This journal entry discusses confirmation bias and how it can negatively impact decision making. Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out and give more weight to information that confirms preexisting beliefs, and ignore or undermine contradictory information. The entry provides an example of how confirmation bias can cause investors to make poor decisions by only seeking out information that confirms their views on an investment and failing to consider different perspectives. Overcoming confirmation bias requires open-mindedly seeking out contradictory opinions to make better informed choices. The entry concludes that confirmation bias limits opportunities by focusing only on views that agree with preexisting opinions.
Cognitive distortions - Depression and anxiety.Koduvayur Anand
A cognitive distortion is an exaggerated or irrational thought pattern involved in the onset and perpetuation of psychopathological states, especially those more influenced by psychosocial factors, such as depression and anxiety.
In this slideshow some most important cognitive distortions are discussed
You can see the video of this in the following link.
Learn CBT Lesson #8 – Cognitive Distortions
https://youtu.be/zK8cLoYtwGY
The commonly held belief that life gets easier at the top is partly true. The loftier your role in a large enterprise, the more control you have over your day-to-day activities and more you are compensated for them. But the challenges also get tougher. For one thing, you are more visible. Your mistakes, and your ability to recover from them will be noticed. Also, fewer positions exist at that rarefied level. To advance, you have to either displace someone above you or create an entirely new business. Failure is not an option, unless you can make it seem like success. To manage all this with Integrity- that is a challenge indeed.
There are two ways to proceed. You can practice relentless discipline: curbing every impulse, making every moment count , and preparing diligently for each potential challenge. Or you can approach the world with insouciant savoir-faire, trusting that your charm and resourcefulness will get you through while making it all look easy.
At the heart of this book is a question about the proper way to live. To what extent must we lead disciplined lives to be powerful people? Is that discipline a matter of duty, compensation for the original sin of being imperfect, or is it a matter of joy, of calling forth the inner golden virtue that lies deep within all of us ? In Goldsmith’s eye, it is both- and it is both- an if you dare to take on the practices he recommends, you may come to agree with him.
Human leadership is grounded in self-respect and unconditional love. It comprehends and honors all people’s equal right to equity, dignity and integrity. It recognizes all people for who they are, accepts their unique contribution, treats them with respect and recognizes their value. Even for the toughest of scenarios, it leads with rational compassion to serve everyone right.
Illusory superiority dates back to Confucius and Socrates
But Dunning-Kruger Effect (A type of Cognitive Bias)discussion is merely 20 years old
A cognitive bias refers to a ‘systematic error’ in the thinking process.
Such biases are often connected to a heuristic (a mental shortcut )
Heuristics allow one to make an inference without extensive deliberation and/or reflective judgment
These are essentially schemas for solutions (West, Toplak, & Stanovich, 2008).
12 common biases that affect how we make everyday decisions are discussed.
New knowledge economy (Dwyer, 2017; Dwyer, Hogan & Stewart, 2014) has opened a new vista of processing information (right or wrong) with the help of internet quickly and effortlessly.
Eric Berne defined a stroke as the “fundamental unit of social action”. A stroke is a unit of recognition, when one person recognizes another person. A stroke Can be Physical, Verbal or Non-verbal; Could be A hand shake, A compliment or A nod of the head;Could also be “Hello”, “Go away!” or A dismissive wave of the hand. (All of these acknowledge that the other person exists.)
Berne defined certain socially dysfunctional behavioural patterns as "games." According to Berne, Games are “sets of ulterior transactions, repetitive in nature, with a well-defined psychological payoff.” These repetitive, devious transactions are principally intended to obtain strokes, but instead they reinforce negative feelings and self-concepts, and mask the direct expression of thoughts and emotions.
In his book Games People Play, which achieved wide popular success in the early 1960s, Berne describes a series of games and gave them instantly recognizable names as:
"Why Don't You, Yes But"
"Now I've Got You, You SOB"
"I'm Only Trying To Help You".
Cognitive distortions - Depression and anxiety.Koduvayur Anand
A cognitive distortion is an exaggerated or irrational thought pattern involved in the onset and perpetuation of psychopathological states, especially those more influenced by psychosocial factors, such as depression and anxiety.
In this slideshow some most important cognitive distortions are discussed
You can see the video of this in the following link.
Learn CBT Lesson #8 – Cognitive Distortions
https://youtu.be/zK8cLoYtwGY
The commonly held belief that life gets easier at the top is partly true. The loftier your role in a large enterprise, the more control you have over your day-to-day activities and more you are compensated for them. But the challenges also get tougher. For one thing, you are more visible. Your mistakes, and your ability to recover from them will be noticed. Also, fewer positions exist at that rarefied level. To advance, you have to either displace someone above you or create an entirely new business. Failure is not an option, unless you can make it seem like success. To manage all this with Integrity- that is a challenge indeed.
There are two ways to proceed. You can practice relentless discipline: curbing every impulse, making every moment count , and preparing diligently for each potential challenge. Or you can approach the world with insouciant savoir-faire, trusting that your charm and resourcefulness will get you through while making it all look easy.
At the heart of this book is a question about the proper way to live. To what extent must we lead disciplined lives to be powerful people? Is that discipline a matter of duty, compensation for the original sin of being imperfect, or is it a matter of joy, of calling forth the inner golden virtue that lies deep within all of us ? In Goldsmith’s eye, it is both- and it is both- an if you dare to take on the practices he recommends, you may come to agree with him.
Human leadership is grounded in self-respect and unconditional love. It comprehends and honors all people’s equal right to equity, dignity and integrity. It recognizes all people for who they are, accepts their unique contribution, treats them with respect and recognizes their value. Even for the toughest of scenarios, it leads with rational compassion to serve everyone right.
Illusory superiority dates back to Confucius and Socrates
But Dunning-Kruger Effect (A type of Cognitive Bias)discussion is merely 20 years old
A cognitive bias refers to a ‘systematic error’ in the thinking process.
Such biases are often connected to a heuristic (a mental shortcut )
Heuristics allow one to make an inference without extensive deliberation and/or reflective judgment
These are essentially schemas for solutions (West, Toplak, & Stanovich, 2008).
12 common biases that affect how we make everyday decisions are discussed.
New knowledge economy (Dwyer, 2017; Dwyer, Hogan & Stewart, 2014) has opened a new vista of processing information (right or wrong) with the help of internet quickly and effortlessly.
Eric Berne defined a stroke as the “fundamental unit of social action”. A stroke is a unit of recognition, when one person recognizes another person. A stroke Can be Physical, Verbal or Non-verbal; Could be A hand shake, A compliment or A nod of the head;Could also be “Hello”, “Go away!” or A dismissive wave of the hand. (All of these acknowledge that the other person exists.)
Berne defined certain socially dysfunctional behavioural patterns as "games." According to Berne, Games are “sets of ulterior transactions, repetitive in nature, with a well-defined psychological payoff.” These repetitive, devious transactions are principally intended to obtain strokes, but instead they reinforce negative feelings and self-concepts, and mask the direct expression of thoughts and emotions.
In his book Games People Play, which achieved wide popular success in the early 1960s, Berne describes a series of games and gave them instantly recognizable names as:
"Why Don't You, Yes But"
"Now I've Got You, You SOB"
"I'm Only Trying To Help You".
Sue Johnston of It's Understood Communication presents at Scotia Agile Conference, Online, June 24, 2021
Being Wrong: What if the smartest thing you can do is give up the need to look smart?
Coaching with Character: How to use character strengths in just the right mea...Amanda Yuill
A review of the 24 character strengths identified by the VIA Institute (www.viacharacter.org), describing each one in 3 states: under-expressed, at the golden mean, and over-expressed. Includes descriptions, visual prompts, research and activities for working with each variation.
Fear of success involves being afraid of achievement ,often to the point that people will sabotage themselves (Imposter Syndrome).While success is generally viewed as desirable ,there are reasons why people may be fearful of doing too well. It is important to recognize is that people often don’t fear the success itself …instead ,their fear is centred on potential consequence of success.
Can also be referred as Success anxiety or success phobia or achievemephobia .Negative impact on overall life satisfaction
We all have 9 Personality types within us, of which, One is the most “Dominant”
.This presentation details outs the 9 Personality traits, associated risks with each Personality types and tips to improve and control the dominant/non Dominant personality types
These 9 interconnected personalities are the reason of Who you are and Why you are that way
Making a Difference By Improving Mental Health In and Out of the WorkplaceRotary International
Sadly, many practices and behaviors in the workplace and in the world around us can lead to toxicity and poor mental health. In this session, you will learn ways to identify these practices and behaviors, along with methods to create a more positive environment. With this information, you will be better equipped to help yourself and your co-workers, family members, and friends.
The 7 Highly Effective Habits Foundational PrinciplesYang Ao Wei 楊翱維
The Foundational Principles behind the 7 Highly Effective Habits.
A good idea to start with this before one jumps straight into the 7 Highly Effective Habits.
Social Intelligence (SI) is the ability to successfully build relationships and navigate social environments.
Our society puts a huge emphasis on book smarts and IQ, but our relationships effect a much bigger part of our lives.
Social smarts are far more important than your book smarts.
Building strong social relationships is worth the effort:
Strong relationships improve our immune system and help combat disease.
Loneliness and weak relationships are one of the major sources of stress, health problems and depression.
Our relationships affect every area of our lives–from colleagues to spouses to friends to kids.
Human beings were not designed as isolated individuals. We're essentially super social apes. This has major implications on how we, marketeers, influence our audiences.
This presentations elaborates on popular theories from social psychology and translates them into learnings for marketing.
This presentation was given at the university of Antwerp for an audience of master students in applied economics.
This Power Point was designed to accompany a Web Quest titled The Geologic History of New York State. It is designed as an introduction to Geologic Time and has an accompanying worksheet that can be downloaded from the Web Quest.
Sue Johnston of It's Understood Communication presents at Scotia Agile Conference, Online, June 24, 2021
Being Wrong: What if the smartest thing you can do is give up the need to look smart?
Coaching with Character: How to use character strengths in just the right mea...Amanda Yuill
A review of the 24 character strengths identified by the VIA Institute (www.viacharacter.org), describing each one in 3 states: under-expressed, at the golden mean, and over-expressed. Includes descriptions, visual prompts, research and activities for working with each variation.
Fear of success involves being afraid of achievement ,often to the point that people will sabotage themselves (Imposter Syndrome).While success is generally viewed as desirable ,there are reasons why people may be fearful of doing too well. It is important to recognize is that people often don’t fear the success itself …instead ,their fear is centred on potential consequence of success.
Can also be referred as Success anxiety or success phobia or achievemephobia .Negative impact on overall life satisfaction
We all have 9 Personality types within us, of which, One is the most “Dominant”
.This presentation details outs the 9 Personality traits, associated risks with each Personality types and tips to improve and control the dominant/non Dominant personality types
These 9 interconnected personalities are the reason of Who you are and Why you are that way
Making a Difference By Improving Mental Health In and Out of the WorkplaceRotary International
Sadly, many practices and behaviors in the workplace and in the world around us can lead to toxicity and poor mental health. In this session, you will learn ways to identify these practices and behaviors, along with methods to create a more positive environment. With this information, you will be better equipped to help yourself and your co-workers, family members, and friends.
The 7 Highly Effective Habits Foundational PrinciplesYang Ao Wei 楊翱維
The Foundational Principles behind the 7 Highly Effective Habits.
A good idea to start with this before one jumps straight into the 7 Highly Effective Habits.
Social Intelligence (SI) is the ability to successfully build relationships and navigate social environments.
Our society puts a huge emphasis on book smarts and IQ, but our relationships effect a much bigger part of our lives.
Social smarts are far more important than your book smarts.
Building strong social relationships is worth the effort:
Strong relationships improve our immune system and help combat disease.
Loneliness and weak relationships are one of the major sources of stress, health problems and depression.
Our relationships affect every area of our lives–from colleagues to spouses to friends to kids.
Human beings were not designed as isolated individuals. We're essentially super social apes. This has major implications on how we, marketeers, influence our audiences.
This presentations elaborates on popular theories from social psychology and translates them into learnings for marketing.
This presentation was given at the university of Antwerp for an audience of master students in applied economics.
This Power Point was designed to accompany a Web Quest titled The Geologic History of New York State. It is designed as an introduction to Geologic Time and has an accompanying worksheet that can be downloaded from the Web Quest.
CHAPTER The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Quest.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER
The Benefit and Manner of
Asking the Right Questions
THE NOISY, CONFUSED WORLD WE LIVE IN
This book encourages you to learn something we think can change your life
for the better. That something is "critical thinking." But there is an imaginary
world that some of us inhabit where there is no need at all for critical think-
ing. In this imaginary world several conditions prevail:
1. We are each allowed the independence to make decisions about reli-
gion, politics, and what we will and will not buy or believe. Advertisers,
marketers, public relations specialists, campaign managers, and advo-
cates of various worldviews will provide us only the information that we
need to make decisions that result in building a life that we choose.
2. Anyone trying to persuade us of anything will always explain the disad-
vantages of what he or she wants us to do.
3. Any time we are confused about one of life's important questions, we
can quickly find a dependable expert, authority, or wise person. Fur-
thermore, these voices of knowledge will all agree with one another. In
short, we need not be anxious about what to do or believe because the
wise ones will have the answer. Our task is simply to locate and listen to
them.
4. Our minds are calm, engaged, reflective, and curious whenever faced
with an important choice.
We hope you realize that the world we actually live in is nothing like the
Never-Never Land, we just described.
1
2 Chapter 1 • The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Questions
In the real world, we are assaulted on all sides by others who insist that
we must do what they tell us we should do. They know best. They know
what we should wear, eat, buy, and believe. They claim to possess a truth
that we must accept. They say they want to help us. They will not leave us
alone to form our own understanding of who we should become.
As an illustration, in a 5-minute Internet search we found the following
advice with respect to the relatively simple question: Should we use more tea?
These were all found on web sites urging you to buy more tea.
• Use green tea to ease itching and swelling.
• Use strong tea as a disinfectant on cuts and bruises.
• Use strong tea to treat athlete's foot. Bathe the foot twice a day for ten
minutes for up to several weeks.
• Press rehydrated tealeaves on teeth to reduce the pain of toothache.
• Chewing rehydrated tealeaves cleanses the breath.
• Soak a towel in warm tea, and place the towel on tired eyes to refresh
them.
• Wash the face with warm tea to reduce skin rashes and pimples.
• Rinse washed hair with strong tea for shine and softness.
The people making these claims want us to change our behavior. Planning to
buy more tea?
To make matters worse, those trying to persuade us do not play fair as
they try to shape us. They tell us half-truths at best. The socialist does not
explain the dangers of a large government. The conservative does not explain
...
The Lucifer Effect by Zimbardo httpwww.lucifereffect.commovi.docxcherry686017
The Lucifer Effect by Zimbardo
http://www.lucifereffect.com/movie.htm
The Stanford Prison Experiment
http://www.prisonexp.org/
Introduction
n The Lucifer Effect, we examined how social situations lead ordinary people to commit unimaginable acts of violence, discrimination, and indifference to the suffering of others. Many of us hope that if we were placed in such situations, we would be the courageous ones who resist unjust authority, who are immune to compliance tactics, and who never abandon our core beliefs and principles in the face of social pressures. However, the reality is we can never predict our actions without being placed in similar situations. This is one of the recurring themes of “The Lucifer Effect” and something that should not be lost on us as we make everyday decisions.
Indeed, even without being placed in the heat of war, the inhumanity of prisons, or the clutches of social psychologists, our daily lives are wrought with similarly compelling social tensions. This section of the website was created as a springboard for learning how unwanted and unjust influence can impact your daily life and to better equip you to resist these forces. By understanding the contexts of influence and social compliance, become familiar with significant experimental findings from social psychological research, along with some basic terminology, we hope you will become more proficient in identifying common social influence principles and the strategies that professional agents of influence may use to gain your compliance. Finally, we will take you through frameworks that prominent social psychologists have created to understand social influence and identify how you can apply these ideas to your own life. Furthermore, we will discuss ways to utilize your new understanding of the principles of social influence for positive social change, and finally close with some specific hints from Dr. Z on how to resist unwanted influences.
Varieties of Influence
We listen to a debate with each side presenting seemingly compelling reasons to endorse one or another point of view. We get messages from advertisers, from the government, from assorted authorities to take particular actions, like buy a product, vote for a candidate, give blood, avoid impending disasters, and more. Such attempts to influence our attitudes, values or actions are considered forms of persuasive communication. ”Do as I say,” is its motto. When they are politically motivated with a bias toward a politically relevant action such messages are considered propaganda.
Other times the influence comes not dressed up in words in persuasive messages or visually appealing ads, but simply when the members of a group you are in, or want to belong to, act in a particular way. They don’t have to tell you what to do; they simply exhibit the behavior or the style of action that is expected of “good team members.” That form of social influence is known as conformity. “Do as we do,” is the conformity mo ...
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1 Course Learning OutcVannaJoy20
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Evaluate the underlying principles in the field of social psychology.
2.1 Identify the differences between intuition and logic thinking systems.
2.2 Describe the roles and functions of biases and heuristics in the intuition thinking system.
6. Explain how social environments influence the understanding of individuals.
6.1 Apply theories and principles regarding self-knowledge to indicate how our self-concept is
socially determined.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 4
Unit II Assessment
2.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 4
Unit II Assessment
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit II Assessment
Reading Assignment
Chapter 3: The Social Self
Chapter 4: Social Cognition
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Perceiving Ourselves
and the World
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
The Social Self
Who are you? How did you determine who you are? Do humans differ in this respect from other animals? The
concept of the self has been something that psychologists and laypeople alike have attempted to explain.
Early investigation into these questions led Gordon Gallup to place animals in front of a mirror with red dye on
part of their faces. Some animals, like great apes and dolphins, noticed that their image had changed when
placed in front of a mirror, indicating that they have self-recognition, or an understanding that one is a
separate entity from others and objects in the world (Heinzen & Goodfriend, 2019). When does self-
recognition occur in human
infants? Self-recognition develops
in human infants at around the
age of 2, and it continues to
develop across the lifespan. At
first, this concept is concrete and
focused on observable
characteristics (e.g., I have brown
hair) then becomes more abstract
(e.g., I consider myself religious)
and focused on psychological
characteristics (e.g., I am nice) in
childhood and adolescence. How
would you describe yourself right
now? Now think about how you
would have described yourself
when you were four. It might be
hard to remember, but at age 4,
many of you probably described
yourselves in terms of
observational characteristics.
How do you come to even know what descriptors fit you? This relates to the term self-concept, which is the
personal summary of who we believe we are, and it can be acquired through many sources as noted by
Heinzen and Goodfriend (2019). For example, you can rely on other people to provide self-knowledge. You
can come to know yourself by comparing yourself to others on abilities, traits, and attitudes. This is known as
social comparison theory. You make social comparisons when you have little information available, and you
typically compare yourself to others who are similar to you. However, you do not always do this. Some ...
The Gut Feel-How intuition leads to success in businessMurray Hunter
The gut feel-How intuition leads to success in busines. A small e-book about using intuition to be successful in business based on the author's experience.
What is an Attitude? Essay
Positive Effects Of Attitude
Positive Attitude
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Attitude Is Everything Essay
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My Attitude About Writing
Persuasion architectures: Nudging People to do the Right ThingUser Vision
Review of some of the most popular commercial and public sector persuasion methodologies. Plus some reasons why they may not work and some criticisms, and a comparison of how supermarkets persuade us, offline.
Fear of being judged is a common insecurity that plagues many individuals, hindering their personal growth and preventing them from fully embracing their true selves.
Whether it stems from past experiences, societal pressures, or a deep- rooted need for acceptance, this fear can be suffocating and hold us back from flourishing in various aspects of life.
However, there is hope!
In this exploration of overcoming the fear of being judged, we will delve into the origins of this fear, its impact on our lives, and most importantly, unveil empowering strategies and mindset shifts that can help us break free from its shackles.
So, if you have ever felt the weight of judgment crushing your spirit and yearned for the courage to rise above it, join us in this enlightening journey towards embracing authenticity and reclaiming our lives.
1. Name : Gabriel Chin Jincheng
Student ID : 0320370
Subject : Social Psychology
Title : Journal Entry Social Psychology
2. Journal 01: Social Psychology
Entry 01: Confirmation Bias
“ Good Mangers are always bias for action “. Tom Peters said.
Supporting to this confirmation bias is a psychological phenomenon that explains why people
tend to seek out information that confirms their existing opinions and overlook or ignore
information that refutes their beliefs. Confirmation bias occurs when people filter out
potentially useful facts and opinions that don’t coincide with their preconceived notions. It
affects perceptions and decision making in all aspects of our lives and can cause us to make
less-than-optimal choices. Seeking out people and publications with different opinions than
our own can help us overcome confirmation bias and make better-informed decisions.
Confirmation bias can create problems for investors. When researching an investment,
someone might look for information that supports his or her beliefs about an investment and
fail to see information that presents different ideas. The result is a one-sided view of the
situation. Confirmation bias can cause investors to make poor decisions, whether it’s their
choice to purchase, expand, or sell timing.
For example, suppose an investor hears a rumour that a company is on the verge of
bankruptcy. Based on that information, the investor is considering selling the stock. When he
goes online to read the latest news about the company, he tends to read only the stories that
confirm the likely bankrupt and he misses a story about the new product the company just
launched that is expected to perform extremely well. Instead of holding the stock, he sells it
at a very low price just before it turns around and climbs to an all-time high.
3. Confirmation bias helps explain why markets do not always behave rationally. However, an
investor who is aware of confirmation bias may be able to overcome the tendency to seek out
information that supports his existing opinions and intentionally seek out contradictory
advice.
Conclusion, they are limiting themselves to other great possibilities and chances, the thoughts
that we can think off that goes against bias.
4. Journal 2: Social Psychology
Entry 1: Social Facilitation
The tendency for people who are being watched or observed to perform better than they
would alone on simple tasks or tasks they know how to do very well due to repetition. This
theory also states that if the task is not simple, then there will be a larger margin of error
because of nervousness. Professor Robert Zajonc’s drive theory was the missing piece of the
puzzle. He found that several factors influenced peoples’ productivity directly. Some of these
things included: the audience’s attention level how closely are they watching me, can I get
away with slacking off? , whether the person observing is a man or a women, and simply the
person’s mood. Different levels of attention are paid to these factors and therefore they
directly influence how hard we work. Either way, if we are being watched our attention level
is higher because we are innately competitive.
For example where social facilitation occurs most frequently in gyms. What is more
competitive than a room filled with men and raging levels of testosterone. Every male in the
gym are constantly trying to outlift each other to obtain the center of attention in the gym.
Not only are they trying to outlift each other but they are too competing to see who has the
better physique. No man has claim to mention saying that they aren’t egoistic and proud. Men
tend to have an observer or more to witness him in a difficult task, the more the attention
level the more motivated the person will become such as lifting heavier weights with more
repetitions.
“ Once social change begins, it cannot be reversed. You cannot uneducate the person who has
learned to read. You cannot humiliate the person who feels pride. You cannot oppress the people
who are not afraid anymore. We have seen the future, and the future is ours ”. Cesar Chavez said.
5. Conclusion social facilitation should be harnessed and trained so we can be more competitive
and improve performance levels.
6. Journal 3 : Social Cognition
Entry 1 : Stereotyping
A stereotype is “...a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of
people.” (Cardwell, 1996).
One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to respond rapidly to situations because we
may have had a similar experience before. Advantage is that it makes us ignore differences
between individuals; therefore we think things about people that might not be true.The use of
stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world; since they reduce the
amount of processing we have to do when we meet a new person.
By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that
we assume all members of that group have. Stereotypes lead to social categorization, which is
one of the reasons for prejudice attitudes which leads to in-groups and out-groups.Most
stereotypes probably tend to convey a negative impression.
Examples of stereotypes is racial stereotypes, such as all Asians have squinty small eyes and
we eat rice, or Africans being very fast and love eating fried chicken, Italians for their pasta,
Mexicans for their tacos and sombrero, middle eastern for being terrorist. This is very wrong
everybody should be treated the same and not to judge a book by its cover.
In conclusion we should abolish stereotyping, it the root of all bad ideas.
7. Journal 4: Social Perception
Entry 1: The Halo Effect
The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person
influences how we feel and think about his or her character. Essentially, your overall
impression of a person He is nice!, impacts your evaluations of that person's specific traits He
is buff!.
The halo effect is also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype and the what is
beautiful is good principle, the halo effect, at the most specific level, refers to the habitual
tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favourably for their personality traits or
characteristics than those who are less attractive. Halo effect is also used in a more general
sense to describe the global impact of likeable personality, or some specific desirable trait, in
creating biased judgments of the target person on any dimension. Thus, feelings generally
overcome cognitions when we praise others.
Examples of the halo effect is when you first see a attractive person your perception of that
person is much more positive , thoughts such as “Oh she or he seems like a nice person”.
Meanwhile when first seeing a less attractive person your perception is very much influenced
and thoughts would take a more negative perspective. One would think he might be high or
he does not have a life. Other examples are such as companies using models who are very
beautiful to advertise their products to get the mass media to buy it. This is used to convince
that the product can improve your self- confidence by mimicking the model seen in the
advertisement.
Conclusion we should all be aware of the halo effect and the effects to it, but it still it difficult
to avoid letting the halo effect affect our behaviour, judgment and decisions.
8. JOURNAL05: ATTITUDES
ENTRY 01: POST-DECISION DISSONANCE
“In ancient Rome, there was a poem about a dog who found two bones. He picked at one, he
licked the other. He went in circles. He dropped dead.” –DEVO
Some choices are hard to make, especially when the options we are faced with are nearly
equivalent. Nevertheless we manage to make decisions every day and, buyer’s remorse
notwithstanding, we frequently feel satisfied with our choices.Well, we tell ourselves, they
were somehow lacking anyway. But have we arrived at that conclusion through rational
consideration of each alternative’s objective value, or do we subjectively and retroactively
adjust the value we place on rejected options in order to feel better about the choice we made.
Cognitive dissonance makes us feel better. According to cognitive dissonance
theory (Festinger, 1957) these and other factors subconsciously and retroactively enhance the
options we choose to make us feel good about our choices, reduce task uncertainty and orient
us toward future actions.
For example making a decision to start foundation in natural built environment. I had to
depart home to start my studies, leaving my family, friends and loved ones behind. Here is
where i don’t have any doubts about my cause and drive to study to become an architect. In
my first few months of my foundation i was thinking that this course wasn’t for me because i
couldn’t handle the pressure it came from it. Staying up all night long doing assignments
sacrificing sleep. But once i submit work which I spent hours on I feel satisfied and more
motivated to achieve my dreams to be an architect.
In conclusion, our lives are full of ups and downs, our brains helps us function and create
more opportunities and chances in life.