1) Drooping of the eyelid, known as ptosis or blepharoptosis, can have many causes including congenital issues, neurological problems, diseases of the neuromuscular junction, myopathies, mechanical issues, and pseudoptosis.
2) Measurement of levator function helps localize the cause of ptosis to either problems with the levator muscle itself or supranuclear issues.
3) Common etiologies include congenital ptosis affecting the levator muscle, Horner's syndrome causing sympathetic dysfunction, myasthenia gravis impairing the neuromuscular junction, and aponeurotic disinsertion seen with aging.
The document discusses various types and causes of blepharoptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). It describes blepharoptosis as being either congenital or acquired, and classified as myogenic, aponeurotic, neurogenic, neuromuscular, mechanical, traumatic or pseudoptosis. Specific conditions discussed include Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome, blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and myasthenia gravis. The document also outlines important aspects of evaluating a patient with ptosis such as measuring levator function and testing for fatigue.
Congenital ptosis is caused by weakness of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. It is characterized by drooping of one or both eyelids, especially since birth. The ptotic eyelid is higher than normal on downgaze due to tethering of the abnormal LPS muscle. Congenital ptosis can be associated with blepharophimosis syndrome or Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome. Treatment depends on severity, ranging from tarsal conjunctival resection for mild ptosis to frontalis brow suspension for severe ptosis with no levator function.
The lecture concern the eyelids and contain the following subjects and medical terms:
* Anatomy
* Congenital ptosis
* blepharophimosis
* *Epicanthus
* Ptosis syndrome
* amblyopia (Lazy eye)
* Strabismus and its types(Hypertropia, Hypotropia, Esotropia, Exotropia )
* The Fasanella-Servat procedure(video) for correcting upper ptosis
* levator resection(video) another procedure for correting ptosis
* Acquired ptosis and its ptosis
you will get knowledge about the ptosis, its different types, its examination, its measurement, its treatment in detail.
different eyelid muscles such as LPS, Orbicularis oculi and frontalis are also explained.
Congenital ptosis is caused by weakness of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. It is characterized by drooping of the upper eyelid that is often present since birth. The eyelid may lag on downgaze due to tethering of the abnormal LPS muscle. Congenital ptosis can be associated with weakness of the superior rectus muscle or rare conditions like blepharophimosis syndrome. Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome is a form of congenital synkinetic ptosis where stimulation of the trigeminal nerve by jaw movement causes upward jerking of the ptotic eyelid.
The document discusses various types and causes of blepharoptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). It describes blepharoptosis as being either congenital or acquired, and classified as myogenic, aponeurotic, neurogenic, neuromuscular, mechanical, traumatic or pseudoptosis. Specific conditions discussed include Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome, blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and myasthenia gravis. The document also outlines important aspects of evaluating a patient with ptosis such as measuring levator function and testing for fatigue.
Congenital ptosis is caused by weakness of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. It is characterized by drooping of one or both eyelids, especially since birth. The ptotic eyelid is higher than normal on downgaze due to tethering of the abnormal LPS muscle. Congenital ptosis can be associated with blepharophimosis syndrome or Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome. Treatment depends on severity, ranging from tarsal conjunctival resection for mild ptosis to frontalis brow suspension for severe ptosis with no levator function.
The lecture concern the eyelids and contain the following subjects and medical terms:
* Anatomy
* Congenital ptosis
* blepharophimosis
* *Epicanthus
* Ptosis syndrome
* amblyopia (Lazy eye)
* Strabismus and its types(Hypertropia, Hypotropia, Esotropia, Exotropia )
* The Fasanella-Servat procedure(video) for correcting upper ptosis
* levator resection(video) another procedure for correting ptosis
* Acquired ptosis and its ptosis
you will get knowledge about the ptosis, its different types, its examination, its measurement, its treatment in detail.
different eyelid muscles such as LPS, Orbicularis oculi and frontalis are also explained.
Congenital ptosis is caused by weakness of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. It is characterized by drooping of the upper eyelid that is often present since birth. The eyelid may lag on downgaze due to tethering of the abnormal LPS muscle. Congenital ptosis can be associated with weakness of the superior rectus muscle or rare conditions like blepharophimosis syndrome. Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome is a form of congenital synkinetic ptosis where stimulation of the trigeminal nerve by jaw movement causes upward jerking of the ptotic eyelid.
Consciousness, ras and approach to comaNeurologyKota
This document provides information on examining patients presenting with coma. It defines consciousness and the reticular activating system. It describes the examination of a comatose patient, including assessing respiratory pattern, pupils, ocular motility, motor response, and differentiating structural from toxic-metabolic causes of coma. It also discusses signs of brain herniation seen in comatose patients.
This document discusses various conditions that affect the pupil, including Adie's tonic pupil, Argyll Robertson pupils, and pituitary adenomas. Adie's tonic pupil is caused by damage to the ciliary ganglion and results in a dilated, poorly reactive pupil. Argyll Robertson pupils are caused by neurosyphilis and show a dissociation between the light and near reflexes. Pituitary adenomas are tumors of the pituitary gland that can compress the optic chiasm and cause visual field defects such as bitemporal hemianopia. MRI is useful for evaluating these conditions.
This document provides an overview of neuro-opthalmology, including:
- The anatomy and blood supply of the visual pathway from the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
- Common causes of ischemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis.
- Localization of different visual field defects based on lesion location.
- Syndromes associated with occipital lobe lesions like Anton syndrome and Balint's syndrome.
- Causes and localization of different types of nystagmus and motility disturbances.
- Pupillary abnormalities and their causes like Horner syndrome and Argyll Robertson pupils.
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) controls most of the extraocular muscles as well as the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles. It has somatic and parasympathetic components. The somatic component innervates the extraocular muscles and levator palpebrae superioris. The parasympathetic component controls pupil constriction and accommodation through the ciliary ganglion. Damage to different parts of CN III can cause disorders of eye movement, eyelid position, and pupil function.
This document provides information on optic atrophy, including:
1. It defines optic atrophy as the permanent loss of retinal ganglion cell axons and death of these cells, clinically manifesting as changes in the optic disc color and structure and variable visual dysfunction.
2. It describes the anatomy and visual pathway of the optic nerve, noting it has over 1 million axons originating from the retina.
3. It discusses the various classifications, causes, pathological features, and appearances of primary, secondary, consecutive, and glaucomatous optic atrophy based on histopathological and ophthalmoscopic findings.
Ptosis, or drooping of the eyelid, can be congenital or acquired. The main causes of acquired ptosis are neurogenic (issues with nerve supply), myogenic (problems in the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or myoneural junction), or aponeurotic (defects in the levator aponeurosis). Clinical evaluation of ptosis involves measuring the severity using marginal reflex distance and assessing levator function by having the patient look up and down. Mild ptosis is 2mm of droop, moderate is 3-4mm, and severe is over 4mm. Treatment depends on levator function and may include frontalis sling if function is poor, or levator
Diplopia, or double vision, can be caused by ocular misalignment or optical abnormalities. The document discusses various types of diplopia including monocular and binocular diplopia. It describes how to evaluate a patient with diplopia through history, physical exam, and tests to determine the underlying cause which may be supranuclear, nuclear, internuclear, infranuclear, restrictive or orbital issues. Key examination findings that help localize the source of diplopia are discussed.
This document discusses optic neuritis, including its anatomy, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Some key points:
- Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve that can occur in any part of its course from the eye to the brain.
- It is classified ophthalmoscopically into retrobulbar neuritis, papillitis, and neuroretinitis depending on the location of nerve involvement.
- Common causes include multiple sclerosis, infections, and autoimmune disorders.
- Clinical features include acute unilateral vision loss, eye pain on movement, and color vision changes.
- MRI of the brain and orbits with contrast is useful to evaluate for other
Dr. Tintu Susan Joy presented on the approach to diplopia. Diplopia occurs when more than one image of an object is seen simultaneously. It can be binocular or monocular in nature. Binocular diplopia is caused by misalignment of the visual axes between the two eyes. Monocular diplopia can result from light diffraction, metamorphopsia, or cerebral polyopia. A thorough history and examination including assessment of eye movements is needed to localize the cause, which may be restrictive, paralytic, or supranuclear in nature. Management depends on the underlying etiology.
This document discusses various types and causes of neuropathies, including focal (mononeuropathy), multifocal (mononeuropathy multiplex), and generalized (polyneuropathy) neuropathies. Common causes include entrapment neuropathies, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, toxins/drugs, and systemic diseases. Specific conditions discussed include Bell's palsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and hemifacial spasm. Diagnostic testing and management strategies are also outlined.
The document discusses ptosis, defined as an abnormally low resting position of the upper eyelid. It describes the anatomy and functions of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and other structures involved in eyelid elevation. It then classifies and describes various types of ptosis including congenital, neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, and neurotoxic ptosis. Evaluation of ptosis involves assessing history, measurements like margin reflex distance, and ruling out pseudoptosis or ptosis mimics.
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
1. Optic nerve hypoplasia is the most common optic disc anomaly and third leading cause of childhood blindness in the western world. It can cause reduced visual acuity and visual field defects.
2. Morning glory disc anomaly is characterized by a funnel-shaped enlarged dysplastic optic disc. It is often associated with visual impairment, retinal detachment, and occasionally brain anomalies.
3. Optic disc colobomas are typically bowl-shaped excavations of the optic disc that can be associated with microphthalmos, iris colobomas and other ocular issues as well as syndromic associations. Visual acuity is variably affected.
Brain stem - General anatomy, location, anterior and posterior views... Blood vessels in contact with it...
A brief review of the various brain stem structures like we got MOTOR PATHWAY (CORTICOSPINAL TRACT), MEDIAL LEMINISCUS, MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS, SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT, SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT..... and there effect of lesion.
We also got here the applied, clinical part discussion in brief related to it.... BRAIN STEM LESIONS, of course...like lateral and medial medullary syndrome, RAYMOND-FOVILLE SYNDROME, MILLARD-GUBLER SYNDROME, CEREBELLO-PONTINE SYNDROME, WEBER’S SYNDROME, ALTERNATING TRIGEMINAL HEMIPLEGIA, BENEDICT’S SYNDROME, PARINAUD’S SYNDROME.... to name a few...
We also discussed about BRAIN DEATH a little.
THANK YOU
This document discusses demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, specifically focusing on multiple sclerosis (MS). It provides details on the structure and function of myelin sheaths, describes different types of demyelinating diseases including genetic myelinopathies and autoimmune myelinoclasthies like MS. It discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms and manifestations of MS, including characteristic signs like retrobulbar neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and Lhermitte's sign. MRI images of MS lesions in the brain and spinal cord are also included.
This document summarizes key aspects of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) recorded during needle electromyography (EMG). It describes the components of a motor unit, factors that influence MUAP morphology, and patterns seen in different disorders. The main points are:
1) A motor unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates. Needle EMG records the extracellular MUAP produced by each motor unit.
2) MUAP morphology is influenced by properties of the motor neuron and muscle fibers, including their size, number, and synchronization. Parameters like duration, amplitude, and polyphasia provide information about motor unit health.
3) Different disorders
This document discusses wrist drop, finger drop, and foot drop caused by radial nerve palsy. It provides details on the anatomy of the radial nerve and explains how injuries at different points can cause wrist drop or finger drop. For foot drop, it describes the anatomy of the leg and discusses how peroneal nerve injuries or issues with the sciatic nerve or L5 root can cause weakness of the dorsiflexors. It outlines the clinical features, diagnostic process, and treatment options including conservative care, physical therapy, splinting, and in some cases surgery.
Consciousness, ras and approach to comaNeurologyKota
This document provides information on examining patients presenting with coma. It defines consciousness and the reticular activating system. It describes the examination of a comatose patient, including assessing respiratory pattern, pupils, ocular motility, motor response, and differentiating structural from toxic-metabolic causes of coma. It also discusses signs of brain herniation seen in comatose patients.
This document discusses various conditions that affect the pupil, including Adie's tonic pupil, Argyll Robertson pupils, and pituitary adenomas. Adie's tonic pupil is caused by damage to the ciliary ganglion and results in a dilated, poorly reactive pupil. Argyll Robertson pupils are caused by neurosyphilis and show a dissociation between the light and near reflexes. Pituitary adenomas are tumors of the pituitary gland that can compress the optic chiasm and cause visual field defects such as bitemporal hemianopia. MRI is useful for evaluating these conditions.
This document provides an overview of neuro-opthalmology, including:
- The anatomy and blood supply of the visual pathway from the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
- Common causes of ischemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis.
- Localization of different visual field defects based on lesion location.
- Syndromes associated with occipital lobe lesions like Anton syndrome and Balint's syndrome.
- Causes and localization of different types of nystagmus and motility disturbances.
- Pupillary abnormalities and their causes like Horner syndrome and Argyll Robertson pupils.
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) controls most of the extraocular muscles as well as the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles. It has somatic and parasympathetic components. The somatic component innervates the extraocular muscles and levator palpebrae superioris. The parasympathetic component controls pupil constriction and accommodation through the ciliary ganglion. Damage to different parts of CN III can cause disorders of eye movement, eyelid position, and pupil function.
This document provides information on optic atrophy, including:
1. It defines optic atrophy as the permanent loss of retinal ganglion cell axons and death of these cells, clinically manifesting as changes in the optic disc color and structure and variable visual dysfunction.
2. It describes the anatomy and visual pathway of the optic nerve, noting it has over 1 million axons originating from the retina.
3. It discusses the various classifications, causes, pathological features, and appearances of primary, secondary, consecutive, and glaucomatous optic atrophy based on histopathological and ophthalmoscopic findings.
Ptosis, or drooping of the eyelid, can be congenital or acquired. The main causes of acquired ptosis are neurogenic (issues with nerve supply), myogenic (problems in the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or myoneural junction), or aponeurotic (defects in the levator aponeurosis). Clinical evaluation of ptosis involves measuring the severity using marginal reflex distance and assessing levator function by having the patient look up and down. Mild ptosis is 2mm of droop, moderate is 3-4mm, and severe is over 4mm. Treatment depends on levator function and may include frontalis sling if function is poor, or levator
Diplopia, or double vision, can be caused by ocular misalignment or optical abnormalities. The document discusses various types of diplopia including monocular and binocular diplopia. It describes how to evaluate a patient with diplopia through history, physical exam, and tests to determine the underlying cause which may be supranuclear, nuclear, internuclear, infranuclear, restrictive or orbital issues. Key examination findings that help localize the source of diplopia are discussed.
This document discusses optic neuritis, including its anatomy, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Some key points:
- Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve that can occur in any part of its course from the eye to the brain.
- It is classified ophthalmoscopically into retrobulbar neuritis, papillitis, and neuroretinitis depending on the location of nerve involvement.
- Common causes include multiple sclerosis, infections, and autoimmune disorders.
- Clinical features include acute unilateral vision loss, eye pain on movement, and color vision changes.
- MRI of the brain and orbits with contrast is useful to evaluate for other
Dr. Tintu Susan Joy presented on the approach to diplopia. Diplopia occurs when more than one image of an object is seen simultaneously. It can be binocular or monocular in nature. Binocular diplopia is caused by misalignment of the visual axes between the two eyes. Monocular diplopia can result from light diffraction, metamorphopsia, or cerebral polyopia. A thorough history and examination including assessment of eye movements is needed to localize the cause, which may be restrictive, paralytic, or supranuclear in nature. Management depends on the underlying etiology.
This document discusses various types and causes of neuropathies, including focal (mononeuropathy), multifocal (mononeuropathy multiplex), and generalized (polyneuropathy) neuropathies. Common causes include entrapment neuropathies, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, toxins/drugs, and systemic diseases. Specific conditions discussed include Bell's palsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and hemifacial spasm. Diagnostic testing and management strategies are also outlined.
The document discusses ptosis, defined as an abnormally low resting position of the upper eyelid. It describes the anatomy and functions of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and other structures involved in eyelid elevation. It then classifies and describes various types of ptosis including congenital, neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, and neurotoxic ptosis. Evaluation of ptosis involves assessing history, measurements like margin reflex distance, and ruling out pseudoptosis or ptosis mimics.
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
1. Optic nerve hypoplasia is the most common optic disc anomaly and third leading cause of childhood blindness in the western world. It can cause reduced visual acuity and visual field defects.
2. Morning glory disc anomaly is characterized by a funnel-shaped enlarged dysplastic optic disc. It is often associated with visual impairment, retinal detachment, and occasionally brain anomalies.
3. Optic disc colobomas are typically bowl-shaped excavations of the optic disc that can be associated with microphthalmos, iris colobomas and other ocular issues as well as syndromic associations. Visual acuity is variably affected.
Brain stem - General anatomy, location, anterior and posterior views... Blood vessels in contact with it...
A brief review of the various brain stem structures like we got MOTOR PATHWAY (CORTICOSPINAL TRACT), MEDIAL LEMINISCUS, MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS, SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT, SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT..... and there effect of lesion.
We also got here the applied, clinical part discussion in brief related to it.... BRAIN STEM LESIONS, of course...like lateral and medial medullary syndrome, RAYMOND-FOVILLE SYNDROME, MILLARD-GUBLER SYNDROME, CEREBELLO-PONTINE SYNDROME, WEBER’S SYNDROME, ALTERNATING TRIGEMINAL HEMIPLEGIA, BENEDICT’S SYNDROME, PARINAUD’S SYNDROME.... to name a few...
We also discussed about BRAIN DEATH a little.
THANK YOU
This document discusses demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, specifically focusing on multiple sclerosis (MS). It provides details on the structure and function of myelin sheaths, describes different types of demyelinating diseases including genetic myelinopathies and autoimmune myelinoclasthies like MS. It discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms and manifestations of MS, including characteristic signs like retrobulbar neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and Lhermitte's sign. MRI images of MS lesions in the brain and spinal cord are also included.
This document summarizes key aspects of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) recorded during needle electromyography (EMG). It describes the components of a motor unit, factors that influence MUAP morphology, and patterns seen in different disorders. The main points are:
1) A motor unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates. Needle EMG records the extracellular MUAP produced by each motor unit.
2) MUAP morphology is influenced by properties of the motor neuron and muscle fibers, including their size, number, and synchronization. Parameters like duration, amplitude, and polyphasia provide information about motor unit health.
3) Different disorders
This document discusses wrist drop, finger drop, and foot drop caused by radial nerve palsy. It provides details on the anatomy of the radial nerve and explains how injuries at different points can cause wrist drop or finger drop. For foot drop, it describes the anatomy of the leg and discusses how peroneal nerve injuries or issues with the sciatic nerve or L5 root can cause weakness of the dorsiflexors. It outlines the clinical features, diagnostic process, and treatment options including conservative care, physical therapy, splinting, and in some cases surgery.
Axonal transport is essential for neuronal survival and function. It involves the bidirectional movement of organelles and molecules along microtubules in axons. Fast axonal transport moves essential components like mitochondria and vesicles down axons at rates of 200-400 mm/day using motor proteins kinesin and dynein. Slow axonal transport moves cytoskeletal elements like neurofilaments and soluble enzymes at slower rates of 1 mm/day, critical for axon growth and regeneration. Defects in axonal transport underlie neurodegeneration in various diseases.
- Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The hallmark features are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
- AD pathology begins decades before symptoms appear. Biomarkers show amyloid deposition may start 25 years before diagnosis, with cognitive impairment appearing around 5 years prior.
- Genetic risk factors include mutations linked to early-onset AD as well as the APOE ε4 allele associated with late-onset disease. Having a family history or experiencing head trauma also increases risk.
- Acquired risk factors like midlife hypertension, obesity, diabetes, or physical inactivity are associated with increased AD risk later in life. Cerebrovascular disease frequently
The document discusses the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which has both sensory and motor functions. It describes the three divisions of the nerve and their distributions, as well as the pathways and nuclei involved in sensory and motor functions. Clinical features of lesions at different levels are outlined such as trigeminal sensory loss patterns from brainstem or ganglion lesions. Evaluation of trigeminal functions including motor examination and reflex testing is also summarized.
This document presents the case of a 19-year-old male who experienced recurrent episodes of drowsiness and giddiness upon waking in the morning for the past 6 months. Testing revealed low blood glucose levels that improved with eating. Further evaluation identified a 1.8x1.2cm lesion in the pancreas on MRI that enhanced with contrast, consistent with an insulinoma. A guided biopsy was performed and the final diagnosis was endogenous hyperinsulinemia caused by an insulinoma. The patient's young age prompted consideration of syndromic associations like MEN1 that can cause early-onset insulinomas.
The document summarizes key aspects of thyroid gland physiology and hypothyroidism. It describes the development and function of the thyroid gland, thyroid function tests, causes and clinical features of primary and secondary hypothyroidism. It provides details on autoimmune hypothyroidism including pathogenesis, genetics and clinical manifestations. It also discusses congenital hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's encephalopathy and myxedema coma.
The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue. It arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla and exits through the hypoglossal canal. The nerve then descends in the neck and divides into branches that innervate the extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles. Lesions along the course of the nerve can be localized based on the pattern of tongue weakness and atrophy. Common sites of lesion include the hypoglossal nucleus, internal capsule, and hypoglossal canal.
The document discusses autonomic nervous system dysfunction and various bedside tests used to evaluate it. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Dysautonomia occurs when the ANS does not function properly, while autonomic failure means the ANS is damaged. Common features include orthostatic hypotension and postprandial hypotension. Tests described include heart rate response to deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, tilt table test, and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing to evaluate small fiber nerve function. Thermoregulatory sweat testing also evaluates sweat production in response to temperature changes. Patient preparation is important for accurate testing results.
A 19-year-old male presented with recurrent symptomatic hypoglycemia during fasting for the past year. Evaluation revealed insulinoma and hyperparathyroidism, suggesting possible multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Laparoscopic enucleation of a pancreatic tumor was performed and hypercalcemia was treated with cinacalcet, resulting in good clinical recovery. Insulinoma was an uncommon initial presentation of MEN1, occurring in only 10% of cases.
Suja, a 53-year-old female, presented with fatigue for 1 month, dyspnea on exertion for 2 weeks, and occasional giddiness for 2 weeks. Examination found pallor and low hemoglobin. She had no significant past medical history or personal history of note.
This medical document discusses a case report on a patient along with investigations and management. It includes sections on the case report, investigations and management undertaken, discussion of key points, and references. The document aims to provide an update on internal medicine to healthcare professionals.
This document summarizes a case of a 13-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain, fever, dyspnea, and loose stools. Imaging showed acute pulmonary thromboembolism and splenic venous infarcts. Laboratory tests found leukocytosis, severe thrombocytopenia, and signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The patient was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, likely acute promyelocytic leukemia, which was causing secondary thrombosis. Due to bleeding risks, heparin treatment was not possible and the patient received platelet and plasma transfusions before transfer for further management and treatment with all-trans retinoic acid therapy.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Serviceobriengroupinc04
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
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2. EYELIDS
The upper lid just covers the upper cornea, and the lower lid
lies slightly below the inferior corneal margin.
Eyelid opens
levator palpebrae superioris muscle (oculomotor nerve)
Accessory muscles include :
Muller’s muscle (sympathetic) -embedded in the levator
and inserts mainly on the tarsal plate
Frontalis muscle (temporal branch -facial nerve) retract the
lid in extreme upgaze.
3. Eyelid closure
levator motor neuronal activity ceases
Rapid and firm eye closure is a function of the orbicularis
oculi (facial nerve)
VII palsy-blinking and firm eye closure are impaired
3 nerve-lid position, gentle eye closure, and lid-eye
coordination
4. Supra nuclear control
The cerebral cortex particularly the right
hemisphere, is associated with the voluntary
control of tonic levator activity
Central caudate nucleus (midbrain) -unpaired
Contibute fibers to both occulomotor nerves and
innervate both LPS
It maintain a tonic contraction during eye opening,
increased with upward movement and decreases in
downward movement.
5. Vertical saccade
In upgaze ,Rostral interstitial nucleus of the median
longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) when activated, provides
excitatory input >SR & IO (subnuclei 3CN).
riMLF activates the nearby M-group which excitation SR
and IO subnuclei, but its primary excitatory output is to
the CCN, resulting in an increase in firing rate which
produces eyelid elevation.
The M-group also synapses on the facial nucleus, -
assistance from the frontalis in eyelid elevation when
needed.
The opposite occurs during downgaze.
6. Eyelid retraction in midbrain dysfunction occurs due to
M-group overstimulation (in an attempt to overcome an
upgaze palsy) or underinhibition (from injury to the
nearby interstitial nucleus of Cajal and nucleus of the
posterior commissure).
7.
8. During a blink
LPS abruptly ceases firing and the orbicularis
oculi(5) contracts which coordinated by the superior
colliculus (SC).
The SC projects to the supraoculomotor area (CCN
)and facial nuclei
SC is inhibited by the pars reticulata of the substantia
nigra (SNr).
9. In parkinsonism, there is increased activity in the SNr
,reduced spontaneous blinking.
Afferents from the trigeminal nucleus and pretectum to
the SC, which mediate reflexive blinking to corneal
stimulation and bright light.
10. Afferents from the limbic system and reticular
formation to SOA, both regions are functionally
involved in level of arousal.
supraoculomotor area (ventral periaqueductal
graymatter ) destruction of the periaqueductal
graymatter may cause ptosis
11.
12. The region of the nuclear complex of the posterior
commissure is involved in lid-eye movement
coordination ;lesion results in lid retraction
The rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF (riMLF) is the
principal premotor structure concerned with the
generation of voluntary vertical saccades. Because of
the close lid-eye coordination in all types of vertical gaze
changes, it is likely that the premotor control of
saccadic signals to the levators also comes from the
riMLF.
13. PCom project to the
C/l interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC),
magnocellular part of the PCom,
mlf (RI)
supraoculomotor area
descending fibers terminate in (PPRF),
sparsely in the spinal cord at cervical levels
superior colliculus
14. strong input
frontal eye fields
dentate nu.
PCom lead to an upward gaze paralysis often
combined with lid retraction
15. PTOSIS
Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis or blepharoptosis) can
be measured with the limbus or central light reflex
used as reference points.
The usual position of the adult upper eyelid margin
is 1.5 mm below the upper limbus or 3 to 4 mm
above the light reflex.
The palpebral fissure and upper eyelid fold ( 5 to
7)are measured in the primary position of gaze.
16.
17. Levator function :the amount of excursion of the upper
eyelid from maximal straight downgaze to maximal
upgaze.(frontalis muscle, overcomes the by pressing the
thumb over the center of the patient’s eyebrow while
measuring).
< 2 mm – no levator function
< 4mm –poor
5 to 7mm-fair
>8mm-good
10-12mm or more -normal
18. Etiologies
Congenital
supranuclear lesions
lesions of the oculomotor complex
oculosympathetic lesions
NMJ
diseases of the muscle
local mechanical lid abnormalities
Pseudoptosis
19. A unilateral ptosis may be associated with eye- lid
retraction on the opposite side due to Hering’s law of
equal innervation
20. CONGENITAL PTOSIS
Congenital ptosis usually is the result of abnormal
development of the levator ,coexist with superior
rectus muscle paresis (common embryologic tissue
mass).
With congenital ptosis the levator is fibrotic and
dystrophic, so that lid elevation in upgaze is poor
(lack of levator contraction), and the lid fails to follow
the globe in downgaze (inability of the muscle to
relax).
Levator function is thus poor (5 mm or less).
21. NEUROGENIC CAUSES
Supranuclear ptosis may be unilateral or bilateral.
Unilateral - usually due to a lesion of the opposite
cerebral hemisphere, especially ischemic lesions
(e.g., middle cerebral artery infarction) ,tumor and
arteriovenous malformations .
22. Bilateral -unilateral or bilateral hemispheric disease
The preponderance of right-sided lesions in cases of
cerebral ptosis suggests a dominance of the right
hemisphere in lid control.
Large hemispheric infarcts may cause complete
bilateral ptosis that may be a premonitory sign of an
impending herniation
23. acute right fronto-temporo-parietal lobe lesions all
associated with conjugate gaze deviation to the
right .
(transient ptosis, implying intact hemisphere assumed
motor control)
24. Apraxia of eyelid (inability to open
voluntarily)
Not have true ptosis but have difficulty in overcoming
levator inhibition.
They must thrust their heads backward to attempt eyelid
opening or must open their lids manually.
lesions of the right hemisphere or bilateral cerebral
hemispheric lesions ,also seen with diseases of the
extrapyramidal system.
25. Bilateral ptosis associated with supranuclear
downward gaze paralysis, but with other ocular
motor functions relatively intact, has been
described with midbrain glioma.
Dorsal midbrain syndrome/perinauds
•Bilateral disturbance in vertical gaze
•Light -near dissociation
•Defective accommodation
•Lid retraction- colliers sign
26. The downward gaze paralysis was likely due to
bilateral riMLF involvement)
The bilateral ptosis was due to the tumor destroying
the periaqueductal gray (i.e., the
“supraoculomotor area”), which is concerned with
premotor control of the levator motor neurons.
27. Lesions of central caudate nucleus –B/L ptosis
Ptosis may also occur with lesions of the oculomotor
nucleus, fascicle, or nerve and is often associated
with other signs of oculomotor dysfunction (e.g.,
mydriasis).
oculosympathetic lesions (Horner syndrome)-
associated miosis.
28. Horner’s syndrome, sympathetic dysfunction produces
ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis (1 to 3 mm)
The lower lid is frequently elevated 1 to 2 mm because of
loss of the action of the lower lid accessory retractor that
holds the lid down (inverse ptosis).
The resulting narrowing of the palpebral fissure causes
apparent enophthalmos.
29. Cause of horner’s
brainstem lesions (especially of the lateral medulla),
cluster headache, internal carotid artery thrombosis or
dissection, cavernous sinus disease, apical lung
tumors , neck trauma , an isolated manifestation of
syringomyelia
30. Interruption of the sympathetic pathways between the
hypothalamus and the spinal cord (e.g., Wallenberg
syndrome) causes a first-order Horner’s syndrome.
• The second-order neuron lies in the ciliospinal center
at C8-T2 (e.g., syringomyelia, C8 root lesion) causes a
second-order Horner’s syndrome.
31.
32. Isolated, intermittent ptosis - the first sign of a
posterior carotid artery aneurysm
In the Miller Fisher variant of Guillain–Barré
syndrome, unilateral or bilateral ptosis may occur.
Intermittent ptosis with diplopia seen in Charcot–
Marie–Tooth disease
33. Mouth opening may be associated with ptosis (inverse
Marcus Gunn phenomenon) due to synkinesis
between the oculomotor and trigeminal nerves.
Ptosis may occur on the side of eye adduction (likely
due to paradoxical supranuclear levator inhibition) with
Duane syndrome .
Ptosis may also be psychogenic or functional in nature
34. Diseases of NMJ
myasthenia gravis, Lambert–Eaton syndrome and
botulism.
MG -Cogan “eyelid twitch sign” -asked to look up
after having kept the eyes directed downward for 20
to 30 seconds, the affected upper eyelid may twitch
before setting in a ptotic position.
Ptosis, which may be temporarily abolished by
sustained upgaze, LEMS.
35. Myopathies
myotonic muscular dystrophy
chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
dermatomyositis
diabetics Slowly progressive ptosis due to local
myopathy of the levator palpebrae or tarsalis
muscles (or both) by chronic local ischemia or
36. APONEUROTIC PTOSIS
Disinsertion of the levator tendon may occur with age,
resulting in unilateral or bilateral involutional ptosis in the
elderly.
The lid continues to move normally in upgaze and downgaze
in aponeurotic disinsertion (excursion of the eyelid from
downgaze to upgaze is usually 9 mm or more).
Ptosis must be differentiated from dermatochalasis, which
refers to the stretched, redundant, baggy eyelid skin that
occurs with age.
37. MECHANICAL CAUSES
levator tendon damage due to ocular surgery or thyroid eye disease.
tumors or cysts of the conjunctiva
infection (e.g., preseptal or orbital cellulitis)
cicatricial scarring (e.g., posttraumatic, postsurgical, or postinflammatory),
inflammation and edema (e.g., Graves’ disease),
infiltration (e.g., amyloid, sarcoid, neoplastic, Waldenström
macroglobulinemia),
primary or metastatic tumors or orbital pseudotumor,
contact lenses wear, contact lens migration,
foreign body reaction, giant papillary conjunctivitis,
disinsertion of the levator from excessive eyelid manipulation .
38. PSEUDOPTOSIS
False ptosis (pseudoptosis) may occur due to
mechanical impairment of upward eyelid movement (e.g., with
orbital tumor),
orbital inflammation and eyelid swelling,
an anophthalmic socket
microphthalmia or phthisis bulbi,
lid retraction in the opposite eye,
on the side opposite a hypertropic eye (when the hypertropic eye
fixes, the opposite eye becomes hypotropic and demonstrates an
apparent ptosis)
39. Blows to the forehead, resulting in orbital roof fracture
and subfrontal epidural hemorrhage, may cause ptosis
and ipsilateral paralysis of globe elevation; in the context
of an ecchymotic lid, these findings indicate local
damage to orbital muscles rather than injury to the
superior division of the third nerve