This document discusses police misconduct, the powers given to law enforcement, and laws related to police misconduct. It describes various forms of misconduct like excessive force and discrimination. It outlines federal laws that address both criminal and civil aspects of misconduct. The document also provides examples of historical cases of misconduct, like those involving the Rampart CRASH unit in LA and the beating of Rodney King. It discusses stress and mental health issues among police and rates of alcohol abuse and suicide.
Witches Brew
Branding women as dayans across tribal belts in India is on the rise as greed for property, enmity and collusion by local officials overturns legal and ethical norms, aided by illiteracy and superstition
Hate crime (also known as a bias-motivated crime or bias crime)[1] is a prejudice-motivated crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of their membership (or perceived membership) of a certain social group or racial demographic.
Examples of such groups can include, and are almost exclusively limited to ethnicity, disability, language, nationality, physical appearance, religion, gender identity or sexual orientation.[2][3][4] Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called "bias incidents".
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the social groups listed above, or by bias against their derivatives. Incidents may involve physical assault, homicide, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse (which includes slurs) or insults, mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[5]
A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence.[6] Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech: hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws, while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech.
This ppt will help u in understanding hate crimes
Witches Brew
Branding women as dayans across tribal belts in India is on the rise as greed for property, enmity and collusion by local officials overturns legal and ethical norms, aided by illiteracy and superstition
Hate crime (also known as a bias-motivated crime or bias crime)[1] is a prejudice-motivated crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of their membership (or perceived membership) of a certain social group or racial demographic.
Examples of such groups can include, and are almost exclusively limited to ethnicity, disability, language, nationality, physical appearance, religion, gender identity or sexual orientation.[2][3][4] Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called "bias incidents".
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the social groups listed above, or by bias against their derivatives. Incidents may involve physical assault, homicide, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse (which includes slurs) or insults, mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[5]
A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence.[6] Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech: hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws, while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech.
This ppt will help u in understanding hate crimes
Erik Isaksen and Brian Monzingo presented"Let's Get to Work: A Prototyping Case Study" at the NoVA UX Meetup on Wednesday, June 18 at AddThis HQ in Vienna. Erik and Brian shared lessons learned from their experiences on a 6-week HTML prototyping engagement built for a global investment company. In addition to sharing the successes that came out of this engagement, they also looked at failures and lessons learned.
Automated Performance Testing for Desktop Applications by Ciprian Balea3Pillar Global
PowerPoint presentation by 3Pillar's Ciprian Balea, QA Lead, which was delivered at the Romanian Testing Conference (RTC) 2014 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania on May 15, 2014.
MoDev East 2012 Presentation on Product Modernization3Pillar Global
3Pillar's Dan Klaussen conducted a panel at MoDev East 2012 that centered on creating software products that meet the needs of mobile consumers. The panel featured executives from Gannett and from 3Pillar clients Carfax, Micropact, and Wedding Wire. This presentation guided the discussion and contains a number of interesting tidbits about the impact a well thought-out software strategy can have on a company's overall business.
Three Things a New Product Team Needs - Jessica Hall's Presentation at the Bu...3Pillar Global
Director of Product Consulting Jessica Hall presented "Three Things a New Product Team Needs" at the Business of Software Conference on September 13, 2016. Her presentation succinctly described the three necessities for a new product team to be successful.
How to Avoid Getting Malware on Your ComputerJillian Stone
If you have been a victim of being attacked by malware you'll want to take a look at this PowerPoint. Malware can be avoided by being alert and attentive when you surf the web. Check it out so you can avoid the pitfalls it addresses.
How to Avoid Getting Malware on your ComputerJillian Stone
If you've been a victim of being attacked by malware you'll want to see this presentation. You can avoid this by being alert and attentive when you surf the web. Check it out so you you can avoid the pitfalls it addresses.
Prototyping for Business Outcomes at ModevUX3Pillar Global
A presentation on early-stage prototyping given at ModevUX titled "Prototyping for Business Outcomes." The presentation was given by Jessica Hall, Director of 3Pillar Global's Innovate Practice, and Erik Isaksen, a Senior UX Engineer at 3Pillar Global. In the talk, Jessica and Erik discuss how to identify business outcomes, what prototypes are and are not, how to scope a prototype, and more.
CHAPTER 6:
Discretion and Dilemmas
Lecture Slides prepared by Cheryn Rowell
*
Frequent and unavoidableNot academicAlways unpopular with some groupsUsually resolved quicklyDealt with aloneInvolves complex criteria
Moral Dilemmas of
Law Enforcement Officers
Klockars’ Types of ControlAuthority and power-police officers generally tells us what to do and we respond.
Persuasion-authority that officers use in order to coerce in a nonphysical manner.
Physical force-officers use whatever physical methods to control the situation.
Discrimination
Occurs when a discretionary decision-maker treats a group or individual differently from others for no justifiable reason.
Sexual orientationRaceNational originOther?
*
Forms of Discrimination
Enforcing the law differentially
Withholding the protection of the law
Greater disrespect
Greater use of force
Racial profiling
Greater use of pretext stops
*
Racial Profiling
Occurs when an officer uses a “profile” to stop a driver usually to obtain a consent to search for a vehicle. Minorities are highly targeted based on the assumption that they are more likely to commit criminal acts.
*
Complete fragments, flesh out points
Law and Racial Profiling
US v. Martinez-Fuerte, 425 U.S. 931 (1976)
Legitimized the use of race as a criterion in profiles.
Wren v. US 517 U.S. 806 (1996)
Pretext stops upheld.
The law allows race to be considered as only one element in deciding to stop an individual.
Reactive InvestigationAttempts to reconstruct a crime after it occursConsists of gathering evidence to identify and prosecute the offenderInvestigator(s) may develop early prejudice about likely perpetrator, which might cause them to:
- be tempted to engage in noble-cause corruption to obtain a conviction;
- ignore or conceal evidence that contradicts their beliefs;
- overstate existing evidence; and/or
- manufacture or alter evidence.
*
Proactive InvestigationAttempts to document crime as it occursRequires a more active police roleOften involves deception by policeRequires “targeting” based on reasonable suspicion Changes police role from discovering who has committed a crime to discovering who might commit a crime
*
Typology of LiesKlockars:
- Placebos, such as lying to a person about how a loved one was killed
- Blue lies, used to control a person and make the police officer’s job easier
Barker and Carter:
- Accepted lies, such as those used during undercover investigations or sting operations
- Tolerated lies, “necessary evils” such as lying during interrogations
- Deviant lies, such as false testimony in court to make a case, or covering up police wrongdoing
*
Informants
Individuals who are not police officers but assist police by providing information about criminal activity.
They are:
Motivated by monetary profit, revenge, dementia, kicks, a need for attention, repentance (guilt), and coercion.
Able to operate under fewer restrictions than police.
*
...
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
3. U.S. law enforcement officers and other officials like
judges, prosecutors, and security guards have been
given tremendous power by local, state, and federal
government agencies—authority they must have to
enforce the law and ensure justice in our country.
These powers include the authority to detain and
arrest suspects, to search and seize property, to
bring criminal charges, to make rulings in court, and
to use deadly force in certain situations.
4. police misconduct is any excessive force,
sexual assault, intentional false arrests, or
the intentional fabrication of evidence
resulting in a loss of liberty to another are all
considered form of police misconduct but
-a basis of race, color, national origin, sex,
and religion as a reason to discriminate
against someone is also police misconduct
5. it’s a federal crime for anyone acting under
“color of law” to willfully deprive or conspire
to deprive a person of a right protected by
the Constitution or U.S. law.
◦ “Color of law” simply means the person is using
authority given to him or her by a local, state, or
federal government agency.
6. • Federal laws that address police misconduct include
both criminal and civil statutes. These laws cover
the actions of State, county, and local officers,
including those who work in prisons and jails. In
addition, several laws also apply to Federal law
enforcement officers. The laws protect all persons
in the United States (citizens and non-citizens).
7. Police misconduct is criminally punishable as
most other crimes. It can result in anything
from a fine to incarceration depending on the
seriousness of the offense.
8. Police Misconduct Provision
◦ This law makes it unlawful for State or local law
enforcement officers to engage in a pattern or
practice of conduct that deprives persons of
rights protected by the Constitution or laws of
the United States. In order to be covered by this
law, the misconduct must constitute a "pattern or
practice" -- it may not simply be an isolated
incident.
The types of conduct covered by this law can include,
among other things, excessive force, discriminatory
harassment, false arrests, coercive sexual conduct, and
unlawful stops, searches or arrests.
9. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
◦ This law prohibits discrimination on the basis of
race, color, national origin, sex, and religion by
State and local law enforcement agencies that
receive financial assistance from the Department
of Justice.
This law prohibit both individual instances and patterns
or practices of discriminatory misconduct, i.e., treating a
person differently because of race, color, national origin,
sex, or religion.
10. Exclusionary rule: evidence that is obtained in
violation of the fourth amendment in
inadmissible in the criminal of the person
whose rights were violated.
◦ Fruit of the poisonous tree: the exclusionary rule
extends not only to the direct products of the
illegality but to “secondary evidence” as well
which is any evidence obtained as a result of the
evidence that was discovered in the initial illegal
search.
12. Misconduct
◦ Procedural- violation of police department rules
and regulations
◦ Criminal- violation of state and federal laws
◦ Unconstitutional- violation of citizens’ civil rights
Corruption
◦ Abuse of police authority for personal gain
◦ Includes:
Bribery
Extortion
Both are an abuse of police authority
13. Building Suspicion to Investigate
◦ (16 DEC. 1997) Officer David Mack arrested for
stealing $722,000 from LA Bank of America
◦ (MAR. 1998) Officers Brian Hewitt and Daniel Lujan
fired for severly beating a handcuffed prisoner in an
interrogation room
◦ All were part of Rampart CRASH (Community
Resources Against Street Hoodlums) Unit
CRASH unit had a reputation of acting autonomously
with little oversite
14. (MAR. 1998) 6.5lbs of cocaine disappear in LA
police evidence room
◦ Primary suspect Officer Raphael Perez (Rampart CRASH
member)
Perez’s Criminal Trial
◦ Resulted in a hung jury
◦ Agrees to cooperate with an investigation of the Rampart
CRASH unit
◦ Testimony revealed:
Officers in wrongful killings, indiscriminate beatings
Theft, drug dealing, planting of evidence or contraband on
suspects
Fabricated or coerced false statements, perjured testimony
in court
15. Results:
◦ 75 officer implicated, 40 disciplined, 5 fired
◦ Approximately 200 lawsuits by claimed victims
◦ About 156 felony convictions dismissed or
overturned
16. Two organizations in charge of preventing
and investigating police corruption
◦ Department of Investigation of NYC
Authorized to investigate any agency for the best
interest of the city
Never was seriously concerned about police
corruption
◦ Police force itself
Several units were tasked with anticorruption affairs
Were ineffective due to being fragmented, poorly
coordinated, undermanned
17. “Psycho Serpico”
◦ 1966 Frank Serpico joined the NYPD
◦ Was offered a share of a “pad”
◦ Reported such corruption to the captain of the
Department of Investigation
The captain warned Serpico that those he is trying to
reveal will find him “face-down in the East River”
◦ Continued to report corruption, yet was always
rejected
18.
19. • Serpico and 3 colleagues turn to the New York Times
• Publicized accusations of corruption lead to a sensation of
front-page headlines
• Whiteman Knapp
• Wall Street lawyer
• Appointed to head a commission to investigate the police
corruption (May 1970)
• Commission concentrated on broader problem of corruption
in the department rather than on individual officers
20.
21. Final Report (DEC. 1972)
◦ First sentence read, “We found corruption to be
widespread”
◦ Corrupt cops were found to take:
Scores- individual payments
“Pads”- weekly or monthly payment collections from
establishments such as gambling to be shared equally
amongst the officers
22. Placed corrupt officers into 2 categories:
◦ “meat eaters”- aggressively abused powers for
personal benefits
◦ “grass eaters”- passively accepted payoffs that
circumstances of police work would come their way
Many of the corruption issues were not
eradicated due to the “blue code of silence”
23. Abner Louima (AUG. 1997)
◦ Arrested during street disturbance
◦ Was beaten and sodimized with a stick by an officer
◦ Resulted in a 3 month hospitalization
Results of this misconduct
◦ 2 precinct commanders transferred
◦ 4 officers arrested, 2 were convicted to lengthy
prison terms
24. Amadou Diallo (FEB. 1999)
◦ Shot and killed by 4 police officers
◦ Officers fired 41 bullets, 19 hit
◦ Officers claimed Diallo was reaching for a gun, was
actually his wallet
Results of this misconduct
◦ 4 officers charged with murder, all 4 later acquitted
25. About 50 blows to King’s body with metal
batons
◦ One or more directly to King’s face (which is against
department policy)
◦ Several kicks were delivered to his body as well
Soon after being taken down and handcuffed,
he was taken to the hospital
27. SO WHAT “TYPE” ARE WE? Remember, there’s well
over 900,000 cops in the U.S. alone. These traits
are based on LARGE samples of law enforcement
personnel.
Compared to the general population cops tend to
be:
Pragmatic Isolative
Prejudice Conservative
Suspicious Cynical
Assertive Action oriented
28. MMPI 2
The MMPI-2 is designed with 10 clinical
scales which assess 10 major categories of
abnormal human behavior, and four validity
scales, which assess the person’s general
test-taking attitude and whether they
answered the items on the test in a truthful
and accurate manner.
29. does police work change people...
females in 1st response, the imprint of learning,
practice makes habit
The Cognitive Frame...
cautious, proactive, solution focused, 24/7,
ordered
Aa Subgroup of First Responders...
police vs. fire
group cohesiveness combats inherent trust
issues
30. Law enforcement professionals make great
clients!
Law enforcement professionals suffer the
same illnesses as the rest of the population
with an increase in prevalence in certain
areas:
Anxiety disorders... PTSD, Panic Disorder
Substance Abuse Disorders.... alcoholism and
Prescription drug abuse
Marital difficulties
31.
32. A series of explosions has rocked the Indonesian capital,
Jakarta, with gun battles on the streets.
The blasts were centered around Thamrin Street, a major
shopping and business district close to foreign embassies
and the United Nations offices.
So-called Islamic State (IS) said it carried out the attacks, a
news agency linked to the militant group said.
Separately, Indonesian police said they suspected a local
group allied to IS was to blame.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo described the attacks as
an "act of terror".
33.
34.
35.
36. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE
(NIJ) FOUND:
(1) Among officer’s with more than 10 years experience, the rate
of alcohol abuse is twice that of the general population
(2) Officers reporting high stress (approximately 10% of all
officers),
were 3 times more likely to report poor health, 3 times more
likely to abuse spouses or partners, and 10 times more likely to
experience depression than other officers
(3) Officers considered critical incidents (attending a police
funeral and being investigated by internal affairs) to be their
greatest stressor with job related stressors in second place (split
second dcision making on the street and it’s potentially serious
consequence)
37. The suicide rate per 100,000 people for:
Law Enforcement Officers: 18
People ages 25-50: 14.6
Total US population: 11.1
Suicide as a problem solving model
“Image armor” creates unrealistic self goals/rules
Availability and comfort with firearms
#1 reason: experience of professional failure
(termination, demotion, criminal arrest, feeling
useless or powerless in role as police officer)
38. It is contraindicated for a health program to also
provide fitness for duty evaluations. It should always
be contracted out, or exist in a separate section or
bureau
Fitness for duty requests are common, but rarely
given
When they are approved, major mental illness is
usually the predominating reason SCPT, Bipolar Dx
Fitness for duty exams are usually PASSED, with or
without caveats
39. “Eligible for retirement at midlife, retirement can
bring feelings of fear and isolation.”
Inclusion vs. Exclusion... the rule remains: loss of
brotherhood
From simplicity to complexity, from mistrust to
trust, from alienation to making peace with self
and God
Pre-employment personality and psychological
health are indicators for successful transition
40. Covey, R. (2013). Police misconduct as a cause of wrongful convictions.
Washington University Law Review
Jinhua, C. (2009). Police corruption control in hong kong and new york city: a
dilemma of checks and balances in combating corruption. BYU Journal Of Public
Law
John Ritter. Suicide Rates Jolt Police Culture. USA Today, February 2007.
John M. Violanti. Police Retirement: The Impact of Change. Charles C. Thomas
Publisher, 1992.
Linder, D. (2001). The trials of los angeles police officers' in connection with the
beating of rodney king. Famous Trials
Major John Morris. Reintegration The Challenge of the Road home from Warrior to
Citizen. 2006.
The National Institute of Justice, Department of Justice. Journal. July 1999.
The National P.O.L.I.C.E. Suicide Foundation, Inc. The Top 18 Reasons Why Police
Officers Committee Suicide. 2003.
41. Weitzer, R. (2002). Incidents of police misconduct
and public opinion. Journal Of Criminal Justice
https://www.justice.gov/crt/addressing-police-
misconduct-laws-enforced-department-justice
https://www.fbi.gov/about-
us/investigate/civilrights/color_of_law
(2016) Police corruption and misconduct: history,
contemporary problems, further readings. Net
Industries. Retrieved from
http://law.jrank.org/pages/9248/Police-
Corruption-Misconduct.html
.