EXTRAJUDICIAL, ARBITRARY, AND SUMMARY EXECUTIONS IN NIGERIAABA IHRC
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999), as amended, by S.33(1) provides that “[e]very persons has a right to life, and no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life, save in execution of the sentence of a Court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty in Nigeria.”
Despite the Constitution's clear mandates, there have been daily, gross violations of this Constitutional safeguard to the right to life by security operatives, particularly the Nigeria police. -Osas Justy Erhabor, Esq., IHRC Vice Chair of Special Projects
The Stand Your Ground Law and The Routine Activity Theorygirlsaint
A presentation exploring how The Routine Activity Theory is proven by the increase in crimes, that The Stand Your Ground law gives motivated offenders the opportunity to commit without penalty.
The Bots Cometh: Major law firms are introducing Artificial
Intelligence systems which could rewrite the role of lawyers. Will this prove a game-changer for the profession?
On Human Trafficking, Migration, and Sex Workimmigrantdoll
A presentation by a sex worker and undocumented immigrant. Includes citations and should work int the presentations. Email me if certain parts are not working! gildamerlot@fastmail.com
If the links don't work try these links instead https://drive.google.com/file/d/12PeKNfDondeE4YilV8AfGOZUgm4fvdDD/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PLwzVUK2lFB69UfL4RjQGtqH_XFS2jzD/view?usp=sharing
EXTRAJUDICIAL, ARBITRARY, AND SUMMARY EXECUTIONS IN NIGERIAABA IHRC
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999), as amended, by S.33(1) provides that “[e]very persons has a right to life, and no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life, save in execution of the sentence of a Court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty in Nigeria.”
Despite the Constitution's clear mandates, there have been daily, gross violations of this Constitutional safeguard to the right to life by security operatives, particularly the Nigeria police. -Osas Justy Erhabor, Esq., IHRC Vice Chair of Special Projects
The Stand Your Ground Law and The Routine Activity Theorygirlsaint
A presentation exploring how The Routine Activity Theory is proven by the increase in crimes, that The Stand Your Ground law gives motivated offenders the opportunity to commit without penalty.
The Bots Cometh: Major law firms are introducing Artificial
Intelligence systems which could rewrite the role of lawyers. Will this prove a game-changer for the profession?
On Human Trafficking, Migration, and Sex Workimmigrantdoll
A presentation by a sex worker and undocumented immigrant. Includes citations and should work int the presentations. Email me if certain parts are not working! gildamerlot@fastmail.com
If the links don't work try these links instead https://drive.google.com/file/d/12PeKNfDondeE4YilV8AfGOZUgm4fvdDD/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PLwzVUK2lFB69UfL4RjQGtqH_XFS2jzD/view?usp=sharing
The title of this week’s session is taken from the famous study of ‘mugging’ by Stuart Hall et al. in the 1970s in which the authors note the racialised nature of the crime of mugging and the instigation of a public ‘moral panic’ in the association of young black men and violent street crime. Taking this as a starting point, we shall look at the way in which racialised people have been seen as having a natural propensity to crime and deviance that justifies the use of ‘special measures’ against them. We shall pay particularly close attention to the cases of disproportionate incarceration, the ‘prison industrial complex’ and of the suspension of law in the case of the ‘Northern Territory Intervention’.
Jones 1Jones 7Kyle JonesMatthew ZimmermanEnglish 10222 N.docxpriestmanmable
Jones 1
Jones 7
Kyle Jones
Matthew Zimmerman
English 102
22 November 2014[Title]: [Subtitle]
In 2014, we live in a world with a media saturated culture. This is the era of digital news services, of 24-hour news channels, free newspapers, and even media based applications. For the majority of us, the way in which we learn about the world outside our personal perception is through the consumption of news, mainly still through broadcast or print (OFCOM 2007). Various forms of media has fed the public statistics that created a sense of stereotyping for each particular race. For example, the media and those on film, such as politics and leaders of the government, link together race and crime, which conveys a criminal image of the public’s consumption (St. John & Heald-Moore, 1995). Since race and crime are tied together, when one thinks of a crime, hears about a crime, or when crime is being reported, race is usually associated with it. In the American society, a frequent representation of crime is that it is majorly committed by African- Americans. The view of African Americans has been distorted and twisted by the media. Without question, almost everything that is being covered by the media is believed by most of society and it becomes their actual perceptual reality. Broadcast media and other various forms of media has a history for portraying African Americans in a biased manner, as if they were mostly reported involved in crime, drugs, or acts of violence. This has led to many cases of stereotyping, racial profiling, police brutality, prejudice, inhumane acts and has brain washed most of our society into believing that almost every African American is mischievous or a threat to their well-being. African Americans are unjustly, as well as unrealistically depicted on broadcast news and various other types of mass media. These negative connotations affects more than just African- Americans but also every other culture that exists in America.
African Americans have been associated with crime for quite some time. It was not until some in the 1970’s and early 1980s that the popular stereotype of the young black man evolved in the eyes of many from a petty thief or rapist into the notorious , malicious criminal predators, or what Kathery Russel ( 2002) has argued, is the world recognized “ criminalblackman”. Within the last few decades there have been controversial law enforcement practices of racial profiling. Law enforcement officials pursue minorities in an attempt to increase the likely hood of catching illegal activity or the predetermined act of illegal activity, which is part of a consequence from the racial profiling that the media has inflicted upon society. The questionable practices has led to negative effects on blacks. To the African American culture law officials are deemed more criminal or more of a threat than what the media and statistics has condemned blacks to be. The after math, after the many years of harassment, African ...
1. Criminal Justice in Action
Pamela Saunders
Instructor: Mr. Kevin Rowe
Course: CJS 200 Foundation of the Criminal Justice System
University of Phoenix, Axia College
October 11, 2009
2. Criminal Justice
is the system of practices and institutions of governments
directed at upholding social control, deterring and
mitigating crime, and sanctioning those who violate laws
with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.
The rights of the accused are rights that protect those
accused of crime
3. Criminal justice system consist of three main parts:
Criminal justice system
The criminal justice system consists of three main
parts: (1) law enforcement (police); (2) adjudication
(courts); and (3) corrections (jails, prisons, probation
and parole). In the criminal justice system, the People
are represented by two separate yet equally important
groups: the police, who investigate crime, and the
district attorneys, who prosecute the offenders.
Criminal justice agencies are intended to operate
within the rule of law.
4. Roles of Police Officers
police officer (also known as a constable in some countries) is employed in most cases by
federal, state/provincial or municipal governments and has the responsibility (or duty) of
enforcing federal, state/provincial laws along with municipal/city ordinances. They also
have the responsibility of keeping the public peace. This is usually done by uniformed pro-
active patrolling within their jurisdiction looking for and investigating law breakers, and by
responding to calls for service. Police officers are required to keep notes of all situations in
which they take action and appear as witnesses during both criminal prosecutions and civil
litigation
www.jobbankusa.com/.../police.../job_descriptions_definitions_roles_responsibility.html -
5. Roles of the Police Officer after a crime has been
committed
Police investigation
When a crime is reported to the police they will usually start investigating it by talking to the victim of the
crime and other witnesses. The details of what is said are typed up as statements and form part of the
prosecution evidence. The police may also examine the crime scene for other evidence
•Arrest and identification
•When someone is suspected of committing a serious crime, they may be asked to attend an
interview, or may be arrested and taken to a police station. The suspect may then be questioned
and, if there is enough evidence, they will be charged. The police will interview the suspect and
can record the questions and answers in writing. In serious matters, they may record the
interview on audio or video tape. As part of the investigation, a victim or other witness may be
asked to identify the person who is suspected of committing the crime. In most cases this is
done by looking at photographs, but sometimes police use an identification parade
6. Courtroom and Trial
Administrative Judge - Criminal Division Jeffrey A. Manning
Bailiff : Announces the entrance of the judge
Court Reporter: Recording all the proceeds during the trial
Deputy Sheriffs: Transport prisoners to and from court proceedings
Jurors: In trials, a group of people who are selected and sworn to inquire into matters of
fact and to reach a verdict on the basis of the evidence presented to them.
Prosecuting Attorney: The attorney for the State the crime was committed in.
Defense Attorney: The attorney for the accused, this attorney can be either the accused
own or the what is known as a Public defender. This was mention in the” Miranda
Rights”
Defendant: the person being trialed
Judge: Listens to the evidence and determines the faith of the person on trial.
Court Clerk; Paper pusher, evidence, transcripts prior to trial.
This is a trial judge that everyone criminal known try not to come up against.
7. Black on Black Crime
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
In Pittsburgh and Allegheny County "Black on Black" crime has taken a deadly toll.
In the past year, 95 people were murdered in Allegheny County and 70 of those were black men.
Now some in the community are sounding the alarm.
On Monday, two African-American men were gunned down in McKeesport.
. "We're under attack and we made sure to answer we're under attack by us. If there we're marauding bands of
white folks driving throughout our neighborhood firing, then a war would be on."
For the past year, the paper has been publishing the names and race of people murdered in Allegheny County and
the year's end tally tells a grim tale.
Of 95 people murdered, 77 were black and 70 of those were black men.
While African Americans comprise 13.5% of the U.S. Population, 43% of all murder victims in 2007 were
African American, 93.1% of whom were killed were African Americans.
Victimizations of African Americans from violent crime which include the following; rape/sexual assault,
robbery, aggravated and simple Assault was 24.3% in 2007, with the highest percentages of victimizations within
the age ranges of 15-24 totaling a percentage greater than 38%.
8. Black on Black Crime
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Serious violent crime rates declined in recent years for both blacks and whites.
Trends in violent victimization by race, 1973 to 2008 In 2008 —-
The rate of violent victimization against blacks was 26 per 1,000 persons age 12 or older; for whites 18 per 1,000 and for
persons of other races, 15 per 1,000.
Blacks were victims of rape/sexual assault, robbery and aggravated assault at rates higher than those for whites.
According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2006 about 50% off murder victims were black, 47% were white, and 3%
were Asians, Pacific Islander, and Native Americans.
See also Homicide Trends in the United States and Data Online for characteristics of homicide victims by State and large
locality.
Blacks were more likely than whites to be victimized by a carjacking (3 versus 1 per 10,000 respectively) 1993-2002.
Between 2002 and 2006, American Indians experienced violence at rates almost twice that of blacks, about 2 1/2 times that of
whites, and more than 5 times that of Asians.
9. Punishment: Purpose
The purpose of punishment has four basic principles:
Retribution: “eye for an eye”, you reap what you sow.
Deterrence; setting as example for wrong behavior.
Incapacitation: detaining wrongdoers by separating them the community in prison.
Rehabilitation: Assist in helping criminal change there lives around.
The purpose of punishment according:
“Professor Herbert Packer has said that punishing criminals serves two ultimate
purposes: the “deserved infliction of suffering on evildoers” and “the prevention of crime”.
10. Sentencing Structure
The history of criminal sentencing in the United States has been characterized by shifts in
among the three branches. The three branches include, legislatures, rehabilitative justice
and judicial and administrative. Under each branch of sentencing are sub branches with
enforces behavior in different format, but trying to reach the final results, to deter crime.
The three branches include:
Legislatures : responsible for making laws.
Judicial Sentencing: judges makes the sentence depending upon each case.
Administrative branches: working with the inmates on early paroles,.
11. Pennsylvania State Corrections
SCI Dallas – Medium Security
SCI Dallas
SCI Dallas (Luzerne County, 10 miles from Wilkes-Barre) was opened in 1960 as an
institution for defective delinquents. After the state Supreme Court decision of 1966 voided
the concept of "defective delinquents," Dallas, like Huntingdon, became an adult institution. It
now is a medium-security facility for men.
12. Pennsylvania State Corrections
SCI Dallas – Medium Security
SCI Muncy
SCI Muncy (Lycoming County, 15 miles from Williamsport) is the
diagnostic and classification center for the state's female inmates. It was
originally opened in 1920 as The Muncy Industrial Home, a training
school for female offenders between the ages of 16 and 30. Incorporated
into the Bureau of Correction in 1953, SCI Muncy is a close-security
prison that also houses all of the state’s female capital case inmates.
13. Pennsylvania State Correction
SCI Graterford
SCI Graterford
The State Correctional Institution at Graterford is located 31 miles west of
Philadelphia. The facility, built in 1929, is Pennsylvania's largest maximum-
security prison. In 1989, an $80 million construction program was completed that
added a new administration building, a 28-bed infirmary and 372 additional cells.
14. Pennsylvania Corrections
Bootcamp
Quehanna Bootcamp
The Quehanna Motivational Boot Camp opened in June 1992 as the department's
first military-style motivational boot camp. Inmates assigned to the boot camp
undergo a rigid six-month disciplinary and training program which, if successfully
completed, will result in their immediate release on parole. The minimum-security
facility houses both male and female offenders.
15. What is the sequence of events in the criminal justice system?
Editor's Notes
Criminal Justice is the rules of society to contain, and deter crime.
One of Pennsylvania hard core prison. Most inmates are lifer in this insitution. Murders mainly.
Very young offenders, that society know that they can be rehabilitate not to come back.
The flowchart of the events in the criminal justice system (shown in the diagram) updates the original chart prepared by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice in 1967. The chart summarizes the most common events in the criminal and juvenile justice systems including entry into the criminal justice system, prosecution and pretrial services, adjudication, sentencing and sanctions, and corrections. A discussion of the events in the criminal justice system follows.Contents The response to crimeEntry into the systemProsecution and pretrial servicesAdjudicationSentencing and sanctionsCorrectionsRecidivismThe juvenile justice systemThe structure of the justice systemDiscretion is exercised throughout the criminal justice systemBureau of Justice StatisticsCriminal justice system flowchart Source: [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/flowchart.htm])