4. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perceiving Others
L02 Demonstrate an understanding of person perception
L03 Discuss how physical attractiveness affects how people perceive others
L04 Explain stereotypes and distinguish between prejudice and discrimination
10.3 Attributions
10.4 Attitudes
10.5 Social and Group Influences
10.6 Aggression
10.7 Prosocial Behaviors
10.8 Social Neuroscience
5. Person Perception
10.2 Perceiving Others
Click on play button
to launch animation
in browser window.
NOTE: This is an interactive Flash animation, not a movie that just plays. You might get a security warning when you try to run it.
8. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perceiving Others
10.3 Attributions
L05 Define attributions and distinguish between internal and external attributions
L06 Discuss how attributions affect our explanations of behavior
10.4 Attitudes
10.5 Social and Group Influences
10.6 Aggression
10.7 Prosocial Behaviors
10.8 Social Neuroscience
9. Types of Attributions and Errors
10.3 Attributions
Click on play button
to launch animation
in browser window.
NOTE: This is an interactive Flash animation, not a movie that just plays. You might get a security warning when you try to run it.
10. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perceiving Others
10.3 Attributions
10.4 Attitudes
L07 Define attitude and explain the three components of attitude
L08 Describe the different processes that can lead to attitude change
10.5 Social and Group Influences
10.6 Aggression
10.7 Prosocial Behaviors
10.8 Social Neuroscience
15. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perceiving Others
10.3 Attributions
10.4 Attitudes
10.5 Social and Group Influences
L09 Define conformity, compliance, and obedience
L010 Describe circumstances under conformity, compliance, and obedience
are likely to occur
L011 Summarize Milgram’s obedience Experiment
L012 Describe reasons for group membership
L013 Describe how groups can facilitate or inhibit certain behaviors
L014 Explain how group polarization and groupthink affect decision making
10.6 Aggression
10.7 Prosocial Behaviors
10.8 Social Neuroscience
20. Group Dynamics
10.5 Social and Group Influence
By joining a group,
individuals feel a sense
of belonging, friendship,
and support.
21. Behavior in Groups –
Facilitation and Inhibition
10.5 Social and Group Influence
A runner may turn in a
better performance in front
of a large crowd as a result
of social facilitation.
22. Deindividuation in Crowds
10.5 Social and Group Influence
Individuals in a crowd are
more likely to commit such
antisocial acts because
being in a crowd conceals
the person’s identity.
23. The Bystander Effect
10.5 Social and Group Influence
75% of people offer
assistance when alone,
but fewer than 53%
do so when in a group.
26. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perceiving Others
10.3 Attributions
10.4 Attitudes
10.5 Social and Group Influences
10.6 Aggression
L015 Discuss how genes and environment may influence aggression
L016 Describe how social cognitive theory explains how people learn to be aggressive
L017 Explain the frustration-aggression hypothesis
10.7 Prosocial Behaviors
10.8 Social Neuroscience
28. Social Cognitive Theory
10.6 Aggression
Frequent TV viewing of
adolescents correlated
with committing violent
acts later in life.
29. Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
10.6 Aggression
Drivers can become so
frustrated and angry by other
drivers’ annoying driving
habits that they respond by
aggressively pursuing,
ramming, fighting, and even
shooting another driver.
30. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perceiving Others
10.3 Attributions
10.4 Attitudes
10.5 Social and Group Influences
10.6 Aggression
10.7 Prosocial Behaviors
L018 Describe prosocial behavior and altruism
L019 Explain two models of why people choose to help others
10.8 Social Neuroscience
32. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perceiving Others
10.3 Attributions
10.4 Attitudes
10.5 Social and Group Influences
10.6 Aggression
10.7 Prosocial Behaviors
10.8 Social Neuroscience
L020 Define social neuroscience
L021 Describe the technology used in social neuroscience
L022 Summarize a major finding in social neuroscience
This Chapter tells us about people as groups. It will cover how we perceive and interact with others and also the topics of aggression, pro-social behaviors, and social neuroscience.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY is a very broad area of study that covers how we are influenced by others as well as trying to help us understand our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors toward others. These two photos of the same young man help illustrate how we judge others based on racial prejudices.
This animation helps us understand the influence of first impressions.
There are four factors involved in influencing our judgments of others:
1. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE (what you wear and how you fix your hair for instance)
2. NEED TO EXPLAIN (we tend to make attributions to explain the appearance of the people)
3. INFLUENCE ON BEHAVIOR (the impression that is made affects how we interact with someone) and
4. EFFECTS OF RACE (we are subject to “same race bias” meaning we tend to see faces of other races as looking alike and it is hard for us to distinguish individuals – making us subject to racial biases.
Watching this Video will point out to us how physical attractiveness affects a person’s perceptions.
PREJUDICE is the unfair or biased, intolerant attitude toward another group of people based on STEREOTYPING
DISCRIMINATION is the manifestation of prejudice by allowing it to determine how those people are treated differently in our society.
We can see from this video how stereotyping affects people
ATTRIBUTIONS are things we designate as the cause of some event, or human behaviors.
There are INTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONS – where the explanation of behavior is based on the personality or characteristics of the person and
EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONS – where the reason for the behavior is based on the circumstances or situation not the inherently to the person.
This Animation will illustrate how we make errors in the use of internal and external attributions:
The FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR is our tendency to blame the person for their behavior rather than looking at external causes.
The ACTOR-OBSERVER ERROR is our belief that our own behaviors are due to the situation we are in, not our personal responsibilities…and
The SELF-SERVING BIAS is the reverse of that whereby we attribute our successes to our personal capabilities and our failures to the circumstances surrounding them.
ATTITUDES are beliefs and opinions that result from evaluating something or someone. They range from positive to negative, and have a great deal of impact on how we behave toward others.
Our attitudes are comprised of three components:
1. COGNITIONS (how we think – how reasonable those thoughts are)
2. AFFECTS (how we feel and the strength of those feelings)
3. BEHAVIORS (how we act and react toward events and people).
This video shows how we have attitudes we may not even be aware of.
Changing our attitudes isn’t an easy task. We first need to know what they are as SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY tells us, and we also are subject to COGNITIVE DISSONANCE that finds us believing one thing and behaving in way not consistent with those beliefs. We all strive to regain the balance of acting in concert with our attitudes.
We can either change or attitudes or engage in COUNTERATTITUDINAL BEHAVIORS that place in a public position contrary to our private attitudes that can actually lead us to change our previously held beliefs… it’s sort of the “build it and they will come” theory… “act it and you will believe it”.
PERSUASION is an art! Politicians are experts in the art.
There are two basics routes to follow when deciding how change and affect people’s attitudes and beliefs.
1. The CENTRAL ROUTE is simply presenting the facts, and using logic. This works best with people who use critical thinking skills to make decisions.
2. The PERIPHERAL ROUTE places emphasis on appealing to people’s emotions. It focuses on personality traits more than substantive qualities of issues.
Three important ELEMENTS OF PERSUASION are:
1. The SOURCE – how much credibility does the source have – people in positions or authority are usually considered more reliable sources for accurate information such as Jon Stewart from the Daily Show.
2. The MESSAGE itself must be convincing and comprehensible, and last but not least it is very important to
3. Know the AUDIENCE. A successful persuader knows the characteristics and demographics of their audience.
CONFORMITY finds individuals performing behaviors that they ordinary may not engage in when left on their own. It involves peer and group pressures and doesn’t necessarily need direct requests.
Wearing the “right” clothes, and engaging in hazing activities are examples of how we conform to our societal norms. But we also sometimes conform to things that are outside our cultural norms.
This video shows how likely it is that a person will conform to an unusual social behavior.
This video shows an interesting encounter in an elevator illustrating the influences of conformity.
COMPLIANCE means that we give in to social pressures to conform but we really don’t change our private and dearly held beliefs.
The FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TECHNIQUE is a way to get people to comply with a request by getting them to make smaller and incremental concessions to some request. Sales people find it quite useful and successful. Once a person has said “yes” to a partial request it’s more difficult to say “no” to the entire request.
We tend to be more compliant and OBEDIENT to those we perceive to be in higher AUTHORITY.
This video from Milgram’s Experiment: Obedience to Authority shows us how powerful the pressure is to obey and why we do it.
A GROUP is defined as two or more people that share a common goal or purpose and interact and influence each other.
GROUP COHESION is the level of “togetherness” they feel and is determined by how much they perceive they share in common.
GROUP NORMS are the rules the group follows either formally or informally about the way members are expected to behave.
SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY tells us we are driven to compare ourselves with others that are similar to us as way to monitor and measure how “correct” we perceive our beliefs to be.
GROUPS have different dynamics: Ina TASK-ORIENTED GROUP the members all have specific duties to complete, and in a SOCIALLY ORIENTED GROUP the main focus is on establishing and maintaining relationships among the members.
A CROWD is a large group of people who are mostly strangers but can have a big influence on someone’s behavior.
SOCIAL FACILITATION is when the presence of a crowd serves to increase an individual’s performance and
SOCIAL INHIBITION is the opposite effect, where the presence of a crowd decreases the performance.
A CROWD’s influence is dependent on the personality and experiences of the individual and depends on the situation.
DEINDIVIDUATION is the increased tendency to behave irrationally or engage in antisocial behaviors when there is a crowd because of the lessened chance of being personally identified.
A “MOB” will do things that an individual would usually never consider doing on their own.
The BYSTANDER EFFECT is experienced when an individual witnesses something that may warrant an intervention but they don’t get involved because they think they may get a negative response from someone or because they think that others will do it, that is what we call DIFFUSSION OF RESPONSIBILITY.
GROUP POLARIZATION is a phenomenon where group discussions reinforce the majority’s point of view and even moves it toward a more extreme position.
This video shows us how group polarization can shift people’s views.
GROUPTHINK refers to the process of making a bad decision based on the higher concern of keeping the group together and maintaining one’s position in the group rather than allowing outside ideas into the decision making process.
It seems behind every major catastrophe and ill-planned and thought out decision there was a group of people invested in protecting the group rather than exposing it to information that may split the group.
The concept of “YES MEN” is applicable in this situation.
AGGRESSION is any behavior that has intent to harm.
We know from studies of twins and adopted children that there is a genetic influence on human aggression in that there is a “predisposition” for the trait, but we also know that the environmental factors the individual is exposed to can either result in triggering the aggressive behavior or ameliorating it.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY indicates that much of human behavior is learned through watching, and modeling behaviors that are observed in others who are role models.
Bandura’s classic study of children who were exposed to violence on t.v. is a prime example of this concept. People who witness aggression are more prone to use aggression.
The FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS says that when we aren’t able to attain a goal we have been set on, we become frustrated and react with anger and aggression.
One only has to drive on a freeway during rush hour to see this concept exemplified.
But, it is not a foregone conclusion that frustration must always end in aggressiveness because we have social norms that inhibit it and our rational thinking often overcomes the immediate anger response.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR or “helping” others is any behavior that benefits others or has positive social consequences.
ALTRUISM is a form of helping or doing something for someone else with no expectations of an external reward. They just do good things for the pleasure of doing good.
This video helps us learn more about why people help others in distress.
SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE is a new area of research that incorporates social behaviors with biological functioning.
PET SCANS and fMRI’s provide information of how the brain functions in relation to social behaviors.
This video shows the role that MIRROR NEURONS (the neurons responsible for human empathy) play in our social relationships.