission lines. This presentation describes alternative modelling strategies to determine slug volumes
The operational considerations for switching from helium to hydrogen
are explained and options discussed. Analysts need to make decisions
about their approach to switching the carrier gas to hydrogen. Are they
looking for analysis time reductions or would they like to quickly switch
their analysis without having to optimize or change their run conditions?
The source of the hydrogen and purity levels needed for its use as a
carrier gas are discussed along with the advantages or disadvantages of
using hydrogen generators versus gas cylinders.
Enhancement of the processes of desiccant aireSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the liquid desiccant system performance during dehumidification and humidification processes using air injection through the liquid desiccant solution (Calcium Chloride). The air flows cross the desiccant solution with different air mass flow rates. The system is studied at different operating condition (air flow rate, temperature, humidity ratio and solution levels). The effectiveness of the proposed system for both dehumidification and humidification processes were evaluated. Also, the cooling effect and mass transfer coefficient was obtained. It is found that the system effectiveness reached 0.75 in the dehumidification process and 0.7 in the humidification process. Mass transfer coefficient depends on the air mass flow rate and the desiccant solution level in the tank Economical Results of the presented system is estimated Keywords : Air humidification , Air dehumdificaion, Liquid Desiccant
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
BOIL OFF GAS ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) AT RECEIVING TERMINALSVijay Sarathy
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a cryogenic mixture of low molecular weight (MW) hydrocarbons with its chief component being methane. Its uses cover a gamut of applications from domestic & industrial use, power generation, to transportation fuel in its liquid form. LNG is transported in double-hulled ships specifically designed to handle low temperatures of the order of -1620C. As of 2012, there were 360 ships transporting more than 220 million metric tons of LNG every year. [1]
When LNG is received at most terminals, it is transferred to insulated storage tanks that are built to specifically hold LNG. These tanks can be above or below ground & keep the liquid at a low temperature to minimize evaporation & compositional changes due to heat ingress from the ambient. The temperature within the tank will remain constant if the pressure is kept constant by allowing the boil off gas (BOG) to escape from the tank. This is known as auto-refrigeration. BOG is collected & used as a fuel source in the facility or on the tanker transporting it. When natural gas is needed, LNG is warmed enough using heat exchangers to vaporize it called re-gasification process, prior to transferring it to the pipeline grid to various users.
Boil-off gas (BOG) management & assessment of LNG’s thermodynamic properties are key issues in the technical assessment of LNG storage. Increased vaporization process may negatively affect the stability and safety of the stored LNG. For these reasons the rate of vaporization (boil off rate) should be precisely determined in storage terminal energy systems. [2].
Reactive distillation
LeChatelier’s law
conventional process
mtbe production using Reactive distillation
various contact devices used for Reactive distillation
advantages of Reactive distillation
disadvantages of Reactive distillation
application of Reactive distillation
This presentation is about cooling tower & cooing water treatment & cooing water problems. In the end the presentation can able to understand about operation & monitoring of cooling water.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
The Economic Comparison Between Dry Natural Gas And Nitrogen Gas For Strippin...inventionjournals
Natural gas isa substantial energy source among other sources of fossil fuels. It is usually produced saturated with water vapor under production conditions. The natural gas dehydration is very paramount in the gas industry to stripthe water vapor existing in the gas production, at low-temperature conditions that may plug the system because of hydrate formation in pipelines. Totake off water vapor from natural gas flow usestriethylene glycol (TEG) in the gas dehydration process. In the glycol method, the wet gas is contactwith leanglycolinan absorber to dehydrate naturalgas and the rich glycol will be recovered and used again. This paper deals with stripping gas in the regenerator of glycol dehydration package with part of dry natural gas instead of nitrogen for stripping water vapor from triethylene glycol and studying the economic comparison between both of them by using modeling and simulation with HYSYS program. The two methods were investigated and evaluated to choose the optimal one with respect to the capital and utility costs, provided that keeping the same specifications and quantity of the glycol purity.In addition, the wet gas from the stripping process can be used to operate texsteam pumps and compressors or recycle with wet gas feed. The model has been built according to the actual process flow diagram. Finally, the results of this model could be considered as a basis on which a new heat and material balance will be developed for the plant.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhancement of the Performance of Hydraulic Power Pack by Increasing Heat Dis...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Operation of Solar and Waste-heat Powered Adsorption Desalinationiskandaruz
W.G. Chun1, K. Chen2, K. C. Ng3
1Department of Nuclear & Energy Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
3Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Effect of Solar Daylighting on Indoor Visual Environment for an Office Spaceiskandaruz
Hyunjoo Han, Saffa B. Riffat
Institute of Sustainable Energy Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham
University Park, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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A Systemic Optimization Approach for the Design of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 3 Issue 7 ǁ July. 2015 ǁ PP.70-78
www.ijres.org 70 | Page
A Systemic Optimization Approach for the Design of Natural Gas
Dehydration Plant
Sunday Christopher Aduloju, Victor Adekunle Adetoro*, Priscilla N. Duru,
Segun Owolabi, Obumneme Onyedum
National Engineering Design Development Institute, Nnewi, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
In designing dehydration units for natural gas, several critical parameters exist which can be varied to achieve a
specified dew point depression. This paper studies the effects of varying number of trays in the contactor, glycol
circulation rate through the contactor, temperature of the reboiler in the regenerator, amount of stripping gas
used and operating pressure of the regenerator on the water content of the gas in a glycol dehydration unit. The
effect of incorporating free water knock out (FWKO) tank before the absorber is also presented. An offshore
platform in the Arctic region was chosen as the base case of this simulation and was modeled by using ASPEN
HYSYS. Results show that the incorporation of FWKOT does not affect the TEG circulation rate required to
approach equilibrium.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, natural gas is the most valuable source in the world because it is a very important source to
generate the energy that is widely used in commercial, industrial and transportation. However, under normal
production condition, the natural gas is saturated with water vapor. Water is an impurity found in all natural gas
reservoirs to various extents all across the world [1]. However, as long as the water is in vapor phase it presents
no danger, but as soon as liquid water is formed several problems arise. High pressure hydrocarbons together
with liquid water are able to form an ice like structure called hydrates at ambient temperatures, which
can plug the entire pipe or channels in process equipment if allowed to develop. Sour gases, another
common impurity of natural gas, mixed with liquid water are corrosive, and of course if the
temperature gets low enough, regular ice can form [2] The solution is to
reduce the water concentration enough, so that the water present is in vapor form for all conditions
encountered throughout the process. For hydrate inhibition use of chemicals is also possible, as is
most often employed for pipeline transport from the wellhead to the platform or land based
processing facility.
The most commonly used processes for dehydration is absorption into a liquid or adsorption into a
solid, but cooling and compression of the gas can also be used [3,4].
Absorption is used for dehydration when the requirement for water content is moderate, typically
for dehydration before sending the gas through long distance pipelines. Adsorption can produce
extreme dryness in the gas, and is used before low temperature processes (e.g. liquefaction or heavy
hydrocarbon extraction). The focus of this paper is on absorption.
Today most absorption processes uses glycol, more specifically tri ethylene glycol (TEG), in an
absorption column where lean TEG (lean in water) is introduced from the top while wet gas flows in
through the bottom [5]. As the TEG flows down the column over trays or
packing, water is absorbed from the rising gas, letting dehydrated gas flow from the top of the
column, while rich TEG (rich in water) exits from the bottom. The rich TEG is regenerated by
reducing the pressure and increasing the temperature, before it is re-injected into the absorption
column again. This equipment is very large and heavy, two major cons on offshore platforms.
This paper presents the simulation software used in design and optimization of dehydration units. The results
provide an analysis of the dehydration effectiveness at a variety of common operating variables for a typical
dehydration facility.
II. Process Simulation
Glycol dehydration is a continuous liquid desiccant process in which water or water vapour is removed
from hydrocarbon streams by selective absorption and the glycol is regenerated or reconcentrated by thermal
desorption. The most common application of this process is the dehydration of natural gas streams. The use of
triethylene glycol (TEG) is standard for dehydration of natural gas.
2. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
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The absorption occurs in a trayed vessel called the contactor or absorber column. The lean dry glycol
liquor enters the top of the column and the wet gas enters the bottom of the column. As the lean glycol flows
down through the trays, it contacts the up flow wet gas. The lean glycol absorbs the water from the wet gas and
exits through the bottom of the column as rich glycol. The gas exits the top of the column as a dry product with
an acceptable residual moisture content range of 4 to 7 lb/MMscf of gas.
The rich glycol is passed through a heat exchange to preheat the rich glycol with the bottom product of the
regenerator. The rich glycol then flows to a regenerator. In the regenerator, the wet glycol flows down to the
reboiler while contacting hot gases (mostly water vapour and glycol) rising up from the reboiler. The mixing of
these two streams helps to further preheat the wet glycol and to condense and recover any glycol vapours before
the gases are vented from the top of the regenerator.
In the reboiler the glycol is heated to approximately 350o
F to 400o
F to remove enough water vapour to
reconcentrate it to 99.5 percent or more. Sometimes a small amount of natural gas is injected into the bottom of
the reboiler to strip water vapour from the glycol. The water vapour rises through the stripping still and the lean
glycol flows to the surge tank where it is cooled down by preheating the rich glycol from the flash separator.
Finally, the glycol is pumped back to the top of the absorber column to repeat this circuit. The required
circulation rate is determined by the actual purity of the glycol at the inlet to the contactor, the number of trays
or packing height in the contactor, and the desired dew point depression [6,7]. Typical values for plant
applications are 17 to 50 L TEG/kg H2O removed, and for field applications are 20 to 35 L TEG/kg H2O.
An offshore platform in the Arctic region was chosen as the base case of this simulation. It was simulated
with the aid of ASPEN HYSYS Process Simulator.ASPEN HYSYS is a process simulation environment
designed to serve many processing industries especially Oil & Gas and Refining. With HYSYS you can create
rigorous steady state and dynamic models for plant design, performance monitoring, troubleshooting,
operational improvement, business planning, and asset management. Through the completely interactive
HYSYS interface, you can easily manipulate process variables and unit operation topology, as well as fully
customize your simulation using its customization and extensibility capabilities.The base set of operating
parameters are presented below
Table1: Operating parameters and composition of the inlet gas
Name Gas
Temperature 29.230
C (84.610
F)
Pressure 6200 kPa
Volumetric flow 27.70 m3
/h
Component Mole Fraction
Methane 0.8979
Ethane 0.0310
Propane 0.0148
i-Butane 0.0059
n-Butane 0.0030
i-pentane 0.0010
n-Pentane 0.0005
H2S 0.0155
CO2 0.0284
Nitrogen 0.0010
H2O 0.0010
3. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
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Fig 1: The Base case of the Gas dehydration Plant
Table 2: The operating parameters and composition of the TEG feed
Table 3: The Gas Dehydration plant operation parameters
III. Process Optimization
When optimizing the design of dehydration facilities, the impact of the following parameters should
normally be considered:
Number of trays in the contactor
Glycol circulation rate through the contactor
Temperature of the reboiler in the regenerator
Amount of stripping gas used, if any
Name TEG FEED
Temperature 500
C (1200
F)
Pressure 6200 kPa
Volumetric flow 0.5m3
/h
Component Mass Fraction
TEG 0.98
H2O 0.02
NAME CONTACTOR
No of Stages 8
Pressures Value
Top 6190kPa
Bottom 6200kPa
NAME REGENERATOR
No of Stages 1
Regen Feed
Temperature 1050
C
Pressure 110kPa
Condenser
Temperature 1020
C
Pressure 101kPa
Reboiler
Temperature 2050
C (4000
F)
Pressure 103kPa
4. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
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Operating pressure of the regenerator
Of the above parameters, only the first four are normally considered as variable parameters. The last parameter
affects the lean glycol purity in a manner similar to reboiler temperature. However, the vast majority of units are
vented to the atmosphere so this parameter is beyond control [8-11].
In addition to the design parameters listed above, several other factors influence the residual water content
of the sales gas. However, often these factors are fixed and cannot normally be changed when optimizing a unit.
First, the temperature of the inlet gas will dictate the total amount of water fed to the unit. Lower plant inlet gas
temperatures will require less water to be removed by the glycol. Second, lean glycol temperature at the top of
the contactor will affect the water partial pressure at the top stage. Consequently, high glycol temperatures will
result in high water content in the overhead gas. However, this temperature is normally no cooler than 10o
F
above the inlet gas to prevent hydrocarbons in the feed from condensing in the solution[12-14]. This limit is
normally maintained by a gas/glycol exchanger that cools the lean glycol to approximately a 10o
F approach
using the dry gas. Other parameters in the plant have limited or no effect on the dry gas water content. The
number of equilibrium stages in the regenerator has only a slight effect on the lean glycol purity. Equilibrium at
the reboiler temperature and pressure is approached in the reboiler so that additional stages have no effect.
Operating temperature of the lean/rich glycol exchanger only significantly impacts the reboiler heat duty[15,16].
Fig 2: The Optimized Case of the Gas dehydration plant
The existing plant has a FWKO tank to remove the free water from the saturated gas. The initial work of
this research is to see the need for the equipment. One way to do that is to see the effect of FWKO tank as it
affects the circulation rate of the absorbing medium and the final water content of the gas.The effect of the
number of equilibrium stages on the water content of the sales gas for different TEG circulation rates were
studied using a reboiler temperature of 4000
F. In this case, five cases were considered. The effect of a single
stage, two stages, three stages, and five stages were considered. The resulting circulation rates were calculated.
The plot of TEG circulation rate against water content of the gas was done for all the stages.
This case considered the effect of the reboiler temperature on the water content of the sales gas for different
TEG circulation rate on the process. The reboiler temperature considered were 3500
F, 3750
F, 4000
F.The reboiler
temperature was studied for single stage, two stages, three stages, and five stages. The volumetric flow rate of
TEGlycol was varied from 0.01m3
/h to 0.6m3
/h. The water content in the sales gas and mass flow of water in the
sales gas were recorded. This helped in the calculation of the circulation rate of the TEG. The plot of TEG
circulation rate against water content of the gas was done for all the stages. The stripping vapour will likely be
needed to aid the regeneration process for processes requiring gas with very low water content and water dew
points. The stripping gas rates considered were 0Scf/gal, 1Scf/gal, 3Scf/gal and10Scf/gal. The effect of stripping
gas rate on the water content of the sales gas for different TEG circulation rate was studied for single stage, two
5. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
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stages, three stages, five stages, eight stages. The volumetric flow rate of TEG was varied from 0.01m3
/h to
0.6m3
/h. The water content in the sales gas and mass flow of water in the sales gas were recorded. This helped in
the calculation of the circulation rate of the TEG. The plot of TEG circulation rate against water content of the
gas was done for all the stages. Basic mathematical calculations were done to see the effect of water content in
gas as a function of the circulation rate. The initial base case calculation is shown below. The result indicated
that 0.5m3
/h of the TEG was able to reduce the initial mass flow of the water in the gas from 7.7325kg/h to
0.46297kg/h. The water content in the gas was reduced from 653.5mg/m3
to 39.18 mg/m3
.
Water absorbed = Water in the inlet gas – water in the outlet gas
=7.7325 – 0.4629
=7.2696Kg
The circulation rate =
TEG volumetric flow (litres )
Water absorbed (kilogram )
=
500
7.2696
= 68.7802L/kg
Convert to gal/lb
=
68.7802×0.2641720524
2.204622622
= 68.7802 X 0.1198264262
= 8galTEG/lbH2O
Water content in gas = 39.18mg/m3
Convert to lb/MMscf (conversion factor = 0.0624279606)
=39.18 X 0.0624279606
=2.4459 lb/MMscf
IV. Results and Discussion
Fig.3 illustrates the effect of FWKO Tank on Gas water content for 1-stage contactor. The circulation rate
of 8galTEG/lbH20 will be needed to approach equilibrium with the gas. The incorporation and non-incorporation
of the FWKOT simulations cannot achieve the pipeline gas quality of less than 7lbH2O/MMscf as illustrated in
the figure.
Fig.4 illustrates the effect of FWKO Tank on Gas water content for 2-stage contactor. The circulation rate
of 6galTEG/lbH20 will be required to approach equilibrium with the gas. The maximum TEG circulation rates
required for a pipeline gas quality of less than 7lbH2O/MMscf are 2.2 galTEG/lbH20 and 2 galTEG/lbH20 for FWKOT
and non-incorporation of FWKOT simulations respectively.
Fig.5 illustrates the effect of a free water knock tank on Gas water content for 3-stage contactor. The
circulation rate of 3 galTEG/lbH20 will be required to approach equilibrium with the gas. The maximum TEG
circulation rates required for a pipeline gas quality of less than 7lbH2O/MMscf are 1.2 galTEG/lbH20 and 1.05
galTEG/lbH20 for FWKOT and non-incorporation of FWKOT simulations respectively.
Fig.6 illustrates the effect of FWKO on Gas water content for 5-stage contactor. The circulation rate of
1.6galTEG/lbH20 will be required to approach equilibrium with the gas. The maximum TEG circulation rates
required for a pipeline gas quality of less than 7lbH2O/MMscf are 0.9 galTEG/lbH20 and 0.85 galTEG/lbH20 for
FWKOT and non-incorporation of FWKOT simulations respectively.
These figures show that the incorporation of the Free Water Knock Out Tank reduces the mass flow rate of
water in the inlet gas into the contactor to 7.7325kg/h as compared to 9.0076kg/h for a case of no FWKO.
For the two scenarios, the TEGlycol circulation rates required to approach equilibrium with the gas are the
same. Fig.7 illustrates the effect of the number of equilibrium stages in the absorber on the water content and
required TEG circulation rates.The TEG circulation rates required to approach equilibrium with the gas for 1-
stage, 2-stage, 3-stage and 5-stage contactor are 8galTEG/lbH20, 6galTEG/lbH20, 3galTEG/lbH20, and 1.6galTEG/lbH20.
The maximum TEG circulation rates required for a pipeline gas quality of less than 7lbH2O/MMscf are 2
galTEG/lbH20, 1 galTEG/lbH20 and 0.68galTEG/lbH20 for 1-stage, 2-stage, 3-stage and 5 stage contactors.
Fig.8 illustrates the effect of the reboiler temperature of the regenerator after 1-stage contactor on the gas
water content. Pipeline quality gas containing less than 7 lbH2O/MMscf could not be produced at the reboiler
temperature of 3500
F. For reboiler temperature of 3750
F, approximately 6.6 galTEG/lbH20 would be needed as
opposed to 5.3 galTEG/lbH20 for reboiler temperature of 4000
F. The effect of the reboiler temperature of the
regenerator after 2-stage contactor on the gas water content is illustrated by Fig.9. Pipeline quality gas
containing less than 7 lbH2O/MMscf could be produced at the reboiler temperature of 3500
F, 3750
F and 4000
F.
For reboiler temperature of 3500
F, 3750
F and 4000
F, approximately 1.8galTEG/lbH20 , 1.45galTEG/lbH20, and
1.25galTEG/lbH20 would be required.The minimum water content that can be achieved at 3500
F with the
minimum circulation rate of 6 galTEG/lbH20 is 4.8 lbH2O/MMscf. At 3750
F with the minimum circulation rate of 6
6. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
www.ijres.org 75 | Page
galTEG/lbH20 is 3.6 lbH2O/MMscf. At 4000
F with the minimum circulation rate of 6 galTEG/lbH20 is 2.7
lbH2O/MMscf.
The effect of the reboiler temperature of the regenerator after 3-stage contactor on the gas water content is
illustrated by Fig.10. Pipeline quality gas containing less than 7 lbH2O/MMscf could be produced at the reboiler
temperature of 3500
F, 3750
F and 4000
F. For reboiler temperature of 3500
F, 3750
F and 4000
F, approximately
0.95galTEG/lbH20 , 0.85galTEG/lbH20, and 0.77galTEG/lbH20 would be required. The minimum water content that can
be achieved at 3500
F with the minimum circulation rate of 3galTEG/lbH20 is 4.5 lbH2O/MMscf. At 3750
F with the
minimum circulation rate of 3galTEG/lbH20 is 3.3 lbH2O/MMscf. At 4000
F with the minimum circulation rate of 6
galTEG/lbH20 is 2.3 lbH2O/MMscf.The effect of the reboiler temperature of the regenerator after 5-stage contactor
on the gas water content is illustrated by Fig.11.
Fig.3: The effect of free water knock tank Fig.4: The effect of free water knock tank
on Gas water content (1-Tray contactor) on Gas water content (2-Tray contactor)
Fig .5: The effect of free water knock tank Fig.6: The effect of free water knock tank
on Gas water content (3-Tray contactor) on Gas water content (5-Tray contactor)
7. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
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Fig.7: The effect of the number of equilibrium stages Fig.8: The effect of the reboiler temperature
in the contactor on the Gas water content on the gas water content (1-stage contactor)
Fig.9: The effect of the reboiler temperature on Fig.10: The effect of the reboiler temperature
the gas water content (2-stage contactor) on the gas water content (3-stage contactor)
Fig.11: The effect of the reboiler temperature Fig.12: The effect of the stripping gas rate
on the gas water content (5-stage contactor) on the gas water content (1-stage contactor)
8. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
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Fig.13: The effect of the stripping gas rate Fig.14: The effect of the stripping gas rate
on the gas water content (3-stage contactor) on the gas water content (5-stage contactor)
Pipeline quality gas containing less than 7 lbH2O/MMscf could be produced at the reboiler temperature of
3500
F, 3750
F and 4000
F. For reboiler temperature of 3500
F, 3750
F and 4000
F, approximately 0.72galTEG/lbH20 ,
0.65galTEG/lbH20, and 0.6galTEG/lbH20 would be required. The minimum water content that can be achieved at
3500
F with the minimum circulation rate of 1.6galTEG/lbH20 is 4.4 lbH2O/MMscf. At 3750
F with the minimum
circulation rate of 1.6galTEG/lbH20 is 3.2 lbH2O/MMscf. At 4000
F with the minimum circulation rate of 1.6
galTEG/lbH20 is 2.1 lbH2O/MMscf.
The effect of the stripping gas rate in the reboiler of the regenerator on the gas water content (1-stage
contactor) is illustrated by Fig.12. A constant TEG circulation rate and varying stripping gas rate of 0scf/gal,
1scf/gal, 3scf/gal and 10scf/gal produces a gas having water content of 5.75 lbH2O/MMscf, 5.5 lbH2O/MMscf,
4.85 lbH2O/MMscf and 4lbH2O/MMscf. The effect of the stripping gas rate in the reboiler of the regenerator on
the gas water content (3-stage contactor) is illustrated by Fig.13. A constant TEG circulation rate and varying
stripping gas rate of 0scf/gal, 1scf/gal, 3scf/gal and 10scf/gal produces a gas having water content of 2.7
lbH2O/MMscf, 2.4 lbH2O/MMscf, 2 lbH2O/MMscf and 1lbH2O/MMscf. The effect of the stripping gas rate in the
reboiler of the regenerator on the gas water content (5-stage contactor) is illustrated by Fig.14. A constant TEG
circulation rate and varying stripping gas rate of 0scf/gal, 1scf/gal, 3scf/gal and 10scf/gal produces a gas having
water content of 2.7 lbH2O/MMscf, 2.4 lbH2O/MMscf, 2 lbH2O/MMscf and 1lbH2O/MMscf.
V. CONCLUSION
The initial design of the Gas dehydration plant as simulated in the base case had FWKOT incorporated in
the plant. It is included in the design to remove the free water present in the saturated gas. This research work
has proved beyond reasonable doubt that the incorporation of FWKOT does not affect the TEG circulation rate
required to approach equilibrium. It has also proved that the incorporation of the FWKOT will increase the TEG
circulation rate needed to meet pipeline gas quality.
It has been proven that the number of trays in the contactor, glycol circulation rate through the contactor,
temperature of the reboiler in the regenerator and amount of stripping gas used in natural gas dehydration plant
are critical parameters to consider in the optimization of the plant. With increase in the number of equilibrium
stage, there is decrease in the required TEG circulation to meet Pipeline Gas quality and to approach equilibrium
with the gas. With a fixed circulation rate, a lower water content gas can be produced with higher equilibrium
stage contactor.
Higher reboiler temperatures have been proved in this research work to reduce the Gas water content. The
importance of gas stripping was not left out. This work has also proven the water content of gas can be reduced
further by gas stripping. Higher gas stripping rates will cause lower water content in the gas. Where Gas
stripping is employed, increasing the equilibrium trays farther than 3 trays will have no significant impact on the
water content of the gas produced.
Thus the first two parameters affect the approach to equilibrium at the top of the absorber while the third
and fourth dictate the value of the equilibrium water content by limiting the purity of the lean glycol to the
absorber. We therefore recommend as follows:
(i) The plant can be optimized by removing the FWKOT equipment from the plant. This will reduce the cost
by reducing the circulation rate of the TEG required for a given gas quality. Cost due to installation and
maintenance of the FWKOT can be eliminated.
9. A Systemic Optimization Approach For The Design Of Natural Gas Dehydration Plant
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(ii) The reboiler temperature should be set to work at the temperature of 4000
F
(iii) For gas quality of very low water content, stripping should be employed. Higher stripping rates may be
used to achieve lower water content
(iv) Where Gas stripping is employed, 3 equilibrium stages should be employed for higher efficiency.
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