Public Key - Made Very Easy

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The technical papers, articles and book chapters on Public Key are difficult, if not impossible, for lay people to understand.. So this slide set has been put together to help those people (and students) to get a grip on the fundamental mechanisms. Experts in the field are therefor asked to excuse the analogies used and the omission of all mathematics, but the ‘key’ here is simplicity of concept and clarity of communication without a complete bastardization of the subtleties of the actual method/ Public-key mostly implies cryptographic system requiring two separate keys or codes, one of which is secret and one can be public. It can also be used in terms of ‘secure software containers’ which is used for the exemplar model here. The two keys can also be ‘secret’, static or dynamic, and communication can be one-to-one or one-to-many.

Technology

PUBLIC KEYM a d e v e r y s i m p l e
Peter Cochrane
cochrane.org.uk
ca-global.org
COCHRANE
a s s o c i a t e s
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Public Key protocols can be
used for transmission and
storage of information and
may be realized using
software ‘containers’ and/or
encryption...
...document encryption appears
to be the most prevalent use
today
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Protects against
•Misrepresentation
•Eavesdropping
•Impersonation
•Tampering
•Spooﬁng
•Theft
Facilitates
•Tamper Detection
•Non-Repudiation
•Authentication
•Encryption
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Public Key is the most popular
method today
Wednesday, 5 June 13

local-host$ ssh-yagi -t rsa -f ~/.ssh/peter
Add ~/.ssh/config:
Identity~/.ssh/peter
local-host$ ssh remote-host
cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2' < ~/.ssh/peter.pub
local-host$ ssh-keygen -e -f ~/.ssh/peter
pub > ~/.ssh/peter22.pub
local-host$ scp ~/.ssh/peter22.
pub remote-host:.ssh2/peter.pub
~/.ssh2/authorization:key peter.pub
eval `ssh-agent`
ssh-add
ssh-keygen2
local-host$ ssh-keygen2 -o ~/.ssh2/peter
~/.ssh2/identification:
IdKey peter
local-host$ scp ~/.ssh2/peter.pub
remote-host:.ssh/peter.pub
remote-host$ ssh-keygen -i -f ~/.ssh/peter
pub > ~/.ssh/peter22.pub
remote-host$ cat ~/.ssh/peter22
pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2
local-host$ scp ~/.ssh2/peter
pub remote-host:.ssh2/peter.pub
key peter.pub
ssh-agent2: eval `ssh-agent2`
But it not easy or
straightforward to
understand...
...so what is the hidden
mechanism deﬁned by
the software coding ??
Wednesday, 5 June 13

By Direct
analogy
“A form of reasoning
where one thing is
inferred as similar to
another”
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Two o r m o re
people and/or
machines wish
to share vital
files over open
networks...
...with a very
real threat of
interception
They
must ...readablenot be
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Sensitive ﬁles are placed in a case,
it is locked using a key unique and
only known to party A...it is then
sent to party B
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Sensitive ﬁles are placed in a case,
it is locked using a key unique and
only known to party A...it is then
sent to party B
x
Wednesday, 5 June 13

x
Sensitive ﬁles are placed in a case,
it is locked using a key unique and
only known to party A...it is then
sent to party B
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Party B then applies a second
lock using a key that is unique
and only known to them
x
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Party B then applies a second
lock using a key that is unique
and only known to them
x
x
Wednesday, 5 June 13

The case is then returned to
Party A who removes the Red
lock using their unique key
x
x
Wednesday, 5 June 13

x
x
The case is then returned to
Party A who removes the Red
lock using their unique key
Wednesday, 5 June 13

x
The case is then returned to
Party A who removes the Red
lock using their unique key
Wednesday, 5 June 13

x
The case is then returned to
Party B who removes the Blue
lock using their unique key
Wednesday, 5 June 13

The case is then returned to
Party B who removes the Blue
lock using their unique key
x
Wednesday, 5 June 13

The case is then returned to
Party B who removes the Blue
lock using their unique key
Wednesday, 5 June 13

The case is now fully unlocked
and the sensitive files can be
accessed by Party B
Wednesday, 5 June 13

Rendered even simpler???
Wednesday, 5 June 13

x x
x x
Documents
placed in case
Case is
locked
Second
lock is
applied
Transmitted to Party B
x
x x Returned to Party A
First
lock
can be
removed
Transmitted to Party B x
Second
lock is
removed
PUBLIC KEY
one more time
Wednesday, 5 June 13

cochrane.org.uk
ca-global.org
COCHRANE
a s s o c i a t e s
Wednesday, 5 June 13

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Technology Overlords Or A Symbiosis ?

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Connecting Everything Vital to Sustainability Mobile network evolution has followed a reasonably predictable path almost entirely focused on the needs of human communication. The transition from 1 to 2G was dictated by the economics of reliability, performance, and scale, whilst 3, 4, and 5G saw the transition to mobile computing with full internet access, AI and an ever-expanding plethora of applications. But 5G could be the end of the line as cell-site energy demands have become excessive at ~10kW. Midway between the migration from 4G to 5G, M2M and the IoT machines overtook the human population of 8Bn people with near (estimated) 20Bn devices. Current IoT growth rates suggest a 40 - 60Bn population by 2030 to 2050. However, we present evidence that it could be far more ~ 1,000Bn ‘Things’. This is based on the observation of the number of IoT components populating modern vehicles, homes, offices, factories and plants, along with smart ‘human implants’ and ‘smart bolts’ plus the instrumentation of civil; structures. The bold assumption that 5G would be a dominant player in the IoT is now patently one of naivety and the world has become far more complex with over 10 wireless standards currently in use. So, this poses the question; will 6G rise to the challenge? We see this as highly unlikely as the diversity of need is extremely broad, and we propose that it could be the end of tower based networks for a lot of applications. A migration to mesh-nets, UWB and (Hyper Wide Band) for the IoT at frequencies above 100GHz seems the most obvious engineering choice as it allows for far simpler designs with extremely low power at sub $0.01/device cost. 5G is already on the margins of being sustainable, and a ‘more-of-the-same’ thinking 6G can lonely be far worse!

THE FUTURE OF MOBILE NETWORKS

University of Hertfordshire

Seventy years on from AI appearing on the public scene and all the optimistic projections have been largely overtaken with systems outgunning humans at all board, card and computer games including Chess, Poker and GO. Of course; general knowledge, medical diagnosis, genetics and proteomics, image and pattern recognition are now all firmly in the grasp of AI. Interestingly, AI is treading a similar path to computing in that it began with single purpose/task machines that could only deal with a company payroll calculations or banking transactions and nothing more! General purpose computing emerged over further decades to give us the PCs and devices we now enjoy. So, AI currently runs as task specific applications on these general purpose platforms, and no doubt, general purpose AI will also become tractable in a few decades too! Recent progress has promoted a deal of debate and discussion along with hundreds of published papers and definitions that attempt to characterise biological and artificial intelligence. But they all suffer the same futility and fail! Without reference to any formal characterisation, all discussion and debate remains relatively meaningless. Somewhat ironically, it was the defence industry that triggered the analysis work here. Two of key steps to success were: the abandonment of all performance comparisons between biological and machine entities; and the avoidance of using the human brain as some ‘golden’ intelligence reference. This presentation is suitable for professionals and public alike, and comes fully illustrated by high quality graphics, animations and movies. Inevitably, it contains (engineering) mathematics that non-practitioners will have to take on trust, whilst professionals may wish challenge on the basis that the focus on getting a solution rather than the purity of the process!

Quantifying Machine Intelligence Mathematically

University of Hertfordshire

For millennia we have crafted artifacts from bulk materials that we have progressively refined to produce ever more precision tools and products. Latterly, we have crossed a critical threshold where our abilities now eclipse Mother Nature. For example; the smallest transistors in production today have feature sizes down to 2nm which is smaller than a biological virus ~20 - 200nm. The implications for ITC, AI, Robotics, and Production are ever more profound as we approach, and most likely undercut, the scale of the atom ~ 0.1-0.4nm. Not only does this open the door to new technologies, it sees new and remarkable capabilities. So, in this presentation we look at this new Tech Horizon spanning robotics to quantum computing and sensory technologies, and how they will help us realise sustainable futures germane to Industry 4.0, 5.0, and beyond.

Technologies That Will Change Everything

University of Hertfordshire

We are engaged in a war the like of which we have never seen or experienced before. Our enemies are invisible and relentless; with globally dispersed forces working at all levels and in all sectors of our societies. They are better organised, resourced, motivated, and adaptive than any of our organisations or institutions, and they are winning. This war is also one of paradox! “The cost to many nations is now on a par with their GDP” “No previous war has seen so many suffer so much to (almost) never retaliate” “We are up against attackers who operate as a virtual (ghost-like) guerrilla army” “No state can defend its population and organisations, and they stand alone - isolated and exposed” “A real army/defence force would rehearse and play all day and very occasionally engage in warfare. We, on the other hand, are at war every day but never play, war-game, or anticipate new forms of attack” To turn this situation around we need to understand our enemies and adopt their tactics and tools as a part of our defence strategy. We also have to be united, and organised so the no one, and no organisation, stands alone. We also have to engage in sharing attack data, experiences and solutions. All this has to be supported by wargaming, and anticipatory solutions creation. The good news is; we have better, and more, people, machines, networks, facilities, and expertise than our enemies. All it requires is the embracing of advanced R&D, leadership, sharing, and orchestration on a global scale.

Cyber Security - Thinking Like The Enemy

University of Hertfordshire

In 2015/16 a number of bodies/nations set about defining societies they would aspire to in the near future. Each vision document similarly described some idealistic, egalitarian, super-smart, human centred, state providing a near uniformity of living conditions, and opportunity. At the same time, each society would be free of adversity, with economic development guided by ecological and human need. Of course, economic growth was defined to continue in line with the past. Very nice, but a product of old linear thinking and modelling! It is now approaching 2022 and in the past 5/7 years our base silicon technology has advanced to enjoy a >30 fold increase in computing power. Our top end mobile devices would now challenge a super computer of 1996/7 era, whist AI systems now pervade our homes, offices, vehicles, professions and all our on-line services. At the same time, information overload has started to rival some medical conditions! All of this has also been compounded by two years of COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions that have seen the normalisation of social isolation, limited travel, working and eduction from home, virtualised medicine and care, support services, shopping and meetings. In turn, this has resulted in empty offices, towns and cities. Concurently, climate change, global warming, pollution, finite resources, a stressed planetary system, and social unrest have suddenly become urgent issues. Against this backdrop it really seems to be time to revisit those Society 5.0 Visions and the limited linear thinking that contrived them! In this presentation we examine many of the core parameters and assumptions to highlight existing, or soon to be realised, solutions and remedies. In doing so, a different picture of Society 5.0 emerges.

Society 5.0 Redefined

University of Hertfordshire

The biggest force for social change since the first industrial revolution has been adjusting to, and taking advantage of, the new and accelerating capabilities of our advancing technologies. And in our entire history, the dominant technology driver has been silicon-based electronics. It has prompted revolutions in Computing, Telecoms, Automation, AI, and Robotics that radically changed the human condition. Today, that same exponential revolution is accelerating us into Industry 4.0 and onto Industry 5.0. The consequential transformation of medicine, industrial design and production, farming, food, processing, supply and demand has seen living standards improve and life expectancy widen. Many of our institutions have also seen tech-driven transformations in line with industry. If there has been a down-side to this progression, it has been our inability to transform the workforce ahead of new demands. Unemployment has persisted whilst reeducation and retraining have been on the back foot, whilst, the net creation of new jobs has always exceeded the demise of the old. As a result, leading countries in the first world now have labour shortages at all levels right across the spectrum. Recently, COVID-19 has demonstrated that we have the technology and we can rapidly reorganise and change society if we have to. So in this presentation, we examine ‘the force functions’ and changes engineered to date, and then peer over the horizon to sample what is to come in terms of technologies and working practices…

The Future WorkScape

University of Hertfordshire

Throughout my career in science, engineering and management I attended numerous meeting where many misconceptions and misinterpretations were evident. Perhaps the most expansive and expensive were the probabilities assumed and calculated for system reliability and/or product manufacturing quality. Eventually, I began to refer to this as ‘five nines’ problem! Not fully understanding the origins of the reliability measures, it is so easy to demand a 99.999% instead of 99.99% up time for an electronic system. What could be easier? At face value it appears to be trivial and straightforward! Likewise, taking a 5s manufacturing plant up to a 6s defect level turns out to be a monumental engineering challenge! And at the time of writing 6s has never been achieved! It appears that to few engineering and management courses address this topic, and if they do, it is as a scant reference of insufficient depth. So, we see far too many students understand in any depth, if at all! And when they become managers they just ‘don’t get it’! This presentation and the associated lecture have been specifically created to address this problem with relevance to BSc, BA, MSc and MBA students along with anyone needing a refresher or explicit introduction to the topic. In addition to the graphics, animations and movies, the lecture is also littered with practical examples and the outcomes of case studies.

Engineering Reliability and Resilience

University of Hertfordshire

Industries 1.0, 2.0 (and most of) 3.0, saw manufacturing and construction using natural materials readily extracted, refined, amalgamated, machined, and molded. In general, these exhibited fixed mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. However, the latter stages of Industry 3.0 embraced synthetics exhibiting superior properties to afford new degrees of freedom in the design of structures and products. Today Industry 4.0 sees further advances with metamaterials, dynamic coatings, controllable properties, and additive manufacturing. Embedded smarts have also made communication between components, products and structures possible under the guise of the IoT. Adaptable materials with a degree of self-repair are also opening the door to further freedoms and less material use. In combination, these represent a big step toward sustainable societies with highly efficient ReUse, RePurposing, and Recycling (3R). At the leading edge, we are now realising active surfaces that can reflect, absorb, or amplify wireless signals, offer programmable colour, and integral energy storage. But amongst a growing list of possibilities, it is integral sensing & communication that may define this new era. In this presentation, we look at these advances in the context of smart design, cities & societies.

Smart Materials and Structures

University of Hertfordshire

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Public Key - Made Very Easy

1. PUBLIC KEYM a d e v e r y s i m p l e Peter Cochrane cochrane.org.uk ca-global.org COCHRANE a s s o c i a t e s Wednesday, 5 June 13

2. Public Key protocols can be used for transmission and storage of information and may be realized using software ‘containers’ and/or encryption... ...document encryption appears to be the most prevalent use today Wednesday, 5 June 13

3. Protects against •Misrepresentation •Eavesdropping •Impersonation •Tampering •Spooﬁng •Theft Facilitates •Tamper Detection •Non-Repudiation •Authentication •Encryption Wednesday, 5 June 13

4. Public Key is the most popular method today Wednesday, 5 June 13

5. local-host$ ssh-yagi -t rsa -f ~/.ssh/peter Add ~/.ssh/config: Identity~/.ssh/peter local-host$ ssh remote-host cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2' < ~/.ssh/peter.pub local-host$ ssh-keygen -e -f ~/.ssh/peter pub > ~/.ssh/peter22.pub local-host$ scp ~/.ssh/peter22. pub remote-host:.ssh2/peter.pub ~/.ssh2/authorization:key peter.pub eval `ssh-agent` ssh-add ssh-keygen2 local-host$ ssh-keygen2 -o ~/.ssh2/peter ~/.ssh2/identification: IdKey peter local-host$ scp ~/.ssh2/peter.pub remote-host:.ssh/peter.pub remote-host$ ssh-keygen -i -f ~/.ssh/peter pub > ~/.ssh/peter22.pub remote-host$ cat ~/.ssh/peter22 pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2 local-host$ scp ~/.ssh2/peter pub remote-host:.ssh2/peter.pub key peter.pub ssh-agent2: eval `ssh-agent2` But it not easy or straightforward to understand... ...so what is the hidden mechanism deﬁned by the software coding ?? Wednesday, 5 June 13

6. By Direct analogy “A form of reasoning where one thing is inferred as similar to another” Wednesday, 5 June 13

7. Two o r m o re people and/or machines wish to share vital files over open networks... ...with a very real threat of interception They must ...readablenot be Wednesday, 5 June 13

8. Sensitive ﬁles are placed in a case, it is locked using a key unique and only known to party A...it is then sent to party B Wednesday, 5 June 13

9. Sensitive ﬁles are placed in a case, it is locked using a key unique and only known to party A...it is then sent to party B x Wednesday, 5 June 13

10. x Sensitive ﬁles are placed in a case, it is locked using a key unique and only known to party A...it is then sent to party B Wednesday, 5 June 13

11. x Sensitive ﬁles are placed in a case, it is locked using a key unique and only known to party A...it is then sent to party B Wednesday, 5 June 13

12. Party B then applies a second lock using a key that is unique and only known to them x Wednesday, 5 June 13

13. Party B then applies a second lock using a key that is unique and only known to them x x Wednesday, 5 June 13

14. The case is then returned to Party A who removes the Red lock using their unique key x x Wednesday, 5 June 13

15. The case is then returned to Party A who removes the Red lock using their unique key x x Wednesday, 5 June 13

16. x x The case is then returned to Party A who removes the Red lock using their unique key Wednesday, 5 June 13

17. x The case is then returned to Party A who removes the Red lock using their unique key Wednesday, 5 June 13

18. x The case is then returned to Party B who removes the Blue lock using their unique key Wednesday, 5 June 13

19. x The case is then returned to Party B who removes the Blue lock using their unique key Wednesday, 5 June 13

20. The case is then returned to Party B who removes the Blue lock using their unique key x Wednesday, 5 June 13

21. The case is then returned to Party B who removes the Blue lock using their unique key Wednesday, 5 June 13

22. The case is now fully unlocked and the sensitive files can be accessed by Party B Wednesday, 5 June 13

23. Rendered even simpler??? Wednesday, 5 June 13

24. x x x x Documents placed in case Case is locked Second lock is applied Transmitted to Party B x x x Returned to Party A First lock can be removed Transmitted to Party B x Second lock is removed PUBLIC KEY one more time Wednesday, 5 June 13

25. cochrane.org.uk ca-global.org COCHRANE a s s o c i a t e s Wednesday, 5 June 13

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