Pseudomonas.pptx
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacillus found in soil, water, and plants that can cause opportunistic infections in humans. It is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics and can acquire additional resistance. P. aeruginosa commonly causes nosocomial infections through growth in water sources like IV tubing. It produces toxins and enzymes that contribute to pathogenesis and can cause both localized infections like pneumonia or bacteremia as well as systemic illness.
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Proteus spp.
Proteus species are common inhabitants of the human intestinal tract that can cause urinary tract infections and occasionally other infections. P. mirabilis commonly causes urinary tract infections by forming stones in the urinary tract, while P. vulgaris more often causes wound and soft tissue infections. They are distinguished by P. mirabilis being indole-positive and P. vulgaris being indole-negative. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen found in the environment that can cause both localized and systemic infections, especially in hospital settings, through multiple virulence factors including toxins and antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
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Infections on surfaces.pptx
The document discusses normal flora and pathogenic bacteria that can infect surfaces in the body. It describes how different bacteria normally inhabit different body sites like the skin, oral cavity, intestines and urogenital tract. It also discusses sterile body sites. When bacteria spread from their normal sites and infect other surfaces, it can lead to diseases like endocarditis, osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections. Bacteria can form biofilms on surfaces, which makes surface infections difficult to treat.
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This document provides information about Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including:
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- It has three colony types on agar - rough, smooth, and mucoid. It produces several pigments.
- It causes diseases like endocarditis, respiratory infections, bacteremia, UTIs, and skin infections.
- Identification involves culture and biochemical tests. Treatment involves antibiotics like gentamicin, though resistance has emerged.
10_Normalflora_...................1.pptx
The document describes the normal flora of the human body. It states that normal flora are bacteria and fungi that normally inhabit several body sites, helping maintain health. Key body sites and their normal flora include the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis), respiratory tract (e.g. viridans streptococci in the throat), and intestines (e.g. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the colon). The normal flora protect against pathogens, aid nutrient absorption, and maintain a healthy balance when present.
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Scientists divide Gram-positive bacilli into spore-forming and non-spore-forming genera. The two spore-forming genera are Bacillus and Clostridium. Bacillus forms endospores centrally and is aerobic. Important pathogenic Bacillus species include B. anthracis and B. cereus. B. anthracis causes anthrax through its toxin and spores. Clostridium forms terminal or subterminal spores and is anaerobic. Important pathogenic Clostridium species are C. perfringens, C. tetani, and C. botulinum, which cause myonecrosis, tetanus, and botulism respectively through their tox
normal flora.pptx
Normal flora is the term used to describe the various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of certain
body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and
vagina (Tables 6–1 and 6–2). Viruses and parasites (protozoa
and helminths), which are the other major groups of
microorganisms, are usually not considered members of
the normal flora, although they can be present in asymptomatic individuals. The normal flora organisms are often
referred to as commensals. Commensals are organisms
that derive benefit from another host but do not damage
that host. The term human microbiome is often used to
describe the normal flora.
The members of the normal flora play a role both in the
maintenance of health and in the causation of disease in
three significant ways:
(1) They can cause disease, especially in immunocompromised and debilitated individuals. Although these
organisms are nonpathogens in their usual anatomic location, they can be pathogens in other parts of the body.
(2) They constitute a protective host defense mechanism.
The nonpathogenic resident bacteria occupy attachment
sites on the skin and mucosa that can interfere with colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The ability of members of the
normal flora to limit the growth of pathogens is called colonization resistance. If the normal flora is suppressed, pathogens may grow and cause disease. For example, antibiotics
can reduce the normal colonic flora that allows Clostridium
difficile, which is resistant to the antibiotics, to overgrow and
cause pseudomembranous colitis.
(3) They may serve a nutritional function. The intestinal bacteria produce several B vitamins and vitamin K.
Poorly nourished people who are treated with oral antibiotics can have vitamin deficiencies as a result of the reduction in the normal flora. However, since germ-free animals
are well-nourished, the normal flora is not essential for
proper nutrition.
THE HUMAN MICROBIOME
The human microbiome is the term used to describe the
thousands of microbes (“microbiota”) located on the skin,
on mucosal surfaces, and within the lumen of the
TABLE 6–2 Medically Important Members of the Normal Flora
Location Important Organisms1 Less Important Organisms2
Skin Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anaerobes (e.g., Propionibacterium), yeasts (e.g.,
Candida albicans)
Nose S. aureus3 S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci
Mouth Viridans streptococci Various streptococci, Eikenella corrodens
Dental plaque Streptococcus mutans Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis
Gingival crevices Various anaerobes (e.g.,
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
streptococci, Actinomyces)
Throat Viridans streptococci Various streptococci (including Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus
pneumoniae), Neisseria species, Haemophilus influenzae, S. epidermidis
Colon Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia
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Proteus spp.
Proteus species are common inhabitants of the human intestinal tract that can cause urinary tract infections and occasionally other infections. P. mirabilis commonly causes urinary tract infections by forming stones in the urinary tract, while P. vulgaris more often causes wound and soft tissue infections. They are distinguished by P. mirabilis being indole-positive and P. vulgaris being indole-negative. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen found in the environment that can cause both localized and systemic infections, especially in hospital settings, through multiple virulence factors including toxins and antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
Infection control concepts
This document discusses infection control concepts, including the cycle of infection and how microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa can be transmitted. It explains that hospitals are sites for disease transmission due to gathering sick patients. Proper infection control practices like following established policies are important for healthcare worker and patient safety. Microorganisms can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact via fomites, vectors, vehicles, droplets or airborne routes. The body has natural and acquired defenses against infections that can be supported by vaccines and immunoglobulins.
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The document discusses the normal flora of various body sites. It defines normal flora as the bacteria and fungi permanently residing on the skin, in the oral cavity, gut, and vagina. While viruses and parasites are usually not considered normal flora, they can be present without causing symptoms. The three major roles of normal flora are: (1) causing disease in immunocompromised individuals, (2) providing colonization resistance against pathogens, and (3) producing vitamins for the host. Specific normal flora are then described for the skin, gut, ears, and nose.
Infections on surfaces.pptx
The document discusses normal flora and pathogenic bacteria that can infect surfaces in the body. It describes how different bacteria normally inhabit different body sites like the skin, oral cavity, intestines and urogenital tract. It also discusses sterile body sites. When bacteria spread from their normal sites and infect other surfaces, it can lead to diseases like endocarditis, osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections. Bacteria can form biofilms on surfaces, which makes surface infections difficult to treat.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
This document provides information about Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including:
- It is a gram-negative, motile, aerobic bacillus that can cause various infections.
- It has three colony types on agar - rough, smooth, and mucoid. It produces several pigments.
- It causes diseases like endocarditis, respiratory infections, bacteremia, UTIs, and skin infections.
- Identification involves culture and biochemical tests. Treatment involves antibiotics like gentamicin, though resistance has emerged.
10_Normalflora_...................1.pptx
The document describes the normal flora of the human body. It states that normal flora are bacteria and fungi that normally inhabit several body sites, helping maintain health. Key body sites and their normal flora include the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis), respiratory tract (e.g. viridans streptococci in the throat), and intestines (e.g. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the colon). The normal flora protect against pathogens, aid nutrient absorption, and maintain a healthy balance when present.
Gram Positive Spore Forming Rods
Scientists divide Gram-positive bacilli into spore-forming and non-spore-forming genera. The two spore-forming genera are Bacillus and Clostridium. Bacillus forms endospores centrally and is aerobic. Important pathogenic Bacillus species include B. anthracis and B. cereus. B. anthracis causes anthrax through its toxin and spores. Clostridium forms terminal or subterminal spores and is anaerobic. Important pathogenic Clostridium species are C. perfringens, C. tetani, and C. botulinum, which cause myonecrosis, tetanus, and botulism respectively through their tox
normal flora.pptx
Normal flora is the term used to describe the various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of certain
body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and
vagina (Tables 6–1 and 6–2). Viruses and parasites (protozoa
and helminths), which are the other major groups of
microorganisms, are usually not considered members of
the normal flora, although they can be present in asymptomatic individuals. The normal flora organisms are often
referred to as commensals. Commensals are organisms
that derive benefit from another host but do not damage
that host. The term human microbiome is often used to
describe the normal flora.
The members of the normal flora play a role both in the
maintenance of health and in the causation of disease in
three significant ways:
(1) They can cause disease, especially in immunocompromised and debilitated individuals. Although these
organisms are nonpathogens in their usual anatomic location, they can be pathogens in other parts of the body.
(2) They constitute a protective host defense mechanism.
The nonpathogenic resident bacteria occupy attachment
sites on the skin and mucosa that can interfere with colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The ability of members of the
normal flora to limit the growth of pathogens is called colonization resistance. If the normal flora is suppressed, pathogens may grow and cause disease. For example, antibiotics
can reduce the normal colonic flora that allows Clostridium
difficile, which is resistant to the antibiotics, to overgrow and
cause pseudomembranous colitis.
(3) They may serve a nutritional function. The intestinal bacteria produce several B vitamins and vitamin K.
Poorly nourished people who are treated with oral antibiotics can have vitamin deficiencies as a result of the reduction in the normal flora. However, since germ-free animals
are well-nourished, the normal flora is not essential for
proper nutrition.
THE HUMAN MICROBIOME
The human microbiome is the term used to describe the
thousands of microbes (“microbiota”) located on the skin,
on mucosal surfaces, and within the lumen of the
TABLE 6–2 Medically Important Members of the Normal Flora
Location Important Organisms1 Less Important Organisms2
Skin Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anaerobes (e.g., Propionibacterium), yeasts (e.g.,
Candida albicans)
Nose S. aureus3 S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci
Mouth Viridans streptococci Various streptococci, Eikenella corrodens
Dental plaque Streptococcus mutans Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis
Gingival crevices Various anaerobes (e.g.,
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
streptococci, Actinomyces)
Throat Viridans streptococci Various streptococci (including Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus
pneumoniae), Neisseria species, Haemophilus influenzae, S. epidermidis
Colon Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia
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1.3. Normal flora.pdf
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The document discusses the microbiome and microorganisms found at different body sites in humans. It notes that bacteria in the microbiome outnumber human cells 10 to 1 and play an important role in health. Common microbes found on the skin include Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus in the nose. The microbiota of the mouth includes Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Neisseria species. The vaginal microbiota typically features Lactobacillus species which inhibit pathogens. Microbes in the gut include Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Enterococcus.
Oral microbial flora final/cosmetic dentistry courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Oral microbial flora final /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
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Oral microbial flora /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Normal flora of human body by Pranzly.pptx
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Characteristics of normal flora
Tissue specificity
Specific aadherence
Biofilm formation
Normal flora of skin
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Normal flora of respiratory tract
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Characteristics of normal flora
Tissue specificity
Specific aadherence
Biofilm formation
Normal flora of skin
Normal flora of oral cavity
Normal flora of conjunctiva
Normal flora of respiratory tract
Normal flora of gastro intestinal tract
Normal flora of urogenital tract
Beneficial effect of normal flora
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- 2. Pseudomonas: Other Opportunistic Gram-negative Bacilli • Family Pseudomonadaceae, which contains over 200 species. • Most of them are pathogenic to plants, insects, and reptiles. • A few species cause disease in humans. P. aeruginosa is the most important. • These organisms are notorious because of the potency to develop innate resistance to many antibiotics. • Are obligatory aerobic. • Non fermented Sugar. • Mostly oxidase-positive bacteria. • Most of them are motile by presence of one or two flagella
- 3. Pseudomonas: Other Opportunistic Gram-negative Bacilli • is found in soil, water, plants, and animals. • it may colonize healthy humans without causing disease(normal flora) . • Is major cause of nosocomial infections. • P. Aeruginosa can even grow in laboratory water baths, hot tubs, wet IV tubing, and other water-containing vessels. This explains why the organism is responsible for so many nosocomial infections • P. aeruginosa secretes a capsule-like polysaccharide called alginate. • P. aeruginosa produces numerous toxins • Has ability to grow at 42C. Pseudosel Agar
- 5. Antigenic Structure and Toxins Pathogenesis is based on multiple virulence factors: endotoxin, exotoxins, and enzymes. adhesins, pili. 1. Its endotoxin, like that of other gram-negative bacteria, causes the symptoms of sepsis and septic shock. 2. The best known of the exotoxins is exotoxin A, which causes tissue necrosis. It inhibits by the same mechanism as diphtheria eukaryotic protein synthesis exotoxin (Corynebacterium).
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- 7. Clinical significance P. aeruginosa causes both localized and systemic illness 1. Localized infections: • These may occur in the eye • Ear elderly diabetic patients or trauma patients • skin (wound sepsis) • Urinary tract (particularly in hospitalized patients) • Respiratory tract (pneumonia) • Gastrointestinal tract • meningitis
- 8. Clinical significance • 2. Systemic infections: • Infections reflecting systemic spread of the organism include bacteremia (most common in patients whose immune system has been compromised). • secondary pneumonia. • bone and joint infections. • Endocarditis.
- 9. Antibiotic Resistance • P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to many antimicrobial agents, and can acquire additional resistance to many other antimicrobial agents via horizontal gene transfer or mutations. • The mechanisms responsible for intrinsic resistance include various multidrug efflux pumps (affecting β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and other antibiotics).
- 10. sources 1.Lippincot – chapter 13. third ed. 2. Jawetz-chapter 15. 28th ed. 3. Levinson chapter-18. 14th ed.
- 11. Thank you