This document provides an overview of matter and chemistry concepts. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and chemistry as the study of matter and how it changes. It discusses the structure of atoms, elements, compounds, and molecules, and how they combine to form pure substances and mixtures. It also explains the kinetic theory of matter and the three states of matter. Finally, it introduces concepts of energy, and the laws of conservation of mass and energy. Key topics covered include physical and chemical properties, density, and how energy is required to change the state of matter.

1. MatterMatter
What is matter?What is matter?
Anything that has mass andAnything that has mass and
takes up space!!takes up space!!

2. ChemistryChemistry
 All about studying matter and how itAll about studying matter and how it
changeschanges
 We like to look at what things are made ofWe like to look at what things are made of
and what kind of properties they have…and what kind of properties they have…
these properties help us make every daythese properties help us make every day
choices!!choices!!
 Can you give some examples ofCan you give some examples of
properties we look at?properties we look at?

3. SoapSoap
Food choicesFood choices
Glue vs. PasteGlue vs. Paste
vs. Duct Tapevs. Duct Tape

4. Atoms and ElementsAtoms and Elements
AtomAtom: smallest particle; means: smallest particle; means
indivisible; has the properties of theindivisible; has the properties of the
element it is made fromelement it is made from
ElementElement: a substance that cannot be: a substance that cannot be
broken down into smaller substancesbroken down into smaller substances
For example: Mercury, Carbon, HydrogenFor example: Mercury, Carbon, Hydrogen

5. CompoundsCompounds
Made of two or more atoms ofMade of two or more atoms of
DIFFERENTDIFFERENT elementselements
For example, water is made of 2For example, water is made of 2
hydrogen atoms and one oxygenhydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atomatom
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6. CompoundsCompounds
A compound is more than just theA compound is more than just the
sum of its elements…what doessum of its elements…what does
THAT mean???THAT mean???
When the atoms combine, theWhen the atoms combine, the
compound has new, uniquecompound has new, unique
properties that will go away if you splitproperties that will go away if you split
the atoms apart again!the atoms apart again!

7. MoleculesMolecules
A collection of atoms that act as aA collection of atoms that act as a
unit…sounds kind of like a compoundunit…sounds kind of like a compound
though…though…
A molecule may be two or more atomsA molecule may be two or more atoms
of theof the SAMESAME element, or two or moreelement, or two or more
atoms ofatoms of DIFFERENTDIFFERENT elements…aelements…a
compound always has at least twocompound always has at least two
elementselements

8. MoleculesMolecules
 Examples: a molecule of oxygen OExamples: a molecule of oxygen O22 and aand a
molecule of water Hmolecule of water H22OO

9. Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas
Shows how many atoms of eachShows how many atoms of each
element are in one molecule of aelement are in one molecule of a
substancesubstance
For example: a water molecule hasFor example: a water molecule has
2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen
atomatom
HH22OO

10. More Chemical Formulas…More Chemical Formulas…
Carbon Dioxide is written: COCarbon Dioxide is written: CO22
Two Molecules of COTwo Molecules of CO22 is written with ais written with a
coefficient in front of the formula:coefficient in front of the formula:
22COCO22

11. Pure SubstancesPure Substances
Elements and compounds areElements and compounds are
pure substances-pure substances-there is onlythere is only
water in a water molecule (Hwater in a water molecule (H22O)O)
and if you break it apart, you noand if you break it apart, you no
longer have waterlonger have water
There is only glucose in a glucoseThere is only glucose in a glucose
molecule (Cmolecule (C66HH1212OO66) if you break it) if you break it
apart, you no longer have glucoseapart, you no longer have glucose

12. MixturesMixtures
One or more pure substances can beOne or more pure substances can be
mixed togethermixed together
Grape Juice has sugar, water, vitamins,Grape Juice has sugar, water, vitamins,
minerals, acids…many substances thatminerals, acids…many substances that
are completely different with differentare completely different with different
ratios, depending on the maker of theratios, depending on the maker of the
juice! (Like when your juice box saysjuice! (Like when your juice box says
10% fruit juice or 100% juice…)10% fruit juice or 100% juice…)

13. Mixtures Continued...Mixtures Continued...
HeterogeneousHeterogeneous mixtures aremixtures are not uniformlynot uniformly
distributeddistributed-like a chocolate chip cookie-like a chocolate chip cookie
HomogeneousHomogeneous mixtures aremixtures are uniformlyuniformly
distributeddistributed-like sugar water-like sugar water

14. More Mixtures...More Mixtures...
Liquid mixtures can be:Liquid mixtures can be:
Miscible:Miscible: Able to mix together easily andAble to mix together easily and
dissolve into each other (like rubbingdissolve into each other (like rubbing
alcohol and water)alcohol and water)
Immiscible:Immiscible: Unable to mix together easilyUnable to mix together easily
(like oil and water)(like oil and water)

15. Section 2.2 Matter and EnergySection 2.2 Matter and Energy

16. Kinetic TheoryKinetic Theory
Kinetic-deals withKinetic-deals with movementmovement
Main Points of Kinetic Theory:Main Points of Kinetic Theory:
All matter is made of atoms and molecules thatAll matter is made of atoms and molecules that
act like tiny particlesact like tiny particles
These tiny particles are constantly moving;These tiny particles are constantly moving;
higher temps=faster movementhigher temps=faster movement
Heavier particles move more slowly than lighterHeavier particles move more slowly than lighter
ones (if we keep the temperature the same!)ones (if we keep the temperature the same!)

18. SolidsSolids
Rigid, littleRigid, little
freedom forfreedom for
particles to moveparticles to move
Hold their own-Hold their own-
fixed volume andfixed volume and
shapeshape

19. LiquidsLiquids
Particles are close together, but not attracted toParticles are close together, but not attracted to
each other as strongly as in a solid-can slideeach other as strongly as in a solid-can slide
around each other at randomaround each other at random
Fluids: particles can spread out on their own:Fluids: particles can spread out on their own:
Liquids and Gases BOTHLiquids and Gases BOTH
Liquids have a fixed volume but will take the shapeLiquids have a fixed volume but will take the shape
of whatever container they are inof whatever container they are in

20. ViscosityViscosity
Liquids spread out at different rates-Liquids spread out at different rates-
think honey vs. waterthink honey vs. water
Stronger attraction betweenStronger attraction between
particles=slower moving liquid=moreparticles=slower moving liquid=more
viscosityviscosity

21. GasesGases
Free to spread in all directionsFree to spread in all directions
Particles are spread far apartParticles are spread far apart
FLUID-particles can spread out,FLUID-particles can spread out,
and they do-quickly!!and they do-quickly!!

22. Gases…continuedGases…continued
Even though you can’t see the gasEven though you can’t see the gas
particles, they still exert PRESSUREparticles, they still exert PRESSURE
Think about a balloon that you blow upThink about a balloon that you blow up
and then release without tying the openand then release without tying the open
end…what happens?end…what happens?
That is PRESSUREThat is PRESSURE

23. ENERGYENERGY
Fire, electricity, batteriesFire, electricity, batteries-all-all
examples of energyexamples of energy
The ability to move or changeThe ability to move or change
mattermatter

24. ENERGYENERGY
To change yourTo change your “state”“state” you mustyou must
transfer energytransfer energy
It takes energy to melt a solid orIt takes energy to melt a solid or
evaporate a liquid!!evaporate a liquid!!

25. ENERGY…continuedENERGY…continued
Changing your “state” doesChanging your “state” does NOTNOT
mean you are made of differentmean you are made of different
elements!elements!
Same elements=same massSame elements=same mass
Chemical makeup and mass do notChemical makeup and mass do not
change during physical changes ofchange during physical changes of
statestate

26. Law of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass
Mass cannot be created norMass cannot be created nor
destroyeddestroyed
It can change form, like from liquidIt can change form, like from liquid
to gas, or gas to solid, but the matterto gas, or gas to solid, but the matter
is still there!is still there!
Gases have mass even if you can’tGases have mass even if you can’t
see itsee it

27. Law of Conservation ofLaw of Conservation of
EnergyEnergy
Energy cannot be created norEnergy cannot be created nor
destroyed!destroyed!
The amount you put INTO a reaction isThe amount you put INTO a reaction is
equal to the amount you get OUT OFequal to the amount you get OUT OF
your reaction!!your reaction!!

28. Section 2.3 Properties of MatterSection 2.3 Properties of Matter
Two types of properties: Chemical andTwo types of properties: Chemical and
PhysicalPhysical
Chemical propertiesChemical properties: describe the way a: describe the way a
substance reacts with other substances to formsubstance reacts with other substances to form
NEW substances with new propertiesNEW substances with new properties
• i.e. does it burn (i.e. does it burn (flammableflammable), does it explode), does it explode
when it contacts the air (Sodium)when it contacts the air (Sodium)
• Reactivity:Reactivity: the ability of a substance tothe ability of a substance to
combine chemically with another substancecombine chemically with another substance

29. Physical properties:Physical properties: describedescribe
characteristics of a substance that can becharacteristics of a substance that can be
measured and observed without changingmeasured and observed without changing
the compositionthe composition
• i.e. color, shape, mass, densityi.e. color, shape, mass, density
• Can you think of any other properties youCan you think of any other properties you
can observe?can observe?

30. DensityDensity
Density is aDensity is a physicalphysical property defined as theproperty defined as the
mass per unit volume of a substancemass per unit volume of a substance
→→ What does that even mean??What does that even mean??
➢
It means how heavy an object is compared to itsIt means how heavy an object is compared to its
volumevolume
➢
Can you think of any materials that are really lightCan you think of any materials that are really light
compared to other materials that are about thecompared to other materials that are about the
same size?same size?

31. Density continued...Density continued...
Density is a mathematical value derivedDensity is a mathematical value derived
from mass and volume.from mass and volume.
The equation for Density is:The equation for Density is:
Density = Mass/Volume or D = m/VDensity = Mass/Volume or D = m/V

32. More Density...More Density...
Units forUnits for massmass are usually grams (g) orare usually grams (g) or
kilograms (kg)kilograms (kg)
Units forUnits for volumevolume are usually liters (L) orare usually liters (L) or
milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (ccmilliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cc33
))
1 mL = 11 mL = 1 cccc
33
so these two measurementsso these two measurements
are interchangeableare interchangeable

33. Chemical and PhysicalChemical and Physical
ChangesChanges
Chemical changesChemical changes occur when a newoccur when a new
substance is formed (you can never gosubstance is formed (you can never go
back to the original substance)back to the original substance)
i.e when you burn wood, it becomes ashes andi.e when you burn wood, it becomes ashes and
can never go back to being a piece of wood!can never go back to being a piece of wood!
Physical changesPhysical changes occur when theoccur when the
substance changes form or states but thesubstance changes form or states but the
chemical composition is still the samechemical composition is still the same
i.e. frozen water is still water, just in solid formi.e. frozen water is still water, just in solid form