1) The pumping lemma can be used to prove that a language is not regular or context-free. 2) For regular languages, the pumping lemma states that for any string x longer than n, x can be broken into uvw such that pumping v any number of times results in strings still in the language. 3) For context-free languages, the pumping lemma similarly states that any string x longer than n can be broken into five parts such that pumping the second and fourth parts any number of times results in strings still in the language.