This study measured levels of environmental contaminants in urine samples from 249 Israeli adults. It found widespread exposure to bisphenol A and organophosphate pesticides. Higher bisphenol A levels were associated with Jewish ethnicity, active smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, and frequent microwave use. Organophosphate pesticide exposure was predicted by age, income, and high fruit consumption. The results suggest intake of fruits is an important source of organophosphate exposure for Israelis. The study provides baseline data that can track changes in exposure from policy actions like pesticide restrictions.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of cancer research and oncology. The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for oncologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of cancer research.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This study examined differences in plasma, urine, and adipose tissue biomarkers between individuals classified into different diet groups (vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, non-vegetarian) based on their meat, dairy, and egg consumption patterns in the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. The study found that vegans had higher concentrations of total carotenoids in plasma and higher excretion of urinary isoflavones and enterolactone compared to non-vegetarians. Vegans also had lower levels of saturated fatty acids and higher levels of linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids. Similar but less robust differences were seen
Gastrointestinal toleracne and utlization of agave inulin by healthy adults 2014Leila Shinn
This study evaluated gastrointestinal tolerance and utilization of two doses of agave inulin (5.0 g and 7.5 g per day) compared to a placebo in 29 healthy adults over three 21-day periods. Slight increases in bloating, flatulence, and rumbling frequency were seen with both doses of agave inulin. Higher doses also increased abdominal pain and rumbling intensity. Number of bowel movements increased and stools were softer with the higher 7.5 g dose. Breath hydrogen levels increased after consuming agave inulin, indicating fermentation. Overall, both doses led to minimal gastrointestinal symptoms and improved laxation without increased diarrhea.
Effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of somegisa_legal
This document reviews the effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of some bioactive compounds. It discusses how different classes of polyphenols can affect the transport of organic cations, glucose, thiamine, and folic acid across intestinal and placental barriers. The effects of polyphenols can vary depending on factors like acute vs chronic exposure, and how polyphenols interact when consumed together compared to individually. While most data is from in vitro studies, the review raises concerns about how polyphenol consumption may impact the bioavailability of other compounds.
Pumpkin seed oil extracted from cucurbita maxima improves urinary disorder in...Younis I Munshi
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of pumpkin seed oil extracted from Cucurbita maxima on urinary dysfunction in human overactive bladder. Forty-five subjects took 10 grams per day of pumpkin seed oil from C. maxima for 12 weeks. Urinary function was evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score. The results showed that pumpkin seed oil from C. maxima significantly reduced OABSS scores after both 6 and 12 weeks, suggesting it may be effective for treating urinary disorders like overactive bladder in humans.
- Unhealthy diets high in trans and saturated fats, sugar and sodium are linked to non-communicable diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
- Evidence shows replacing red meat with plant-based proteins or fish, and increasing intake of fruits and vegetables can significantly reduce risk of chronic diseases.
- Agricultural policies and research priorities should promote production of nuts, legumes, fish, and whole grains while limiting red meat and refined grains to guide healthier global diets.
This study examined the association between tuberculosis and nutritional status by comparing biochemical nutritional markers between newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients, relapse tuberculosis patients, and healthy controls. It found that total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and vitamin D levels were significantly lower in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients compared to controls, suggesting that tuberculosis is more common in nutritionally deficient individuals. Body mass index and residence in rural areas were also associated with higher risk of tuberculosis. The results indicate that tuberculosis infection may be exacerbated by poor nutritional status.
This study developed and validated a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess intake of polyphenol-rich foods in pregnant women in Brazil. 120 pregnant women participated in nutritional interviews on two occasions and provided urine samples. The FFQ included 52 foods and was compared to 24-hour recalls, 3-day food diaries, and urinary polyphenol levels. Analysis showed high reproducibility between the two FFQ administrations. Moderate to high correlations were found between the dietary assessment methods. A low but significant correlation was observed between the FFQ and urinary polyphenol levels. The study concluded that the FFQ is a valid tool for quantifying intake of total polyphenols in pregnant women.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of cancer research and oncology. The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for oncologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of cancer research.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This study examined differences in plasma, urine, and adipose tissue biomarkers between individuals classified into different diet groups (vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, non-vegetarian) based on their meat, dairy, and egg consumption patterns in the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. The study found that vegans had higher concentrations of total carotenoids in plasma and higher excretion of urinary isoflavones and enterolactone compared to non-vegetarians. Vegans also had lower levels of saturated fatty acids and higher levels of linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids. Similar but less robust differences were seen
Gastrointestinal toleracne and utlization of agave inulin by healthy adults 2014Leila Shinn
This study evaluated gastrointestinal tolerance and utilization of two doses of agave inulin (5.0 g and 7.5 g per day) compared to a placebo in 29 healthy adults over three 21-day periods. Slight increases in bloating, flatulence, and rumbling frequency were seen with both doses of agave inulin. Higher doses also increased abdominal pain and rumbling intensity. Number of bowel movements increased and stools were softer with the higher 7.5 g dose. Breath hydrogen levels increased after consuming agave inulin, indicating fermentation. Overall, both doses led to minimal gastrointestinal symptoms and improved laxation without increased diarrhea.
Effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of somegisa_legal
This document reviews the effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of some bioactive compounds. It discusses how different classes of polyphenols can affect the transport of organic cations, glucose, thiamine, and folic acid across intestinal and placental barriers. The effects of polyphenols can vary depending on factors like acute vs chronic exposure, and how polyphenols interact when consumed together compared to individually. While most data is from in vitro studies, the review raises concerns about how polyphenol consumption may impact the bioavailability of other compounds.
Pumpkin seed oil extracted from cucurbita maxima improves urinary disorder in...Younis I Munshi
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of pumpkin seed oil extracted from Cucurbita maxima on urinary dysfunction in human overactive bladder. Forty-five subjects took 10 grams per day of pumpkin seed oil from C. maxima for 12 weeks. Urinary function was evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score. The results showed that pumpkin seed oil from C. maxima significantly reduced OABSS scores after both 6 and 12 weeks, suggesting it may be effective for treating urinary disorders like overactive bladder in humans.
- Unhealthy diets high in trans and saturated fats, sugar and sodium are linked to non-communicable diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
- Evidence shows replacing red meat with plant-based proteins or fish, and increasing intake of fruits and vegetables can significantly reduce risk of chronic diseases.
- Agricultural policies and research priorities should promote production of nuts, legumes, fish, and whole grains while limiting red meat and refined grains to guide healthier global diets.
This study examined the association between tuberculosis and nutritional status by comparing biochemical nutritional markers between newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients, relapse tuberculosis patients, and healthy controls. It found that total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and vitamin D levels were significantly lower in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients compared to controls, suggesting that tuberculosis is more common in nutritionally deficient individuals. Body mass index and residence in rural areas were also associated with higher risk of tuberculosis. The results indicate that tuberculosis infection may be exacerbated by poor nutritional status.
This study developed and validated a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess intake of polyphenol-rich foods in pregnant women in Brazil. 120 pregnant women participated in nutritional interviews on two occasions and provided urine samples. The FFQ included 52 foods and was compared to 24-hour recalls, 3-day food diaries, and urinary polyphenol levels. Analysis showed high reproducibility between the two FFQ administrations. Moderate to high correlations were found between the dietary assessment methods. A low but significant correlation was observed between the FFQ and urinary polyphenol levels. The study concluded that the FFQ is a valid tool for quantifying intake of total polyphenols in pregnant women.
This document summarizes research on the anticarcinogenic properties of various carotenoids. It finds that carotenoids beyond beta-carotene, such as alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene, show potent anticancer activity and in some cases more activity than beta-carotene. Specifically, it reviews studies finding that alpha-carotene more effectively suppresses tumor development compared to beta-carotene in models of skin, lung, liver, and colon cancer. Lutein and zeaxanthin also inhibited tumor promotion and development in the lung, skin, and colon. Lycopene was found to reduce tumor occurrence and growth in the
Effects Of Taste Genetics On Food Acceptancetreysand
The document discusses taste genetics and food acceptance. It outlines how genetic variation in bitter taste perception is linked to preferences for sweet, fatty, or bitter foods due to differences in taste receptor genes and fungiform papillae density on the tongue. A study examined this relationship by testing subjects' bitter taste thresholds, papillae density, and ratings of foods varying in bitterness, sweetness, and fat content. Results suggested genetic differences in oral sensation may influence an individual's food acceptance.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
This study aimed to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) to assess fruit, vegetable, and tea intake during pregnancy. The FFQ estimates were compared to urinary flavonoid levels, plasma carotenoid levels, and a 4-day weighed food diary (FD) completed by 119 pregnant women. Correlations were found between the FFQ and biomarkers for various food groups. Using the triangular method with two biomarkers, validity coefficients of 0.65 and 0.59 were calculated for the FFQ's ability to estimate citrus fruit/juice and cooked vegetable intake respectively. The study shows the MoBa FFQ can be used to estimate and rank
1) The document summarizes a study on the effect of probiotic supplementation through curd consumption on various health markers in obese subjects.
2) Biomarkers like calcium, adenosine deaminase, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated before and after probiotic supplementation.
3) Preliminary results suggest probiotic supplementation was associated with reductions in markers of immune function (adenosine deaminase) and improvements in lipid profiles (HDL cholesterol), though more data is still needed.
11.therapeutic effect of fenugreek seed on the patients suffering from diabet...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the therapeutic effects of fenugreek seeds on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 108 patients were divided into 3 groups, with group A consuming 5g of fenugreek powder daily, group B consuming 10g, and group C consuming 15g. Blood glucose levels were measured initially and over 6 weeks. Results showed blood glucose levels decreased more in groups B and C compared to group A. The study confirms that consuming fenugreek seeds lowers blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, supporting the hypothesis that a low glycemic diet with soluble fiber reduces blood glucose in diabetics.
Organic food is food produced using methods that comply with organic standards. These standards aim to promote ecological balance and biodiversity. Organic food is grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or GMOs. While there is no evidence organic food is more nutritious, some studies have found higher antioxidant and omega-3 fatty acid levels in organic products like milk and meat. Proponents believe organic food may reduce exposure to pesticides, antibiotics, and chemicals, and have other health benefits like boosting the immune system and heart health. However, the evidence for claims of organic food being healthier is still mixed.
This document provides an overview of organic food, including its definition, production standards, chemical composition compared to conventional food, and impact on health. Key points include:
- Organic food is grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, GMOs, and must meet certification standards.
- Studies have found some nutritional differences between organic and conventional food, like higher antioxidant levels in organic crops, but no significant differences in essential nutrients.
- Pesticide residues are more common in conventional food, but health effects of low-level exposures are still debated.
- While some studies suggest potential health benefits, there is no conclusive evidence that organic food is safer or more nutritious than conventional food.
This is about a review study which focused on nearly 2,215 articles pertaining to organic food and its health aspects.. This study was done only on Pubmed database. This study gives a consolidated knowledge about those 2,215 articles done in Pubmed database. Any number of queries & doubts are gladly welcomed. :)
Why animal source foods need to be part of the global food security and nutri...ILRI
Presented by Lawrence Haddad (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition) at the International Tropical Agriculture Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 11−13 November 2019
This document summarizes a study on the polyphenols found in apples and their potential health benefits. The study assessed public knowledge of apple polyphenols through a survey. The survey found high weekly apple consumption but low awareness of antioxidants as a key component. Analytical tests identified diverse polyphenol classes in apples, with varieties from Northeast Hungary ranking highly. The study concludes there is untapped potential for apple polyphenols to benefit public health due to diseases like obesity and diabetes, but more education is needed for people to understand these nutritional components.
This document summarizes a study that measured levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in human urine samples. The study found:
1) Overall, urinary BPA levels in students sampled in 1992 were significantly higher than in students sampled in 1999.
2) In 1992 samples, BPA levels were positively correlated with coffee and tea consumption, but no such correlation was found in 1999 samples.
3) Recent changes to can coatings in Japan may help explain the differences found between the 1992 and 1999 cohorts.
The document describes a randomized controlled trial that investigated the impact of consuming apricots, pomegranate juice, fermented sobya, or combinations for 3 weeks on biomarkers related to antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. 35 participants were divided into 5 groups: a control group, an apricot group, a pomegranate juice group, a combination pomegranate juice and fermented sobya group, and a fermented sobya group. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and after 3 weeks to analyze markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and glutathione transferase enzyme activity. The study found that consuming pomegranate juice increased plasma and urinary antioxidant activities and reduced urinary oxidative stress
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can
The study tested whole wheat muffins with different amounts of added phytosterols (0mg, 400mg, and 800mg) to determine if phytosterols were an acceptable food additive for lowering cholesterol. Sensory testing found no significant difference between the muffins, while objective tests found the 800mg muffin had higher moisture and the control muffin was taller and required more force to penetrate. Both the sensory and objective results support phytosterols as an acceptable additive that could help reduce heart disease risk factors like high cholesterol.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Phytochemical Composition and Nutritional Properties of Non-Diary Probiotic B...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document summarizes a research study on the phytochemical composition and nutritional properties of non-dairy probiotic beverages. Key findings include:
- Probiotic beverages were produced using extracts of various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Phytochemical analysis found the presence of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and reducing sugars but not steroids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, or saponins.
- Proximate analysis found the beverages had high moisture content (over 96%), low levels of fat and carbohydrates, and no crude fiber. Crude protein and ash levels varied between samples.
- The
This study examined the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among 190 working women in Kolkata over one year. In the first six months with levothyroxine therapy, most women had mild hypothyroidism and pre-obesity, and over half had mild NAFLD risk. In the second six months without medication and following a hypothyroid diet, most women had subclinical hypothyroidism, were pre-obese, and all had low or no NAFLD risk, showing an association between improved thyroid function and liver health through dietary changes alone.
This document discusses gender and nutrition in the results frameworks of the CGIAR, a global agricultural research partnership. It describes the generic results strategy framework used by CRPs (CGIAR research programs) and defines intermediate development outcomes (IDOs) as direct benefits to beneficiaries or changes in enabling environments measured at scale. Common IDOs across CRPs include improved nutrition, increased income and gender empowerment. For the nutrition IDO, 11 CRPs are involved and proposed indicators include dietary diversity, consumption of nutrient-rich foods, and intake of micronutrients. For the gender empowerment IDO, 7 CRPs are involved and proposed indicators include control over resources, participation in decision-making, and benefits for women and marginalized
This document summarizes recent research on phytochemicals. It discusses studies that examined the effects of thermal treatments and cooking methods on phytochemical content in berries and vegetables. Other studies investigated the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of black rice, hot peppers, and lettuce grown with abscisic acid. The document concludes that phytochemical content is dependent on many factors and more research is needed to understand actual health benefits.
This document summarizes research on the anticarcinogenic properties of various carotenoids. It finds that carotenoids beyond beta-carotene, such as alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene, show potent anticancer activity and in some cases more activity than beta-carotene. Specifically, it reviews studies finding that alpha-carotene more effectively suppresses tumor development compared to beta-carotene in models of skin, lung, liver, and colon cancer. Lutein and zeaxanthin also inhibited tumor promotion and development in the lung, skin, and colon. Lycopene was found to reduce tumor occurrence and growth in the
Effects Of Taste Genetics On Food Acceptancetreysand
The document discusses taste genetics and food acceptance. It outlines how genetic variation in bitter taste perception is linked to preferences for sweet, fatty, or bitter foods due to differences in taste receptor genes and fungiform papillae density on the tongue. A study examined this relationship by testing subjects' bitter taste thresholds, papillae density, and ratings of foods varying in bitterness, sweetness, and fat content. Results suggested genetic differences in oral sensation may influence an individual's food acceptance.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
This study aimed to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) to assess fruit, vegetable, and tea intake during pregnancy. The FFQ estimates were compared to urinary flavonoid levels, plasma carotenoid levels, and a 4-day weighed food diary (FD) completed by 119 pregnant women. Correlations were found between the FFQ and biomarkers for various food groups. Using the triangular method with two biomarkers, validity coefficients of 0.65 and 0.59 were calculated for the FFQ's ability to estimate citrus fruit/juice and cooked vegetable intake respectively. The study shows the MoBa FFQ can be used to estimate and rank
1) The document summarizes a study on the effect of probiotic supplementation through curd consumption on various health markers in obese subjects.
2) Biomarkers like calcium, adenosine deaminase, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated before and after probiotic supplementation.
3) Preliminary results suggest probiotic supplementation was associated with reductions in markers of immune function (adenosine deaminase) and improvements in lipid profiles (HDL cholesterol), though more data is still needed.
11.therapeutic effect of fenugreek seed on the patients suffering from diabet...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the therapeutic effects of fenugreek seeds on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 108 patients were divided into 3 groups, with group A consuming 5g of fenugreek powder daily, group B consuming 10g, and group C consuming 15g. Blood glucose levels were measured initially and over 6 weeks. Results showed blood glucose levels decreased more in groups B and C compared to group A. The study confirms that consuming fenugreek seeds lowers blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, supporting the hypothesis that a low glycemic diet with soluble fiber reduces blood glucose in diabetics.
Organic food is food produced using methods that comply with organic standards. These standards aim to promote ecological balance and biodiversity. Organic food is grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or GMOs. While there is no evidence organic food is more nutritious, some studies have found higher antioxidant and omega-3 fatty acid levels in organic products like milk and meat. Proponents believe organic food may reduce exposure to pesticides, antibiotics, and chemicals, and have other health benefits like boosting the immune system and heart health. However, the evidence for claims of organic food being healthier is still mixed.
This document provides an overview of organic food, including its definition, production standards, chemical composition compared to conventional food, and impact on health. Key points include:
- Organic food is grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, GMOs, and must meet certification standards.
- Studies have found some nutritional differences between organic and conventional food, like higher antioxidant levels in organic crops, but no significant differences in essential nutrients.
- Pesticide residues are more common in conventional food, but health effects of low-level exposures are still debated.
- While some studies suggest potential health benefits, there is no conclusive evidence that organic food is safer or more nutritious than conventional food.
This is about a review study which focused on nearly 2,215 articles pertaining to organic food and its health aspects.. This study was done only on Pubmed database. This study gives a consolidated knowledge about those 2,215 articles done in Pubmed database. Any number of queries & doubts are gladly welcomed. :)
Why animal source foods need to be part of the global food security and nutri...ILRI
Presented by Lawrence Haddad (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition) at the International Tropical Agriculture Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 11−13 November 2019
This document summarizes a study on the polyphenols found in apples and their potential health benefits. The study assessed public knowledge of apple polyphenols through a survey. The survey found high weekly apple consumption but low awareness of antioxidants as a key component. Analytical tests identified diverse polyphenol classes in apples, with varieties from Northeast Hungary ranking highly. The study concludes there is untapped potential for apple polyphenols to benefit public health due to diseases like obesity and diabetes, but more education is needed for people to understand these nutritional components.
This document summarizes a study that measured levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in human urine samples. The study found:
1) Overall, urinary BPA levels in students sampled in 1992 were significantly higher than in students sampled in 1999.
2) In 1992 samples, BPA levels were positively correlated with coffee and tea consumption, but no such correlation was found in 1999 samples.
3) Recent changes to can coatings in Japan may help explain the differences found between the 1992 and 1999 cohorts.
The document describes a randomized controlled trial that investigated the impact of consuming apricots, pomegranate juice, fermented sobya, or combinations for 3 weeks on biomarkers related to antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. 35 participants were divided into 5 groups: a control group, an apricot group, a pomegranate juice group, a combination pomegranate juice and fermented sobya group, and a fermented sobya group. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and after 3 weeks to analyze markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and glutathione transferase enzyme activity. The study found that consuming pomegranate juice increased plasma and urinary antioxidant activities and reduced urinary oxidative stress
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can
The study tested whole wheat muffins with different amounts of added phytosterols (0mg, 400mg, and 800mg) to determine if phytosterols were an acceptable food additive for lowering cholesterol. Sensory testing found no significant difference between the muffins, while objective tests found the 800mg muffin had higher moisture and the control muffin was taller and required more force to penetrate. Both the sensory and objective results support phytosterols as an acceptable additive that could help reduce heart disease risk factors like high cholesterol.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Phytochemical Composition and Nutritional Properties of Non-Diary Probiotic B...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document summarizes a research study on the phytochemical composition and nutritional properties of non-dairy probiotic beverages. Key findings include:
- Probiotic beverages were produced using extracts of various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Phytochemical analysis found the presence of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and reducing sugars but not steroids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, or saponins.
- Proximate analysis found the beverages had high moisture content (over 96%), low levels of fat and carbohydrates, and no crude fiber. Crude protein and ash levels varied between samples.
- The
This study examined the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among 190 working women in Kolkata over one year. In the first six months with levothyroxine therapy, most women had mild hypothyroidism and pre-obesity, and over half had mild NAFLD risk. In the second six months without medication and following a hypothyroid diet, most women had subclinical hypothyroidism, were pre-obese, and all had low or no NAFLD risk, showing an association between improved thyroid function and liver health through dietary changes alone.
This document discusses gender and nutrition in the results frameworks of the CGIAR, a global agricultural research partnership. It describes the generic results strategy framework used by CRPs (CGIAR research programs) and defines intermediate development outcomes (IDOs) as direct benefits to beneficiaries or changes in enabling environments measured at scale. Common IDOs across CRPs include improved nutrition, increased income and gender empowerment. For the nutrition IDO, 11 CRPs are involved and proposed indicators include dietary diversity, consumption of nutrient-rich foods, and intake of micronutrients. For the gender empowerment IDO, 7 CRPs are involved and proposed indicators include control over resources, participation in decision-making, and benefits for women and marginalized
This document summarizes recent research on phytochemicals. It discusses studies that examined the effects of thermal treatments and cooking methods on phytochemical content in berries and vegetables. Other studies investigated the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of black rice, hot peppers, and lettuce grown with abscisic acid. The document concludes that phytochemical content is dependent on many factors and more research is needed to understand actual health benefits.
This document summarizes evidence on interventions to reduce hypertension and increase fruit and vegetable consumption in Nepal. It finds that the DASH diet has been shown to lower blood pressure compared to other diets in clinical trials. Programs in Nepal that increased home gardening and fruit/vegetable production led to greater consumption of these foods and improved incomes and nutrition. However, implementing dietary programs may be difficult in Nepal's culture. Expanding successful fruit/vegetable intervention programs could benefit Nepal due to current low intake. The DASH diet and increasing local fruit/vegetable production may both help address Nepal's high rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Advabced Breeding methods for quality improvement in solanceous vegetables.docxPallavi Wani
Background/Introduction
World Population during 2020 is 7.8 billion, is growing steadily, and it is predicted to reach 9.1 billion by the year 2050. (united nation population division). Per capita calorie consumption of Fruit & Vegetable is expected to more than triple by the year 2050 in south Asia as compared to 2010. To feed growing population FAO projects the need to increase agricultural output by at least 60 per cent in the next decade. Over the coming decades a changing climate, growing World Population, rising food prices, and environmental stresses will have significant yet impact on food security. To fed growing population, FAO projects the need to increase agricultural output by at least 60 per cent in the next decade. India is ranked 94th position out of 104 countries. And it is also leading producer of many vegetables, but it has estimated around 15 per cent population is under nourished and lack of inadequate food intake both in quality and quantity. So thus improvement of nutritive value of crop is the major gole of breeding programme.
By use of conventional breeding method to get the product will take more number of years and labours, so if we start by modern breeding technologies like, Marker assisted selection, Molecular Breeding, Antisense RNA, and CRIPSR/cas-9 etc., along with conventional method of breeding we can save the lot of time to develop the product.
Vegetable crops are rich in dietary micronutrients, antioxidants and functional phytochemicals. Among vegetables solanaceous vegetables are the good source of health- protective dietary elements such as vitamins, minerals and antioxidant in the human diet. These solanaceous family includes Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli and Potato. (Kumari et al., 2017)
Classification of Quality traits
Any degree of excellence is called quality. There are mainly 5 categories-
1. Morphological traits- Related to product appearance which includes fruit size, shape, color and thickness
2. Orgenoleptic traits- Concerned with palatability of the produce, examples are taste, aroma, flavor etc.,
3. Nutritional traits (Neutraceuticals)- These are determine value of the product such as Beta carotene, ascorbic acid, TSS, Protein , vitamins, minerals
4. Undesirable traits- Includes Solanine content in brinjal and browning in potato
5. Other traits- Includes keeping quality, cooking quality
Advantages of Quality Breeding
It enables grower to get the good product
Helps in consumer acceptability
Makes the product more suitable for processing
Provides Food and health security
Quality traits of Solanaceous vegetables
ADVANCED BREEDING METHODS
E. GENETIC ENGINEERING
F. RNA INTERFERENCE TECHNOLOGY (RNAi)
G. CRISPR CAS9- A genome editor
ACHIEVEMENTS
Transgenic Approach for Bio fortification in vegetables crops
Research Regulation
The square tomato is not only special in terms of shape, but it will also improve your quality of life. Because it contains more than 50% lycopene
FUTURE THRUT
Plant sterols and stanols as cholesterol-lowering ingredients: fact or market...Mark O'Donovan
Content: Literature review.
Overview: To research the extent of scientific support for the claim that high intakes of plant sterols and stanols lowers cholesterol; and the practicality, safety and health implications pertaining to this dietary intake.
Please Note
- This essay was improved in terms of clarity and writing in 2017 but no new sources of information have been used since the original 2014 version.
- This essay is purely academic and I will not accept legal responsibility for any information, interpretations or options contained herein.
- Feel free to utilise, critique, print or reference any of this content :)
This study validated a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used to measure fruit, vegetable, and tea intake in pregnant women in Norway. The FFQ estimates were compared to biomarkers (urinary flavonoids and plasma carotenoids) and a 4-day weighed food diary. Correlations between the FFQ and biomarkers provided evidence that the FFQ could reliably estimate intake of certain foods, with validity coefficients of 0.65 for citrus fruit/juice and 0.59 for cooked vegetables. Overall, the validation study demonstrated the FFQ's ability to estimate fruit, juice, vegetable and tea intake in pregnant Norwegian women.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that the improvements in air quality were temporary and pollution levels rose back to pre-pandemic levels as restrictions eased and activity increased again.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document summarizes research on the disposal and impacts of chlorinated solvents in a local community. It finds that up to 6.8 ppb of chlorinated benzene was found in 26 homes near known disposal sites for chlorinated solvents. Testing of residents found elevated levels of urinary markers indicating early kidney dysfunction in over half of participants, though follow up testing showed improvement. While exposure to chlorinated benzene can cause kidney damage, other pollution sources may have also contributed to local renal disease rates. The document reviews the toxicology of chlorinated benzene and differences in risk assessments between regulatory agencies.
This document discusses the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC TOFMS) for environmental forensics analysis. It introduces GCxGC TOFMS, describing how it provides improved separation of compounds compared to traditional GC. Applications discussed include analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bird tissues to determine geographic origin, and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coal tar samples to identify the type of distillation process and determine the source. Statistical methods are applied to GCxGC TOFMS data from coal tar samples to accurately classify unknown samples. The document concludes the technique is effective for environmental forensics
This document discusses fractionating hydrocarbons for hazard and risk assessment through chemical and biological analysis. It describes extracting oil from contaminated soils and peat for analysis, and using extraction, fractionation, and indicator compounds to assess risks to human health and the environment from weathered petroleum hydrocarbons. Biological assays on the extracts include tests with microbes, plants, earthworms, and models to predict human and environmental exposure and toxicity.
This document summarizes emerging organic groundwater contaminants and their transformation products. It defines emerging contaminants as anthropogenic organic compounds and their transformation products that are increasingly detected due to changes in chemical use, advances in analysis, and improved monitoring. Many emerging contaminants come from sources like wastewater discharge, manure/sludge application, and septic tanks. Common emerging contaminant groups discussed include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial compounds, and hormones. The document examines the pathways these contaminants take to groundwater and the processes controlling their subsurface migration. It also provides examples of specific contaminants frequently detected in UK groundwater and discusses their degradation.
The document summarizes the development of the Environmental Fate Simulator (EFS), a tool being created by the US Environmental Protection Agency to predict the degradation pathways of organic chemicals in groundwater. The EFS will integrate process science, cheminformatics applications, and modeling software to provide physicochemical properties and simulate reaction pathways of chemicals in various environmental media and conditions. It is being developed to help evaluate thousands of chemicals where limited data currently exists. The EFS will automate the simulation of chemical fate through various environmental scenarios to support exposure and risk assessments.
Pharmaceuticals are released into the environment through sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils. Studies have detected various pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge samples at concentrations that could potentially affect soil organisms. Laboratory studies show some pharmaceuticals can accumulate in earthworm tissues. Modeling indicates factors like a drug's properties, soil characteristics, and organism type influence bioaccumulation. While risks to human health are generally low, certain levels of pharmaceutical exposure may subtly affect non-target species like invertebrates through mechanisms related to a drug's mode of action. Further research is still needed to fully understand pharmaceutical impacts on terrestrial environments.
- The study examined the uptake and elimination of permethrin in 30 male volunteers who wore permethrin-treated clothing for forestry workers for 8 hours on three separate occasions under different conditions.
- Biomonitoring of urine samples found that permethrin exposure peaked 8-16 hours after use and could be detected for up to 144 hours, with an average elimination half-life of 30 hours. Over 50% of subjects exceeded environmental reference values after one-time use.
- Internal exposure increased with hot/humid conditions and physical activity, likely due to higher dermal absorption from increased skin perfusion and sweat. Accumulation may occur with daily use.
This document summarizes a human biomonitoring study that collected all urine samples from 8 participants over a continuous 6-day period. Biomarkers for metals and organic compounds were measured to understand intra- and inter-individual variability in biomarker concentrations and determine optimal urine sampling strategies. Biomarker levels varied within and between individuals depending on compound half-life and exposure frequency from personal care products. High intra-individual variability was observed for biomarkers with short half-lives like methyl paraben, while cadmium showed low variability. The study provides insights into interpreting biomarker measurements from single spot samples versus multiple samples over time.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
12.2 Goldsmith
1. 1
Bisphenol A and Organophosphate Exposure in
the Israeli Population:
Sources and Risk Factors
Judith Spungen, Tamar Berman, Rebecca Goldsmith, Thomas Göen, Lena
Novack, Hagai Levine, Yona Amitai, Tami Shohat, Itamar Grotto
The 9th International Symposium on Biological Monitoring in
Occupational and Environmental Health
2. Israel Human Biomonitoring Study
Objectives
2
Measure urinary levels of several environmental contaminants in
the Israeli population, compare with other populations
Cotinine (environmental tobacco smoke - ETS)
Bisphenol A (BPA)
Phthalates
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Genistein and daidzein (phytoestrogens)
Identify demographic, behavioral, and dietary predictors of exposure
to these contaminants
3. Israel Human Biomonitoring Study
Methods and Study Population
3
Methods:
Participants recruited in
February – June 2011
Study Population:
Study Population (N=249)
N/ %
Age Range
250 participants from 5 regions in
Israel, ages 20 – 74
20-44
164
65.9%
45-74
85
34.1 %
Male
132
53 %
Female
117
47 %
Jewish
184
73.9 %
Arab and
other
65
26.1 %
Gender
Spot urine sample and in depth
interview
Urine samples analyzed at
University of Erlangen –
Nuremberg in Germany
Ethnicity
4. Israel Human Biomonitoring Study
Methods: Questions Related to Potential Exposure
Sources- (1)
4
Demographics (age, sex, region, urban/rural
residence, ethnicity, income, education)
Job characteristics
Smoking history
Pesticide use in home/garden/pet care products
Personal care products use (deodorant, perfume)
Weight and height
Health and disease status
Whether on dialysis/had an infusion in last week
5. Israel Human Biomonitoring Study
Methods: Questions Related to Potential Exposure
Sources- (2) Food Intake and preparation
5
24-hour dietary recall, including food consumption
locations
Food frequency questionnaire - modified to enable
capture of potential exposure sources
Questions related to intake of soy products
Polycarbonate water bottle/sports bottle use
Microwave use
Consumption of smoked and/or grilled foods
6. Israel Human Biomonitoring Study
The Food Frequency Questionnaire- the format
6
A. The food
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Milk 0-1% fat (including in
coffee), excluding soy
Milk, more than 1% fat
(including in coffee),
excluding soy
Chocolate milk or any other
type of milk-drink,
Soy drink / soy milk
Soft white cheese or cream
cheese or cottage cheese,
more than 5% fat, excluding
soy
Soft white cheese or cream
cheese or cottage cheese,
5% fat, excluding soy
Soy based cheese
B.
Defined
portion
1 cup
1 cup
1 cup
1 cup
1 spoon
1 spoon
1 spoon
C. No. of
portions
per day
D. No. of
portions per
week
E. No. of
portions per
month
F. Less than
once a month
or never
7. Israel Human Biomonitoring Study
The 24 hour recall questionnaire; the format
7
The multiple pass method, validated and used in NHANES and
other major surveys, was used.
Specially trained interviewers, using the Israel Food and Food
Quantities Guide, probe for details, including quantities ,of all
foods and beverages consumed in the preceding 24 hours.
Item
Letter
1
Hour
2
Where did
Which
you
meal
eat/drink this was it?
item?
3
4
Item
name
Food/drink description
5
6
1
2
3
4
What
quantity did
you
eat/drink?
7
8. Israel Human Biomonitoring Study
Methods: Estimating Intakes of Canned Fish, Fruits,
Vegetables
8
Food mixtures reported by study respondents were disaggregated
to allow estimation of canned fish, fruit, and vegetable intakes from
24-hour recall data.
Food labels, data from manufactures, and recipes were used to aid
disaggregation.
Examples:
Food
Eggplant with mayonnaise salad
Food
Pizza with olives
Ingredient
eggplant
other ingredients
Ingredient
tomatoes
olives
garlic
other ingredients
%
70
30
%
31.9
3.9
0.5
63.7
9. Results:
Urinary BPA Concentrations Compared with other
International Populations
9
Country
of Year
Median
creatinine Age
adjusted
urinary Study
Population
concentration
(µg/g)
Reference
US
1.8
20 +
2009-2010
CDC, 2012
Canada
1.5
20-39
2007-2009
Health Canada, 2010
Belgium
Korea
Germany
Israel
2.25
2.09
1.62
2.3
1-75
18 -69
20 -30
20 - 73
2011
2009
2009
2011
Pirard et al 2012
Kim et al 2011
Koch et al 2012
10. Results:
Demographic Factors Related to Urinary BPA
Concentrations - Ethnicity
10
In a multivariate analysis:
urinary concentrations were
2.34 times higher in Jews
compared to other ethnicities
(p < 0.001)
Possible explanations:
Differences in consumption of
meals outside the home
Differences in place of
residence – urban/ rural living
12. Results:
Behavioral Factors Related to Urinary BPA Concentrations Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
12
Urinary BPA concentrations were 1.40 times higher in nonsmoking study participants with urinary cotinine concentrations
above 4 μg/L compared to those with urinary cotinine
concentrations below 4 μg/L (p=0.06).
Possible explanations
Inhaled and exhaled tobacco smoke may be a source
of BPA because BPA comprises 25% of the weight of
some cigarette filters.
It is possible that smoking is a surrogate for another
behavior correlated with BPA exposure.
13. Results:
Dietary Factors Related to Urinary BPA
Concentrations - Heating Food in Microwave
13
Individuals who reported using a microwave to heat food at
least once a week to several times a day had significantly
higher urinary BPA concentrations (GM above 2.11µg/g)
compared to those who reported using a microwave to heat
food less than once a month or not at all (GM = 1.10, p <
0.01).
This effect had borderline significance in the multivariate
model, but was not included in the final model because of
small sample size.
Possible explanation: BPA is used in the manufacture of
polycarbonate containers for microwave heating and
polysulfone microwave cookware
14. Results:
Dietary Factors NOT Significantly Related to Urinary
BPA Concentrations
14
Consumption of water in polycarbonate water or
sports bottles did not significantly affect urinary
BPA concentrations. Only about 20% reported
regularly drinking from these sports bottles.
Individuals who consumed canned fish had higher
urinary BPA concentrations (GM = 2.36 μg/g)
compared to those who don’t consume canned fish (
GM= 1.87 μg/g) but the difference was not
significant (p=0.478).
15. Results:
Urinary Concentrations of Organophosphate Pesticide
Metabolites
15
OP metabolites detected in all urine samples
Urinary concentrations of DMP, DMTP, and DEP were above the
limit of quantification (0.3 µg/L) in over 98% of the samples
Urinary concentrations of DETP and DMDTP were above the
limit of quantification in ~ 75% of the samples
16. Results:
Urinary Organophosphate Metabolite Concentrations
Compared with other International Populations
16
Median creatinine adjusted dialkyl phosphate urinary concentrations (ug/g)
* Median urinary concentrations of DMP, DEP, and DETP were below the LOD in the US general population (NHANES)
17. Results:
Fruit and vegetable intake in study population, by
demographic characteristics (1)
17
Females tended to consume more fruit than men – median intakes
of 1.70 and 0.90 gm/kg body weight respectively (difference
not significant, p= 0.38)
Females tended to consume more vegetables than men – median
intakes of 3.30 and 2.70 gm/kg body weight respectively
(difference not significant, p= 0.16)
Jewish participants tended to consume more fruits than Arabs –
median intakes of 1.73 and 1.21 gm/kg body weight
respectively (difference not significant, p= 0.67)
Jewish participants tended to consume more vegetables than
Arabs – median intakes of 3.05 and 2.46 gm/kg body weight
respectively (difference not significant, p= 0.16)
18. Results:
Fruit and vegetable intake in study population, by
demographic characteristics (cont.)
18
Higher income participants tended to consume more fruits;
median intakes of 2.38 and 1.14 gm/kg body weight
respectively, (difference not significant, p= 0.55)
Higher income participants tended to consume more
vegetables; median intakes of 3.98 and 3.00 gm/kg body
weight respectively, (difference not significant, p= 0.77)
Higher education participants tended to consume more fruits;
median intakes of 2.37 and 0.90 gm/kg body weight
respectively, (difference not significant, p= 0.35)
Higher education participants tended to consume less
vegetables; median intakes of 2.38 and 2.84 gm/kg body
weight respectively, (difference not significant, p= 0.57)
19. Possible Explanations for Relatively High Urinary OP
Metabolite Levels in Israeli Adults
19
High intake of fruits and vegetables in study population (per kg
body weight), relative to general US population
Differences in agricultural use of OP pesticides (regulatory
status and usage patterns)
20. Results:
Demographic and Dietary Predictors of OP Exposure
(Univariate Analysis)
20
Total unadjusted dialkyl phosphates
significantly associated with high
household income (0.231 micromoles/L
compared to 0.147, p=0.036)
Total dialkyl phosphates higher in
individuals with fruit consumption above
the 75th percentile (0.263 micromoles/L
compared to 0.20, p=0.063)
21. Results: Demographic and Dietary Predictors of OP
Exposure (Multivariate Analysis)
21
Factor
Effect
p-value
1.01
0.040
1
1.40
1.59
--0.104
0.025
1.01
0.020
1
1.45
1.57
--0.096
0.043
1.26
1.27
0.043
0.073
Total molar quantity
Age, years
Income
<NIS 5,000
NIS 5,000-10,000
≥NIS10,000
Dimethyl total quantity
Age, years
Income
<NIS 5,000
NIS 5,000-10,000
≥NIS10,000
Diethyl total quantity
Females vs. males
Consumption of Fruits above 75th percentile
22. Regulatory Status of Selected OP Pesticides
(Agricultural Use) in Israel, US, and Europe, 2011*
22
Active Ingredient
Israel
US
Parathion - methyl
Registered: pears,
apples, nectarines,
peaches, others
Most food uses banned Banned 2003
1999; final cancellation
of use 2012
Azinphos – methyl
Registered: tomatoes,
pears, citrus, others
Most food uses banned Banned 2007
1999; final cancellation
of use 2012
Fenthion
Registered : peaches,
pears, apples, plums,
others
Banned 2003
Banned 2004
Chlorpyrifos
Registered for use on
variety of crops
including tomatoes,
grapes, apples
Registered for use on
variety of crops
Not for use in
tomatoes; limited use
in apples
Registered for use
on variety of crops
* year urine samples were collected
Europe
23. Organophosphate Residues in Fruits and Vegetables
in Israel, Sampled 2006 – 2010a
23
Pesticide
Chlorpyrifos
Malathion
Azinphos-methyl
Dimethoate
Phosmet
Methamidophos
Pirimphos-methyl
Dichlorvos
Methidathion
Fenthion
Diazinon
Tolclophos-methyl
Fenamiphos
Parathion-methyl
Cadusafos
Oxydemethon-methyl
a
Number of
samples in which
pesticide was
detected b
288
144
144
116
94
77
36
35
35
26
20
14
5
3
3
1
Number of samples in which
pesticide was detected
above Maximum Residue
Level b
51
32
3
7
7
40
2
20
0
1
11
13
5
2
2
0
Based on data from Israel Ministry of Health, 2012
b
Resulting DAP metabolites
(primary, secondary, tertiary)
DETP, DEP
DMDTP, DMTP, DMP
DMDTP, DMTP, DMP
DMDTP, DMTP, DMP
DMDTP, DMTP, DMP
None
DMTP, DMP
DMP
DMDTP, DMTP, DMP
DMTP, DMP
DETP, DEP
DMTP, DMP
None
DMTP, DMP
None
DMTP, DMP
Out of a total of 5558 food samples
24. Ministry of Health Pesticide Residue Data (2006 - 2010)
Support Hypothesis that Fruits and Vegetables are
Source of OP Exposure
24
OP pesticide
% Residues above the Maximum
Residue Level (MRL)*
Chlorpyrifos
18%
Fenamiphos
100 %
Malathion
22%
Methamidiphos
52%
Dimethoate
6%
Dichlorvos
57%
Diazinon
55%
* Number of results exceeding MRL/number of results in which OP was detected
25. Conclusions
25
The general population in Israel is widely exposed to Bisphenol
A and Organophosphate pesticides
Predictors of BPA exposure include Jewish ethnicity, active
smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, frequent
microwave use
Intake of fruits (but not vegetables) is an important source of
exposure to organophosphate pesticides
26. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
26
Limitations
• Convenience non-random sampling technique
• Exposure estimates based on a single spot urine sample
Strengths
• Individuals recruited from different ethnic groups within
Israel, with wide geographical distribution.
• Very detailed data on dietary habits collected, including
consumption of specific fruits and vegetables in the 24
hours prior to the urine sample
• Laboratory methods were of high validity and sensitivity
27. Policy changes and Implications
27
Since conducting the study, ten of the 19 OP’s
registered in Israel are being phased out, with final
cancellation expected in 2014.
The data collected can provide baseline information on
exposure to OP’s and other contaminants, which can be
used to track exposure changes, resulting from policy
changes.
The study also collected cotinine data, and further
monitoring will enable assessment of the impact of antismoking legislation.
28. Plans for Further Biomonitoring in the
General Population in Israel
28
Ministry of Health RAV MABAT (Health and Nutrition
Survey) in 2014-5, will include collection of urine samples
Study sample will include children ages 2 and up
We plan to analyze urinary levels of cotinine (biomarker of
environmental tobacco smoke) and OP metabolites in
urine samples from 300 participants, including children
We plan to store urine for future analysis of additional
contaminants such as BPA and phthalates
29. THANK YOU
29
Environment and Health Fund for generous support of
the study
Advisory Committee: Dr. Lital Keinan-Boker, Dr. Shlomo
Almog, Dr. Orna Matzner, Prof. Jeremy Kark, Dr. Eric
Amster, Dr. John Young