Psychostimulants
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Here's a short overview about psychostimulant drugs, which will act on various areas of CNS(brain) and produce several effects and *it has the greater potential to get misused by the abusers especially youngsters* even it has been used for therapeutic purposes also as described in the PPT
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2) Retinal microvasculopathy is caused by a vasoocclusive process due to the direct effects of HIV on blood vessels, presenting as cotton wool spots, hemorrhages, and microaneurysms.
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This document discusses drugs used in the management of affective disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. It describes four classes of antidepressants - tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants. It also discusses mood stabilizers like lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate that are used to treat bipolar disorder. Adverse effects, mechanisms of action, drug interactions, and contraindications are described for various antidepressant and mood stabilizing drugs.
Anti Depressive Drugs
The document discusses the amine hypothesis of mood and various classes of antidepressant drugs. It proposes that neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin play a role in mood, and that antidepressants work by enhancing their actions. The classes covered include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and others. Their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, toxicity, and drug interactions are described.
CNS - disorders , symptoms and treatment
This document discusses depression and its treatment with antidepressants. It first defines depression as a mood disorder causing persistent sadness and loss of interest. It then discusses several theories of depression's causes. Symptoms include changes in sleep, appetite, and thoughts of suicide. Depression is diagnosed based on symptoms lasting over a month and may be caused by medical or psychiatric conditions. Treatment involves psychotherapy, antidepressant medications like SSRIs and SNRIs, or older medications like TCAs and MAOIs. The document focuses on the mechanisms and side effects of various classes of antidepressants.
Cns stimulants
This document discusses CNS stimulants and cognition enhancers. It describes various psychomotor stimulants like amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and hallucinogens. It discusses their mechanisms of action, effects on the CNS and sympathetic nervous system, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. It also covers cognition enhancers used for conditions like dementia and Alzheimer's disease. These include cholinergic activators like donepezil and memantine, as well as supplements like Ginkgo biloba. The document provides an overview of how cognition enhancers work to improve brain function and memory.
Drug used in Parkinson,Alzheimer and CNS stimulants
This document discusses several central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. It describes how Parkinsonism involves slowed movement and tremors, and can be treated with drugs that increase dopamine like levodopa. Alzheimer's disease causes dementia and memory loss, and is treated with cholinergic drugs. CNS stimulants temporarily improve mental and physical function and include xanthines like caffeine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate. Other stimulants discussed are pentylenetetrazol, nikethamide, strychnine, and lobeline.
atomoxetine & methylphenidilate
This document provides information on drug treatments for ADHD, including stimulant drugs like methylphenidate and dextroamphetamines, and non-stimulant drugs like atomoxetine, bupropion, and venlafaxine. It discusses the history, mechanism of action, brands/forms, dosage, side effects, abuse potential, and drug interactions of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in detail. Methylphenidate enhances dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathway and is a schedule II drug with abuse potential when crushed/injected. Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and may have less abuse potential than stimulants.
6 Pharmacology I CNS Stimulants NK, trimmed.pptx
This document discusses two groups of central nervous system stimulants: psychomotor stimulants and hallucinogens. Psychomotor stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines cause excitement, euphoria and increase motor activity. Hallucinogens like LSD profoundly alter thought patterns and mood but have little effect on the brainstem and spinal cord. While some CNS stimulants have therapeutic uses, many are also important drugs of abuse due to their addictive properties.
stimulants
Central nervous system stimulants work by increasing levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. They cause initial feelings of euphoria and increased alertness and energy. However, regular use can lead to tolerance and dependence. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. They are used both medically to treat conditions like ADHD, obesity, and narcolepsy, as well as recreationally for their mood enhancing effects. However, stimulants also carry health risks like increased blood pressure, anxiety, and addiction. Their effects are mediated through interactions with neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
Antidepressants.pptx
Antidepressants are a class of medication used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, chronic pain conditions and to help manage addictions. Common side-effects of antidepressants include dry mouth, weight gain, dizziness, headaches, sexual dysfunction, and emotional blunting
CNS_stimulants
Central nervous system stimulants work in various ways to stimulate the nervous system and improve brain function, but can have adverse side effects and potential for abuse. They include:
1. Psychostimulants like caffeine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate which inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine.
2. Brainstem stimulants called analeptics, like doxapram, which stimulate respiratory centers in the brainstem.
3. Convulsants like strychnine and picrotoxin which antagonize inhibitory neurotransmitters like glycine and GABA, leading to uncontrolled excitation.
4. Psychotomimet
Cnsstimulants.pptx
Strychnine is a potent convulsant that acts as an antagonist of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine at postsynaptic sites in the spinal cord. Picrotoxin and bicuculline are also convulsants that act by blocking GABA inhibition. Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant that acts on chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies to stimulate the respiratory center. Amphetamines and methylphenidate are psychostimulants used to treat ADHD that increase dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. While stimulants can improve mental and physical function, they also carry risks of side effects like insomnia, irritability, and addiction.
Central Nervous System Agents
This document summarizes various central nervous system agents including stimulants, depressants, and anesthetics. CNS stimulants increase mental and physical activity and include substances like caffeine and amphetamines. CNS depressants like barbiturates and benzodiazepines are classified as sedative-hypnotics and can induce sleep. General anesthetics cause unconsciousness during surgery by inhibiting nerve impulses while local anesthetics temporarily disrupt sensory nerve transmission in a specific body area. Nursing responsibilities involve monitoring for side effects and ensuring patient safety.
antidepressants-tcassri-090907232222-phpapp02.pptx
This document discusses antidepressants, including tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It provides definitions of affective disorders and describes the neurobiological theory of depression. It discusses the pharmacology, indications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects and interactions of tricyclic antidepressants. It also discusses the pharmacology, mechanisms of action, important drugs, adverse effects and interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The document provides information on the treatment of depression and compares older tricyclic antidepressants to newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
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This document discusses the biological basis of psychotropic drugs by reviewing brain anatomy and neurotransmitter functions. It explains that drugs target specific neurotransmitters to treat disorders like depression (targeting serotonin), bipolar disorder (targeting dopamine and norepinephrine), schizophrenia (targeting dopamine), and anxiety (targeting GABA). It provides examples of common drug classes and medications used to treat each condition, along with their mechanisms of action and side effect profiles. The goal of psychotropic drugs is to relieve mental disturbances without inducing untoward side effects.
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Psychostimulants
- 2. Psychostimulant • Psychostimulants are drugs that substantially influence cognitive and affective functioning and behaviour pattern. • Effects are increased motivational desire, agitation, heightened vigilance, euphoria, hyperactivity, and decreased sleepiness as well as appetite. • Commonly used by drug abusers for the sake of kick
- 3. Drugs in this category are
- 4. Amphetamine • Amphetamine,methamphetamine, dexamphetamine are synthetic symapathomimetic compounds with predominant central actions • Mechanism of action of these related drugs are to increase the neurotransmitter release in the synaptic cleft Eg, NA,DA,5-HT etc by various mechanism such as acting on the NET,DAT,VMAT2 by exchange diffusion and reverse transport • Cental effects- alertness,Inc concentration, attention, euphoria, talkativeness,work capacity • Included in dope test in athletes because they use it to improve the performance • In case of toxicity, chlorpromazine controls both central as well as peripheral alpha adrenergic effects
- 5. Methylphenidate • Chemically and pharmacologically similar to amphetamine • Both act primarily by releasing NA and DA in the brain • Superior than amphetamine in treating ADHD in children, because it causes less tachycardia and growth retardation • Behavior and learning ability are improved in 3 out 4 treated children • PK- well absorbed orally,metabolized and excreted in urine, t1/2 is 4-6hrs • Side effects- anorexia,insomnia,growth retardation,abdominal discomfort, bowel upset.
- 6. Modafinil • This newer psychostimulant is popular in night-shift (call centre)workers and other professionals who want to improve alertness And to keep awake • Modafinil inhibit the uptake of NA and DA and also alter junctional concentration of glutamate and GABA • Approved indications are Narcolepsy, sleep-apnoea syndrome, shift-work Disorder • It also suppress cocaine withdrawal symptoms
- 7. Cocaine • Natural alkaloid from the leaves of erythroxylon coca • Good Surface anaesthetic, First used for ocular anaesthesia in 1884, never be injected it is a protoplasmic poison causes tissue necrosis • It induces a sense of well-being, delays fatigue and increases power of endurance • Cocaine also stimulates vagal center- bradycardia, VMC- rised BP, VC- vomiting, temp regulating center- pyrexia • in periphery, blocks reuptake of NA and Adr into adrenergic neurons resulting in symapathomimetic action
- 8. Caffeine • Caffeine is white, bitter, crystalline purine, a methyl xanthine alkaloid • Caffeine is a CNS stimulant causing alertness And most psychoactive drug in world • Sources- coffee, tea leaves, cocoa beans, chocolate, energy drinks • Effects Low dose(130-300mg) produces alertness,energy,elevation of mood • High dose(>400mg) causes anxiety,dizziness,headache,diuresis,Tolerance • PK- Poor water solubility,50%bound plasma protein,t1/2-3-6hrs in adults • Adverse effects- gi irritation,nervousness,insomnia,muscular twitching • Uses- in analgesic mixture in headache, Migraine- in combined with ergotamine , apnea in premature infants as alternative to theophylline
- 9. Overall therapeutic uses of psychostimulant • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Narcolepsy • Elevation of mood • Cognitive enhances • Decongestion • Increased endurance • Reduced physical fatigue • Increased alertness toward surroundings • Increased libido • Appetite suppression