Coronary insufficiency
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This document discusses coronary insufficiency and coronary artery disease. It describes acute coronary syndrome, which occurs when there is sudden reduced blood flow to the heart, and chronic coronary syndrome, characterized by atherosclerotic plaque buildup. Acute coronary syndrome includes unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI heart attacks. Risk factors include age, high blood pressure, smoking, lack of exercise, and family history. Diagnosis involves ECGs, blood tests, and imaging. Treatment includes medications like nitroglycerin and lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, exercise, and not smoking.
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Coronary artery disease and its resulting conditions of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction are discussed. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, limiting blood flow to the heart. Angina pectoris, commonly known as chest pain, occurs when oxygen demand of the heart exceeds supply and has types including stable, unstable, and variant angina. Myocardial infarction, or heart attack, happens when an area of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen from a blockage of one of the coronary arteries. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing complications, health education, and cardiac rehabilitation.
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Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is suddenly blocked, reducing oxygen levels and causing the heart to stop working normally. It is the leading cause of death in the United States, with over 1.5 million Americans experiencing heart attacks each year. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and fainting. Major risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and heavy alcohol use. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and oxygen to the heart through medications and fluids administered intravenously while monitoring the patient in the hospital.
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The document discusses coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction (MI). It defines these conditions and describes their causes, types, signs and symptoms, management, nursing care, and prevention. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. The main conditions that result from CAD are angina pectoris (chest pain) and MI (heart attack). Angina has stable, unstable, and variant forms. An MI occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked by a clot, causing heart muscle tissue death. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and managing symptoms. Nursing care for patients involves pain management, activity tolerance, and coping with lifestyle changes.
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The document discusses the heart and cardiovascular disease. It describes the heart as a muscle the size of a fist that pumps blood over 100,000 times per day. Coronary artery disease occurs when these arteries become blocked, causing angina or heart attack. Risk factors include age, family history, hypertension, cholesterol levels, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity. Treatment may involve medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, not smoking, and managing conditions can help prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is suddenly blocked, reducing oxygen levels and causing the heart to stop working normally. It is the leading cause of death in the United States, with over 1.5 million Americans experiencing heart attacks each year. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and fainting. Major risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and heavy alcohol use. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and oxygen to the heart through medications and fluids administered intravenously while monitoring the patient in the hospital.
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2. Symptoms of stable angina include chest pain or discomfort brought on by activity or stress that is relieved by rest.
3. Risk factors for coronary heart disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, and lack of exercise.
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Angina may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion.
Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen rich blood.
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Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching heart muscle tissue. Over time, plaque can build up in the coronary arteries and restrict blood flow, potentially causing a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea and more. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through clot-busting drugs or angioplasty to limit heart muscle damage. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, eating healthy, and exercise can help prevent heart attacks.
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This document discusses angina pectoris, also known as stable angina. It defines angina as chest pain or discomfort that occurs due to decreased blood flow to the heart muscle. It then describes the different types of angina and their causes. The main causes are atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm, traumatic injury, and embolic events which can all restrict blood flow to the heart. The document outlines the goals of treatment which are to prevent heart attacks and death while reducing angina symptoms. It then discusses the various pharmacological treatments used including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, and ranolazine. Non-pharmacological options like percutaneous coronary
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The document provides information on a 59-year-old male patient diagnosed with acute left systolic heart failure who was admitted to the hospital. Upon admission, the patient reported symptoms of shortness of breath, fatigue, and appetite loss resulting in a 15 pound weight loss over the previous month. Nutrition interventions included starting the patient on a cardiac diet and supplementing with Ensure drinks. The patient's oral intake gradually improved with supplementation and counseling from the dietician, and he was discharged after five days with a plan for a low sodium diet at home.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
The document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD). It begins with an introduction to coronary circulation and the importance of the coronary arteries in delivering blood to the heart muscle. It then discusses atherosclerosis, the primary cause of CAD. CAD is defined as the narrowing of one or more coronary arteries due to atherosclerotic plaque buildup, reducing blood flow to the heart. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical management, and lifestyle changes are summarized. Nursing assessment and management of patients with CAD are also outlined.
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1. Coronary heart disease is caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that supply the heart, reducing blood flow.
2. Symptoms of stable angina include chest pain or discomfort brought on by activity or stress that is relieved by rest.
3. Risk factors for coronary heart disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, and lack of exercise.
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Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly is an enlarged heart, identified by a cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5. It can be caused by increased workload on the heart from thickened heart muscles, viral illness, heart attacks, inflammation, drug abuse, or hypertension. Signs include breathlessness, dizziness, rapid pulse changes, leg swelling, and abdominal fluid. Treatments include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and nitrates. While exercise is not recommended for all cases due to risk of cardiac arrest, EKG screening of athletes can help prevent sudden death.
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Coronary artery disease is a condition where the blood flow to the heart is reduced due to narrowing of the coronary arteries. It is caused by atherosclerosis where plaque builds up in the arteries. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications to reduce symptoms and open blocked arteries, and procedures like stents or bypass surgery for severe cases.
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The document provides an overview of type 2 diabetes, including:
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The document discusses ischemic heart disease (IHD), which occurs when there is an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. The main cause is atherosclerosis or narrowing of the coronary arteries. IHD risk factors include age, male sex, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and diet. Symptoms range from stable angina to acute coronary syndromes like unstable angina, non-ST elevation MI, and ST elevation MI. Treatment involves managing risk factors, drug therapy like nitrates and beta blockers, and revascularization through procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting.
Women and Heart Disease
This document discusses women and heart disease. Some key points:
1. Heart disease is a leading cause of death for women over age 65. However, coronary disease is unusual before menopause due to estrogen's protective effects.
2. Symptoms of heart disease may be less clear in women than men. Stress tests are also less reliable.
3. Management of heart disease depends on factors like symptom severity and risk level. For stable patients, medication may be preferable to invasive procedures, which carry risks. Invasive procedures are best reserved for high-risk situations.
4. Prevention through lifestyle changes and managing risk factors like cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking and diabetes is important for reducing long-
I s c h a e m i a
This document discusses ischemia and risk factors for atherosclerosis. It defines ischemia as an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Major risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. The stages of atherosclerosis and strategies for prevention and treatment are discussed, including lifestyle changes, medications like ACE inhibitors, and diagnostic tests. Angina symptoms and types are summarized.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction is the medical name of a heart attack. A heart attack is a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off, causing tissue damage. This is usually the result of a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries.Symptoms include tightness or pain in the chest, neck, back or arms, as well as fatigue, lightheadedness, abnormal heartbeat and anxiety. Women are more likely to have atypical symptoms than men.
Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation to medication, stents, and bypass surgery.
Angina pectoris
This document provides an overview of angina pectoris (chest pain). It defines angina as a clinical syndrome caused by transient myocardial ischemia due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart. Angina is common in middle-aged and older adults and can be classified as stable, Prinzmetal's variant, or unstable. It is caused by conditions that limit blood supply to the heart like atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Risk factors include physical exertion, smoking, and hypertension. Treatment involves medications to relieve symptoms and improve blood flow as well as procedures like stents or bypass surgery.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The document discusses the circulatory system and its role in the human body. It begins by stating the objective is to determine the role of the circulatory system, distinguish its three major components, list diseases that affect it, and identify ways to take care of it. It then discusses that the circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, oxygen and hormones throughout the body. It lists the heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries, lungs, and lymphatic system as major components. Common diseases that can affect the circulatory system like heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease are also outlined. The document concludes by providing ways to take care of the circulatory system such as exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet
M5 - Angina
Ranolazine is a novel anti-anginal drug that selectively inhibits the late inward sodium current in cardiac cells, reducing calcium overload during ischemia. It improves exercise tolerance and reduces angina symptoms and nitroglycerin use when added to standard anti-anginal therapies. Clinical trials demonstrate ranolazine's efficacy in reducing angina frequency and improving exercise performance without affecting heart rate or blood pressure. When added to amlodipine, ranolazine further reduced angina and nitroglycerin use.
MBBS QUESTION ANSWER 3 CARD.pdf
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia? (DU-04Ja)
Sinus bradycardia is a condition where the sinus node in the heart beats slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Some common causes of sinus bradycardia include:
Vagal stimulation: This occurs due to an increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate.
Medications: Certain medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin can cause sinus bradycardia.
Hypothyroidism: Inadequate production of thyroid hormones can cause a decrease in metabolic rate and lead to bradycardia.
Increased intracranial pressure: High pressure within the skull due to conditions like head injury, brain tumors or bleeding can affect the autonomic nervous system and cause bradycardia.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Repeated episodes of apnea during sleep can cause bradycardia due to decreased oxygen supply to the body.
Aging: As the body ages, the electrical activity of the heart can slow down, leading to sinus bradycardia.
Other causes of sinus bradycardia include viral infections, genetic disorders, and certain electrolyte imbalances.
2. A 25 years old female presented with palpitation, on examination her pulse was irregularly irregular. How will you assess and investigate her? (DU- 05Ja)
The patient's presentation suggests the possibility of atrial fibrillation, which is a common arrhythmia characterized by an irregularly irregular pulse. The following are the steps that can be taken to assess and investigate the patient:
History taking: Obtain a detailed history of the patient's symptoms, including the onset, duration, and frequency of palpitations, associated symptoms, and any relevant medical history.
Physical examination: Conduct a thorough physical examination, including a cardiovascular examination, to assess the patient's heart sounds, rhythm, and rate. Check for any signs of heart failure or underlying heart disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Perform an ECG to confirm the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and to determine the heart rate and rhythm. An ECG will also help rule out other arrhythmias or underlying heart conditions.
Blood tests: Check the patient's thyroid function, electrolyte levels, and other relevant blood tests to identify any underlying conditions that may be causing the arrhythmia.
Echocardiography: Perform an echocardiogram to assess the structure and function of the heart and to identify any underlying heart disease.
Holter monitor: Use a Holter monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm over a 24-hour period to identify any episodes of atrial fibrillation that may not be captured during a routine ECG.
Other tests: Consider other tests, such as a stress test or electrophysiology study, if necessary, to further evaluate the patient's heart funct
3 non communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases are conditions that cannot be spread from person to person. Common non-communicable diseases include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and arthritis. Cardiovascular disease affects the heart and blood vessels and is a leading cause of death. It includes conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure), atherosclerosis (plaque in the arteries), and arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include diet, lack of exercise, stress, tobacco/drug use, family history, and environment. Diagnosis methods include EKGs, MRIs, and angiography. Treatments may include procedures like angioplasty, stents, pacemakers, or bypass surgery. Managing risk factors and
Coronary arteries |Coronary Arteries Functions | Diseases- medical discussion.
Coronary arteries diseases occurs when the major blood vessels that supply your heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients (coronary arteries) become damaged or sick. The deposits containing cholesterol (plaques) in the arteries and infections are usually the cause of coronary artery disease.
When plaques accumulate, the coronary arteries narrow; This reduces blood flow to your heart. Ultimately, decreased blood flow may cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or other signs and symptoms of coronary disease. A complete blockage can cause a heart attack.
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Public knowledge of cardiovascular diseases and its risk
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Coronary arteries |Coronary Arteries Functions | Diseases- medical discussion.
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Coronary insufficiency
- 1. Muhammad Asad Janjua Group# 17 Pathok# 2nd
- 2. Coronary Insufficiency Insufficient blood flow through one or more coronary arteries
- 3. Types of Coronary Syndrome 1- Acute Coronary Syndrome 2- Chronic Coronary Syndrome
- 4. Acute Coronary Syndrome Range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart Blockage can be sudden and occur in one instant, or it may come and go over a period of time Condition occurs due to the buildup of fatty deposits in and on the walls of the coronary arteries. These arteries are responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to heart muscles Heart muscles need a steady and constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to function A blood clot is the most common cause of a blocked coronary artery
- 5. Types Acute coronary syndrome is used to describe three types of coronary artery diseases 1- Unstable angina 2- Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (NSTEMI) 3- ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (STEMI)
- 6. Chronic Coronary Syndrome Chronic stable Angina Pathological process characterized by atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries, whether obstructive or non- obstructive
- 7. Symptoms Angina (Chest pain or discomfort) Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, jaw, neck, or stomach Shortness of breath Dizziness or feeling lightheaded Indigestion Nausea or vomiting Sweating
- 8. Angina Pectoris Medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease Symptom of coronary artery disease It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries are narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia Types of Angina 1- Stable angina is the most common type. It happens when the heart is working harder than usual. Stable angina has a regular pattern. Rest and medicines usually help 2- Unstable angina is the most dangerous. It does not follow a pattern and can happen without physical exertion. It does not go away with rest or medicine. It is a sign that you could have a heart attack soon 3- Variant angina is rare. It happens when you are resting. Medicines can help
- 9. Risk factors Older age – men of 45 years or older, women aged 55 years or older High blood pressure or cholesterol Smoking Lack of physical activity Unhealthy diet, obesity or overweight Diabetes Family history
- 10. Diagnosis To make a quick and accurate diagnosis, several tests are performed as well as inquire about any symptoms and previous medical history. Typical tests include 1- Electrocardiogram (ECG) 2- Blood tests (cardiac enzyme test) 3- Echocardiography 4- Chest X-Ray or CT Scan
- 11. Treatment Medications include 1- Nitroglycerin 2- Antiplatelet drugs 3- Beta blockers 4- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 5- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) 6- People who call the emergency services may be instructed to take or be given aspirin in the ambulance, Aspirin helps to prevent platelets from forming clots and helps to reduce the risk of heart attack
- 12. Lifestyle changes Heart-Healthy Diet: Eating a diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein Not smoking Being active: Engaging in regular exercise to stay physically fit Paying attention to the numbers: People should know their blood pressure and cholesterol levels and understand what the numbers mean as well as the optimum range Maintaining a healthy weight Drinking alcohol in moderation: Drinking more than one or two alcoholic drinks per day can raise blood pressure
- 13. Many Thanks