Reproductive Puberty

1. SCHOOL OF STUDIES IN ZOOLOGY,
JIWAJIUNIVERSITY, GWALIOR
TOPIC:- Puberty and its regulation
Dr. Ramkumar Lodhi
Conservation Biology Lab

2. SYNOPSIS-
1. Introduction
2. Physical changes of puberty
3. Physical changes in girls
4. Pubertal stages : male
5. Physical changes in boys
6. Hormonal changes:
7. Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis
8. GH, IGF-I and Insulin in Puberty
9. Conclusion
10. References

3. Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body capable of
reproduction. Puberty is initiated by hormone signals from the brain to the gonads (the ovaries and testes).
In response, the gonads produce a variety of hormones that stimulate the growth, function, or
transformation of brain, bones, muscle blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sex organs. Growth accelerates in the
first half of puberty and stops at the completion of puberty.
Before puberty, body differences between boys and girls are almost entirely restricted to the genitalia.
During puberty, major differences of size, shape, composition, and function develop in many body
structures and systems.
The most obvious of these are referred to as secondary sex characteristics.
In a strict sense, the term puberty (derived from the Latin word puberatum (age of maturity, manhood))
refers to the bodily changes of sexual maturation rather than the psychosocial and cultural aspects of
adolescent development.
Adolescence is the period of psychological and social transition between childhood and adulthood.
Adolescence largely overlaps the period of puberty, but its boundaries are less precisely defined and it
refers as much to the psychosocial and cultural characteristics of development during the teen years as to
the physical changes of puberty.
INTRODUCTION-

4. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF PUBERTY
Puberty proceeds through five stages from childhood to full maturity (P1 to P5) as described by Marshall and
Tanner. In both sexes, these stages reflect the progressive modifications of the external genitalia and of sexual
hair. Secondary sex characteristics appear at a mean age of 10.5 years in girls and 11.5 to 12 years in boys.
PUBERTAL STAGES : FEMALE
P1 Prepubertal
P2 Early development of subareolar breast bud ,+/-small amounts of pubic hair and axillairy hair
P3 Increase in size of palpable breast tissue and areolae, increased amount of dark pubic hair and of axillary
hair
P4 Further increase in breast size and areolae that protrude above breast level adult pubic hair
P5 Adult stage, pubic hair with extension to upper thigh
PUBERTAL STAGES
UTERINE DEVELOPMENT
The prepubertal uterus is tear-drop shaped, with the neck and isthmus accounting for up to two-thirds of the
uterine volume; then, with the production of estrogens, it becomes pear shaped, with the uterine body increasing
in length and thickness proportionately more than the cervix.

5. OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT: 1
The rising levels of plasma gonadotropins stimulate the ovary to produce increasing amounts of estradiol.
Estradiol is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, that is, growth and development
of the breasts and reproductive organs, fat redistribution (hips, breasts), and bone maturation. The maturation of
the ovary at adolescence correlates well with estradiol secretion and the stages of puberty.
OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT:2
In prepuberty, the ovarian size volume extends from 0.3 to 0.9cm3. More than 1.0 cm3 indicates that puberty has
begun. During puberty, the ovarian size increases rapidly to a mean postpubertal volume of 4.0 cm3 (1.8 to 5.3
cm3).
MENARCHE
During puberty, plasma estradiol levels fluctuate widely, probably reflecting successive waves of follicular
development that failto reach the ovulatory stage. The uterine endometrium is affected by these changes and
undergoes cycles of proliferation and regression, until a point is reached when substantial growth occurs so that
withdrawal of estrogen results in the first menstruation (menarche).
OVULATION
Plasma testosterone levels also increase at puberty although not as markedly as in males. Plasma progesterone
remains at low levels even if secondary sexual characteristics have appeared. A rise in progesterone after
menarche is, in general, indicative that ovulation has occured

6. Physical changes in girls
Breast development
The first physical sign of puberty in girls is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the areola of one or
both breasts occurring on average at about 10.5 years of age. This is referred to as thelarche. By the widely used
Tanner staging of puberty, this is stage 2 of breast development (stage 1 is a flat, prepubertal breast). Within six to
12 months, the swelling has clearly begun in both sides, softened, and can be felt and seen extending beyond the
edges of the areolae. This is stage 3 of breast development. By another 12 months (stage 4), the breasts are
approaching mature size and shape, with areolae and papillae forming a secondary mound. In most young women,
this mound disappears into the contour of the mature breast (stage 5), although there is so much variation in sizes
and shapes of adult breasts that stages 4 and 5 are not always separately identifiable.
Pubic hair
Pubic hair is often the second noticeable change in puberty, usually within a few months of thelarche. It is referred
to as pubarche. The pubic hairs are usually visible first along the labia. The first few hairs are described as Tanner
stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too numerous to count and
appear on the pubic mound as well. By stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle." Stage 5 refers to
spread of pubic hair to the thighs and sometimes as abdominal hair upward towards the navel. In about 15% of
girls, the earliest pubic hair appears before breast development begins.

7. Body shape, fat distribution, and body composition
During this period, also in response to rising levels of estrogen, the lower half of the pelvis and thus
hips widen (providing a larger birth canal) Fat tissue increases to a greater percentage of the body
composition than in males, especially in the typical female distribution of breasts, hips, buttocks,
thighs, upper arms, and pubis. Progressive differences in fat distribution as well as sex differences in
local skeletal growth contribute to the typical female body shape by the end of puberty. On average,
at 10 years, girls have 6% more body fat than boys.
Body odor and acne
Rising levels of androgens can change the fatty acid composition of perspiration, resulting in a more
"adult" body odor. This often precedes thelarche and pubarche by one or more years. Another
androgen effect is increased secretion of oil (sebum) from the skin. This change increases the
susceptibility to acne, a skin condition that is characteristic of puberty. Acne varies greatly in its
severity.

8. PUBERTAL STAGES : MALE
P1Prepubertal, testicular length less than 2.5cm
P2Early increase in testicular size, scrotum slightly pigmented, few long and dark pubic hair
P3Testicular length 3.3-4 cm, lenghtening of the penis, increase in pubic hair
P4Testicular length 4.1-4.5cm, increase in length and thickening of the penis, adult amount of pubic hair
P5Testicular length greater than 4.5cm, full spermatogenesis
Secondary sexual development in boys:
1. •growth kinetics are enhanced from early puberty on
2. •maximal velocity is attained only around 14 to 15 years of age
3. •testis increases in size, mainly at the expense of the seminiferous tubules
4. •the interstitial (Leydig) cells develop and ensure synthesis and secretion of testosterone

9. Physical changes in boys
TESTICULAR : Testicular size, function, and fertility
TESTES DEVELOPMENT:1
The increase in testicular size observed during prepuberty and puberty results essentially from the development of
the seminiferous tubules under the stimulating effect of FSH. The testicular volume increases throughout puberty
up to Tanner stage P4 when a longitudinal diameter of 5.0 + 0.5 cm or a volume of 17.6 + 4.0 ml is reached.
TESTES DEVELOPMENT:2
Long-standing pulsatile LH secretion induces the differentiation of interstitial cells into testosterone-secreting
Leydig cells, which, in turn, exert a negative feedback control on LH secretion. As puberty progresses, spermato-
genesis is initiated and then sustained by FSH and by testosterone produced by the Leydig cells underLH control.
TESTES DEVELOPMENT:3
A significant increase of plasma testosterone is found only between Tanner pubertal stages P3 and P4.
Dihydrotestosterone shows a pattern similar to that of testosterone, and the proportion of dihydrotestosterone to
testosterone decreases gradually until adulthood, when dihydrotestosterone levels are approximately 10% of those
of testosterone.

10. Foreskin retraction
During puberty, if not before, the tip and opening of a boy's foreskin becomes wider, progressively allowing for
retraction down the shaft of the penis and behind the glans, which ultimately should be possible without pain or
difficulty. The membrane that bonds the inner surface of the foreskin with the glans disintegrates and releases the
foreskin to separate from the glans. The foreskin then gradually becomes retractable.
Pubic hair
Pubic hair often appears on a boy shortly after the genitalia begin to grow. The pubic hairs are usually first visible
at the dorsal (abdominal) base of the penis. The first few hairs are described as stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached
within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too many to count. By stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the
"pubic triangle." Stage 5 refers to the spread of pubic hair to the thighs and upward towards the navel as part of the
developing abdominal hair.
Body and facial hair
Facial hair of a male that has been shaved
In the months and years following the appearance of pubic hair, other areas of skin that respond to androgens may
develop androgenic hair. The usual sequence is: underarm (axillary) hair, perianal hair, upper lip hair, sideburn
(preauricular) hair, periareolar hair, and the beard area. As with most human biological processes, this specific
order may vary among some individuals. Arm, leg, chest, abdominal, and back hair become heavier more
gradually. There is a large range in amount of body hair among adult men, and significant differences in timing
and quantity of hair growth among different racial groups.] Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, but may
not appear until significantly later. Facial hair will continue to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2–4 years
after puberty. Some men do not develop full facial hair for up to 10 years after the completion of puberty.

11. Voice change
Under the influence of androgens, the voice box, or larynx, grows in both sexes. This growth is far more
prominent in boys, causing the male voice to drop and deepen, sometimes abruptly but rarely "over night,"
about one octave, because the longer and thicker vocal folds have a lower fundamental frequency. Before
puberty, the larynx of boys and girls is about equally small. Occasionally, voice change is accompanied by
unsteadiness of vocalization in the early stages of untrained voices. Most of the voice change happens during
stage 3-4 of male puberty around the time of peak growth. Full adult pitch is attained at an average age of 15
years. It usually precedes the development of significant facial hair by several months to years.
Male musculature and body shape
By the end of puberty, adult men have heavier bones and nearly twice as much skeletal muscle. Some of the
bone growth (e.g. shoulder width and jaw) is disproportionately greater, resulting in noticeably different male
and female skeletal shapes. The average adult male has about 150% of the lean body mass of an average female,
and about 50% of the body fat.
This muscle develops mainly during the later stages of puberty, and muscle growth can continue even after boys
are biologically adult. The peak of the so-called "strength spurt", the rate of muscle growth, is attained about
one year after a male experiences his peak growth rate.
Often, the fat pads of the male breast tissue and the male nipples will develop during puberty; sometimes,
especially in one breast, this becomes more apparent and is termed gynecomastia. It is usually not a permanent
phenomenon.

12. Body odor and acne
Rising levels of androgens can change the fatty acid composition of perspiration,
resulting in a more "adult" body odor. As in girls, another androgen effect is increased
secretion of oil (sebum) from the skin and the resultant variable amounts of acne. Acne
can not be prevented or diminished easily, but it typically fully diminishes at the end of
puberty. However, it is not unusual for a fully grown adult to suffer the occasional bout
of acne, though it is normally less severe than in adolescents. Some may desire using
prescription topical creams or ointments to keep acne from getting worse, or even oral
medication, due to the fact that acne is emotionally difficult and can cause scarring

13. HORMONAL CHANGES:
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 1
In prepubertal children, no significant luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) response
to intravenous or subcutaneous administration of GnRH is observed. During adolescence, the LH response to
GnRH increases progressively in both sexes. The increase of FSH is much less marked than that of LH. The
primary triggering mechanism that initiates the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty
is still hypothetical.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 2
One of the important neuroendocrine mechanisms that control the onset of puberty is probably an increase in the
frequency of GnRH pulse stimulation of the pituitary. Whatever the mechanism, the process is not abrupt but
develops over several years, as evidenced by slowly rising plasma concentrations of the gonadotropins and
testosterone or estrogens.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 3
1. 1.One of the factors involved in «triggering»GnRH secretion is the GPR54 gene, encoding a G protein-
coupled receptor.
2. 2.Human mutations found in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
3. 3.Defect in migration and/or final differentiation of the neurons in the hypothalamus.
4. 4.Modulate the activity of GnRH.

14. Gonadotropins 1
The first demonstrable biological change of puberty is the appearance of pulsatile LH release during sleep. As
puberty progresses, the frequency and amplitude of LH secretory peaks increase, although peaks are also
found during the wake period. At the end of puberty, the difference between sleep and wake LH secretory
patterns disappears.
Gonadotropins 2
In girls, circulating FSH levels increase progressively from 10 to 11 years of age (stage P2), approximately 1
year prior to those of LH. Thereafter, gonadotropins continue to increase throughout puberty, but important
fluctuations are observed in relation to the menstrual cycle.
Gonadotropins 3
In boys, a significant increase in both plasma FSH and LH is also found from the onset of puberty (stage P2),
closely linked to the rapid increase in testicular size characteristic of this pubertal stage. A further significant
increase in circulating gonadotropins is also observed at late puberty (stages P4 and P5).

15. HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS
Adrenal Steroids 1
Adrenal androgens vary from infancy through adolescence. This phenomenon is
called adrenarche. In girls, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) increase as early as 6 to 7 years of age,
followed within 1 to 2 years by a concomitant increase in androstenedione.
Adrenal Steroids 2
In boys, DHEA and DHEAS increase as early as 8 to 9 years of age, followed by
androstenedione 1 to 2 years later. Adrenarche begins before the rise in gonadotropin
secretion. The adrenal androgens are responsible for the appearance of axillary hair
and, in part, for the appearance of pubic hair in the adolescent; however they do not
appear to play a decisive role in determining the puberty.

16. GH, IGF-I and INSULIN in PUBERTY
There is accumulating evidence that GH plays a role in pubertal development.
In experimental animals, GH seems to stimulate FSH-induced differentiation of granulosa cells directly, increase
ovarian levels of IGF-I, and amplify the ovarian response to gonadotropins.
IGF-I, in turn, enhances the gonadotropin effect on the granulosa cell, and GH seems to act synergistically with
a still-developing pattern of gonadotropin secretion to facilitate ovarian maturation postmenarche. It also appears
that the local production or accumulation of GH and IGF-I exerts an intraovarian paracrine control on
steroidogenesis.
Puberty of patients with isolated GH deficiency is frequently delayed, Leydig cell function is diminished, and
the response to chorionic gonadotropins is decreased. GH administration can restore testicular responsiveness to
LH and Leydig cell steroidogenesis.
Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) levels and GH secretion increase considerably during puberty, mainly
at night. The amplitude of GH peaks increases early in puberty. IGF-I is an important modulator of growth
during childhood and adolescence. Adrenal androgens seem to have no physiological role in normal growth. The
characteristic pubertal growth spurt results mainly from the synergetic effect of gonadal sex steroids, growth
hormone, and IGF-I production, with all showing a significant increase at the time of pubertal growth
acceleration.

17. Insulin is also important for normal growth. Plasma insulin levels increase throughout
childhood, but the rise is particularly pronounced during puberty with a strong positive
correlation with IGF-I.
LEPTIN in PUBERTY
1. •Peptide hormone
2. •Regulates food intake and energy expenditure at the hypothalamic level (satiety factor)
3. •Expressed predominantly in adipocytes
4. •Regulated by body weight and nutrition
5. •Involved in the regulation of GnRH secretion
6. •Permissive factor for puberty(48kg)
7. •Interacts with insulin, IGF1, GH and glucocorticoids
PUBERTY AND THE BRAIN
•GABA neurons inhibit prepubertal GnRH release
•Puberty advances by pharmacological blockade of GABAA receptors (monkeys)
•GABA inhibits excitatory neuronal systems synaptically connected to GnRH neurons

18. Conclusion-
Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body capable of
reproduction. the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body capable of
reproduction.

19. References-
Larsen, P. R., Kronenberg, H. M., Melmed, S., & Polonsky, K. S. (2003). Williams
textbook of endocrinology (Vol. 10, p. 1927). Philadelphia: Saunders.