Pruno is alcoholic beverage produced from potatoes.The pathogenesi.pdf
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Pruno is alcoholic beverage produced from potatoes. The pathogenesis of botulism requires several steps as follows to cause illness in inmates. 1. First, the potatoes were contaminated with the soil contaminated with clostridium botulinum endospores. 2. The conditions in the bag for pruno were favourable for germination. 3. Clostridium botulinum replicated and increased in the number. 4.Bacterial cells produced the toxins. 5. The toxin remained in the pruno after straining. 6. The inmates drank the contaminated pruno and became ill. Solution Pruno is alcoholic beverage produced from potatoes. The pathogenesis of botulism requires several steps as follows to cause illness in inmates. 1. First, the potatoes were contaminated with the soil contaminated with clostridium botulinum endospores. 2. The conditions in the bag for pruno were favourable for germination. 3. Clostridium botulinum replicated and increased in the number. 4.Bacterial cells produced the toxins. 5. The toxin remained in the pruno after straining. 6. The inmates drank the contaminated pruno and became ill..
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Please find the answers and explanations belowPart A1. The ing.pdf
Please find the answers and explanations below:
Part A:
1. The ingestion of botulism toxin would best be described as a food poisoning. (ingestion of
botulism toxin or any other gut-infecting agent is non-technically termed as food poisoning. It is
different from infection in the sense that food poisoning may not always lead to sustained gut
infection but diagnosis of gut infection results evidently from food poisoning)
2. The ingestion of a significant number of Clostridium cells would be a infection.
(Immunologically, a sufficeint amount of pathogen is required for starting a degrading immune
response in the body. This is called the threshold number of the pathogen which can elicit an
immune response in the body. When the number of pathogeni cells increases beyond this
threshold, the person feels sick and an infection persists)
3.Spoilage is a change in appearance, smell, or taste of a food that makes it undesirable to a
consumer. (Technically, spoilage is defined as physcial and chemical change in the
appearance,smell, taste or nutritional content of the food due to infection or residence of a
pathogen in it.)
Part B:
For any pathogen to enter and cause infection, some specific steps need to be fulfilled by it.
Firstly, the concentration of the pathogen must be large enough to survive in the food item. This
infected food item will be ingested by the host and the pathogen will reach the gut. The pathogen
survives the harsh environment of the gut and starts replicating. This replication of the pathogen
comes with severe side effects on the host which include physical and physiological deterioration
of the gut lining along with eliciting immune response in the host. This ultimately causes
infection/disease.
So, the correct order of events would be:
1. The potatoes were contaminated with soil containing Clostridium botulinum endospores.
2. The toxin remained in the pruno after straining.
3. The conditions in the bag of pruno were favorable for germination.
4. Clostridium botulinum replicated and increased the number of organisms in the pruno.
5. Bacterial cells produced and secreted toxin.
6. The inmates drank the contaminated pruno and became ill.
Solution
Please find the answers and explanations below:
Part A:
1. The ingestion of botulism toxin would best be described as a food poisoning. (ingestion of
botulism toxin or any other gut-infecting agent is non-technically termed as food poisoning. It is
different from infection in the sense that food poisoning may not always lead to sustained gut
infection but diagnosis of gut infection results evidently from food poisoning)
2. The ingestion of a significant number of Clostridium cells would be a infection.
(Immunologically, a sufficeint amount of pathogen is required for starting a degrading immune
response in the body. This is called the threshold number of the pathogen which can elicit an
immune response in the body. When the number of pathogeni cells increases beyond this
threshold, the pers.
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8. Urethritis: categorized as either gonococcal urethritis or non-gonococcal. Gonococcal
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genitalium and Ureaplasma,Trichomonas, Herpes simplex virus.
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Solution
5. The normal route of transmission of Paramyxo virus is droplets or air-borne particles.
6. Teenage and adults at the age 20 - 30 are more likely to develop complications than children
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8. Urethritis: categorized as either gonococcal urethritis or non-gonococcal. Gonococcal
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genitalium and Ureaplasma,Trichomonas, Herpes simplex virus.
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Please find the answers and explanations belowPart A1. The ing.pdf
Please find the answers and explanations below:
Part A:
1. The ingestion of botulism toxin would best be described as a food poisoning. (ingestion of
botulism toxin or any other gut-infecting agent is non-technically termed as food poisoning. It is
different from infection in the sense that food poisoning may not always lead to sustained gut
infection but diagnosis of gut infection results evidently from food poisoning)
2. The ingestion of a significant number of Clostridium cells would be a infection.
(Immunologically, a sufficeint amount of pathogen is required for starting a degrading immune
response in the body. This is called the threshold number of the pathogen which can elicit an
immune response in the body. When the number of pathogeni cells increases beyond this
threshold, the person feels sick and an infection persists)
3.Spoilage is a change in appearance, smell, or taste of a food that makes it undesirable to a
consumer. (Technically, spoilage is defined as physcial and chemical change in the
appearance,smell, taste or nutritional content of the food due to infection or residence of a
pathogen in it.)
Part B:
For any pathogen to enter and cause infection, some specific steps need to be fulfilled by it.
Firstly, the concentration of the pathogen must be large enough to survive in the food item. This
infected food item will be ingested by the host and the pathogen will reach the gut. The pathogen
survives the harsh environment of the gut and starts replicating. This replication of the pathogen
comes with severe side effects on the host which include physical and physiological deterioration
of the gut lining along with eliciting immune response in the host. This ultimately causes
infection/disease.
So, the correct order of events would be:
1. The potatoes were contaminated with soil containing Clostridium botulinum endospores.
2. The toxin remained in the pruno after straining.
3. The conditions in the bag of pruno were favorable for germination.
4. Clostridium botulinum replicated and increased the number of organisms in the pruno.
5. Bacterial cells produced and secreted toxin.
6. The inmates drank the contaminated pruno and became ill.
Solution
Please find the answers and explanations below:
Part A:
1. The ingestion of botulism toxin would best be described as a food poisoning. (ingestion of
botulism toxin or any other gut-infecting agent is non-technically termed as food poisoning. It is
different from infection in the sense that food poisoning may not always lead to sustained gut
infection but diagnosis of gut infection results evidently from food poisoning)
2. The ingestion of a significant number of Clostridium cells would be a infection.
(Immunologically, a sufficeint amount of pathogen is required for starting a degrading immune
response in the body. This is called the threshold number of the pathogen which can elicit an
immune response in the body. When the number of pathogeni cells increases beyond this
threshold, the pers.
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2. Students are expected to learn laboratory techniques for identifying Clostridium bacteria under the microscope, inoculating specimens into different media, and observing changes in media that can help diagnose infections.
3. The document provides diagrams summarizing the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiology of diseases caused by different Clostridium species.
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It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
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5. The normal route of transmission of Paramyxo virus is droplets or.pdf
5. The normal route of transmission of Paramyxo virus is droplets or air-borne particles.
6. Teenage and adults at the age 20 - 30 are more likely to develop complications than children
and old age people, with mumps infection
7. Most of the times, the symptoms of mumps are so mild that they go unnoticed. The parotid
swelling that occurs with mumps is commonly mistaken as throat infection.
8. Urethritis: categorized as either gonococcal urethritis or non-gonococcal. Gonococcal
urethritis is caused by Neisseria gonorrheeae. Non-gonococcal urethritis is due to Mycoplasma
genitalium and Ureaplasma,Trichomonas, Herpes simplex virus.
sore throat: Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Diarrhea: Vibrio cholera, E. coli, Campylobacter
Solution
5. The normal route of transmission of Paramyxo virus is droplets or air-borne particles.
6. Teenage and adults at the age 20 - 30 are more likely to develop complications than children
and old age people, with mumps infection
7. Most of the times, the symptoms of mumps are so mild that they go unnoticed. The parotid
swelling that occurs with mumps is commonly mistaken as throat infection.
8. Urethritis: categorized as either gonococcal urethritis or non-gonococcal. Gonococcal
urethritis is caused by Neisseria gonorrheeae. Non-gonococcal urethritis is due to Mycoplasma
genitalium and Ureaplasma,Trichomonas, Herpes simplex virus.
sore throat: Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Diarrhea: Vibrio cholera, E. coli, Campylobacter.
35Solution35.pdf
The document provides a solution to the problem "35". However, it does not contain any further context, details, or explanation about the problem being solved or nature of the solution. The document simply states the number "35" twice without any other words.
1. C. Mycorrhiza can transport sugars between different plants.Thi.pdf
1. C. Mycorrhiza can transport sugars between different plants.
This mutualistic association provides the fungus with relatively constant and direct access to
carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose. The carbohydrates are translocated from their source
(usually leaves) to root tissue and on to the plant\'s fungal partners. In return, the plant gains the
benefits of the mycelium\'s higher absorptive capacity for water and mineral nutrients due to the
large surface area of fungal hyphae.
2.A. Subsidiary cells lose turgor
Subsidiary cells loose water to nearby guard cells and become flaccid. Thus they loose Turgor
and guard cells gain Turgor .
A. Chelated iron.
Wheat.
Wheat has the highest harvest index of 0.55 .
Solution
1. C. Mycorrhiza can transport sugars between different plants.
This mutualistic association provides the fungus with relatively constant and direct access to
carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose. The carbohydrates are translocated from their source
(usually leaves) to root tissue and on to the plant\'s fungal partners. In return, the plant gains the
benefits of the mycelium\'s higher absorptive capacity for water and mineral nutrients due to the
large surface area of fungal hyphae.
2.A. Subsidiary cells lose turgor
Subsidiary cells loose water to nearby guard cells and become flaccid. Thus they loose Turgor
and guard cells gain Turgor .
A. Chelated iron.
Wheat.
Wheat has the highest harvest index of 0.55 ..
1.Petals They are the part of flower that appear conspicuously, o.pdf
1.
Petals: They are the part of flower that appear conspicuously, often coloured or variegated. They
attract pollinating insects to the flower
Sepals: The outer part of a flower that enclose a developing bud
Stamen: It is the male reproductive organ of flower that produced pollen. It is usually thing and
slender filament with a stamen
Anther: It is the part of the stamen where pollen is actually produced
Calyx: The leaf like structures that are present at the base of a flower and protect the flower
during development. The calyx is made of individual units called sepals.
Corolla: The collective unit of petals that are arranged in a specific pattern around the center of a
flower is called corolla.
Receptacle: It is a thickened region or a base upon which the flowers and its associated organs
grow. Receptacles form edible part of the fruit.
Peduncle: It is a stem structure that supports inflorescence. In simple terms, it is the stalk of the
flower.
Pedicel: The stem or stalk that attaches each flower to the inflorescence.
Pistil: It is a swollen part of the flower which produces the ovule. It is centrally located in the
flower and bear structures like stalk, style, potential seeds, ovary, etc.
Filament: It is a stalk that connects to the anther, and together with anther, it forms the stamen.
Ovary: It is the enlarged basal region of the pistil where ovules are produced. Carpel: The
innermost part of a flower which is surrounded by male reproductive structures. It is a seed
bearing structure (ovary or egg is present within this).
Solution
1.
Petals: They are the part of flower that appear conspicuously, often coloured or variegated. They
attract pollinating insects to the flower
Sepals: The outer part of a flower that enclose a developing bud
Stamen: It is the male reproductive organ of flower that produced pollen. It is usually thing and
slender filament with a stamen
Anther: It is the part of the stamen where pollen is actually produced
Calyx: The leaf like structures that are present at the base of a flower and protect the flower
during development. The calyx is made of individual units called sepals.
Corolla: The collective unit of petals that are arranged in a specific pattern around the center of a
flower is called corolla.
Receptacle: It is a thickened region or a base upon which the flowers and its associated organs
grow. Receptacles form edible part of the fruit.
Peduncle: It is a stem structure that supports inflorescence. In simple terms, it is the stalk of the
flower.
Pedicel: The stem or stalk that attaches each flower to the inflorescence.
Pistil: It is a swollen part of the flower which produces the ovule. It is centrally located in the
flower and bear structures like stalk, style, potential seeds, ovary, etc.
Filament: It is a stalk that connects to the anther, and together with anther, it forms the stamen.
Ovary: It is the enlarged basal region of the pistil where ovules are produced. Carpel: The
innermost part of a flower which .
A type I error, also known as an error of the first kind, occurs wh.pdf
A type I error, also known as an error of the first kind, occurs when the null hypothesis (H0) is
true, but is rejected. It is asserting something that is absent, a false hit. A type I error may be
compared with a so-called false positive (a result that indicates that a given condition is present
when it actually is not present) in tests where a single condition is tested for. Type I errors are
philosophically a focus of skepticism and Occam\'s razor. A Type I error occurs when we believe
a falsehood.[4] In terms of folk tales, an investigator may be \"crying wolf\" without a wolf in
sight (raising a false alarm) (H0: no wolf).
The rate of the type I error is called the size of the test and denoted by the Greek letter ? (alpha).
It usually equals the significance level of a test. In the case of a simple null hypothesis ? is the
probability of a type I error. If the null hypothesis is composite, ? is the maximum (supremum)
of the possible probabilities of a type I error.
A false positive error, or in short false positive, commonly called a \"false alarm\", is a result
that indicates a given condition has been fulfilled, when it actually has not been fulfilled. I.e.
erroneously a positive effect has been assumed. In the case of \"crying wolf\"
Solution
A type I error, also known as an error of the first kind, occurs when the null hypothesis (H0) is
true, but is rejected. It is asserting something that is absent, a false hit. A type I error may be
compared with a so-called false positive (a result that indicates that a given condition is present
when it actually is not present) in tests where a single condition is tested for. Type I errors are
philosophically a focus of skepticism and Occam\'s razor. A Type I error occurs when we believe
a falsehood.[4] In terms of folk tales, an investigator may be \"crying wolf\" without a wolf in
sight (raising a false alarm) (H0: no wolf).
The rate of the type I error is called the size of the test and denoted by the Greek letter ? (alpha).
It usually equals the significance level of a test. In the case of a simple null hypothesis ? is the
probability of a type I error. If the null hypothesis is composite, ? is the maximum (supremum)
of the possible probabilities of a type I error.
A false positive error, or in short false positive, commonly called a \"false alarm\", is a result
that indicates a given condition has been fulfilled, when it actually has not been fulfilled. I.e.
erroneously a positive effect has been assumed. In the case of \"crying wolf\".
Q1. Fundamental niche Q2. Presence of a cellulose matrix to hold.pdf
Q1. Fundamental niche Q2. Presence of a cellulose matrix to hold the organisms together.
Q3. there will be less oxygen available for the aquatic life due to microbial activity Q4. Oxygen
minimum zone Q5. Piezophiles.
Solution
Q1. Fundamental niche Q2. Presence of a cellulose matrix to hold the organisms together.
Q3. there will be less oxygen available for the aquatic life due to microbial activity Q4. Oxygen
minimum zone Q5. Piezophiles..
D orbitals are only available to atoms in rows 3-7. D orbitals only.pdf
D orbitals are only available to atoms in rows 3-7. D orbitals only exist for electrons with
primary quantum number (n) = 3 or greater. That is, there is no such thing as a 2d orbital. Thus
elements such as B, C, O, N, etc do not have available d orbitals, but the atoms immediately
below them: Al, Si, S, P, etc. do. Among atoms of a given element, there is no such thing as
having d orbitals available or not - that is, all S atoms have d orbitals available. However,
depending on the environment surrounding the atom, it may or may not be energetically
favorable to use the d orbitals for bonding. But whether or not they\'re used, they\'re always
there, and you can always consider them to be available.
Solution
D orbitals are only available to atoms in rows 3-7. D orbitals only exist for electrons with
primary quantum number (n) = 3 or greater. That is, there is no such thing as a 2d orbital. Thus
elements such as B, C, O, N, etc do not have available d orbitals, but the atoms immediately
below them: Al, Si, S, P, etc. do. Among atoms of a given element, there is no such thing as
having d orbitals available or not - that is, all S atoms have d orbitals available. However,
depending on the environment surrounding the atom, it may or may not be energetically
favorable to use the d orbitals for bonding. But whether or not they\'re used, they\'re always
there, and you can always consider them to be available..
Zeff - dec going down, inc going across IE - inc .pdf
Zeff - dec going down, inc going across IE - inc going up, inc going across EA - inc
going up, inc going acroos n - inc going down, same across For a graphic representation see:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Periodic_trends.svg
Solution
Zeff - dec going down, inc going across IE - inc going up, inc going across EA - inc
going up, inc going acroos n - inc going down, same across For a graphic representation see:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Periodic_trends.svg.
There are diastereomers. note Diastereomers (som.pdf
There are diastereomers. note: Diastereomers (sometimes called diastereoisomers)
are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers. Diastereomerism occurs when two or more
stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the
equivalent (related) stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other.
Solution
There are diastereomers. note: Diastereomers (sometimes called diastereoisomers)
are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers. Diastereomerism occurs when two or more
stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the
equivalent (related) stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other..
oxidesNa2O,MgO peroxidesK2O2,H2O2 superoxidesC.pdf
This document lists different types of chemical compounds including oxides like sodium oxide and magnesium oxide, peroxides such as potassium peroxide and hydrogen peroxide, and superoxides such as cesium superoxide.
Nuclear Fusion and please rate me Helpful atleast.pdf
Nuclear Fusion and please rate me Helpful atleast
Solution
Nuclear Fusion and please rate me Helpful atleast.
K2S potassium sulfide. This is an ordinary ionic.pdf
K2S: potassium sulfide. This is an ordinary ionic compound, and K only has one
oxidation state (+1) CoSO4: Cobalt(II) sulfate. The SO4(2-) anion is the sulfate anion. Since Co
has multiple oxidation states, we must specify (II) here. (NH(4))(3)PO(4): ammonium
phosphate. The (NH4)+ cation is the ammonium cation, and PO4(3-) is the phosphate ion.
Otherwise, this is just an ordinary ionic compound.\\ I think there is a typo in the last compound.
Ca(ClO)4 does not exist, but Ca(ClO4)2 and Ca(ClO)2 do. I\'ll name both - if neither is what you
need, let me know. Ca(ClO4)2: calcium perchlorate. Again, ClO4(-) is the perchlorate anion.
Calcium only has one oxidation state (+2, so we do not need to specify (II). Ca(ClO)2: calcium
hypochlorite. Here, ClO- is the hypochlorite anion, otherwise see above.
Solution
K2S: potassium sulfide. This is an ordinary ionic compound, and K only has one
oxidation state (+1) CoSO4: Cobalt(II) sulfate. The SO4(2-) anion is the sulfate anion. Since Co
has multiple oxidation states, we must specify (II) here. (NH(4))(3)PO(4): ammonium
phosphate. The (NH4)+ cation is the ammonium cation, and PO4(3-) is the phosphate ion.
Otherwise, this is just an ordinary ionic compound.\\ I think there is a typo in the last compound.
Ca(ClO)4 does not exist, but Ca(ClO4)2 and Ca(ClO)2 do. I\'ll name both - if neither is what you
need, let me know. Ca(ClO4)2: calcium perchlorate. Again, ClO4(-) is the perchlorate anion.
Calcium only has one oxidation state (+2, so we do not need to specify (II). Ca(ClO)2: calcium
hypochlorite. Here, ClO- is the hypochlorite anion, otherwise see above..
I believe you are missing the delocalized double .pdf
I believe you are missing the delocalized double bonds that make it toluene but the
answer should be E
Solution
I believe you are missing the delocalized double bonds that make it toluene but the
answer should be E.
Florenone is polar compound and Flourene is nonpo.pdf
Florenone is polar compound and Flourene is nonpolar aromatic compound , So,
when we do column chromotography, Florenone will dissolve in eluent due to its polar nature so
,it is mobile phase and Flourene is stationary phase...
Solution
Florenone is polar compound and Flourene is nonpolar aromatic compound , So,
when we do column chromotography, Florenone will dissolve in eluent due to its polar nature so
,it is mobile phase and Flourene is stationary phase....
Equivalent Lewis structures are called resonance .pdf
Equivalent Lewis structures are called resonance structures. In this C) only
electrons can be moved
Solution
Equivalent Lewis structures are called resonance structures. In this C) only
electrons can be moved.
• Students who earn less than a “C” in an upper-division business or.pdf
• Students who earn less than a “C” in an upper-division business or accounting course are
eligible to repeat it only once and only if/when a seat becomes available. • No more than three
upper-division business and/or accounting courses are allowed to be repeated. Failure to comply
with either of these requirements will result in the student being dropped from the accounting
program and switched to another major. Students must earn a grade of “C” or higher in each
business and accounting course in order to graduate with a BS degree in Accountancy.
WITHDRAWAL FROM CLASS The last day to withdraw from this class without any approval
is Friday, February 6 (the end of the third week). To withdraw during the fourth week of
instruction, students must have a serious and compelling reason that is approved by the instructor
and department chair of this class. Requests for withdrawal after the fourth week are rarely
approved and only in cases where the student can provide written proof (to the department chair
and associate dean) of extraordinary circumstances that have arisen from events beyond the
student’s control. Furthermore, there must be no viable alternative to the requested withdrawal,
such as repeating the course. The following situations ARE NOT considered extraordinary
circumstances and WILL NOT be approved to justify a withdrawal after the end of the fourth
week of instruction: failing the class or receiving less-than-desired grade; waiting for the
instructor to give a permission number; failing to take action to add or drop a class, assuming
incorrectly that the instructor will do it for the student; failing to make payment of registration
and/or waiting for financial aid; the need to work because of financial considerations or
opportunities; encountering a situation that should have been anticipated, such as the need to
have transportation, the need to pay for ordinary living expenses, the need for child care;
aspirations of either the student or his/her family in regard to GPA, the dean\'s list, graduate
school, scholarships, etc.; dissatisfaction with class material, instructor, instructional method, or
class intensity; lack of motivation, change in academic interests, or change of major;
participation in extracurricular activities; or academic overload and inability to keep up in all
classes. The following situations are typically the only ones that would meet the standard of
extraordinary circumstances for which there is no viable alternative and would justify a
withdrawal after the fourth week of instruction: medical documentation that the academic
schedule is detrimental to the student\'s physical or mental health; activation for compulsory
military duty; relocation out of the immediate area. POLICY ON ACADEMIC DISHONESTY
Academic dishonesty, which includes cheating, fabrication, falsification, materially misleading
omissions, facilitation of academic dishonesty, and plagiarism, is a serious academic offense.
Please carefully review.
Benzene differs from water because it is nonpolar.pdf
Benzene differs from water because it is nonpolar meaning that there is no overall
dipole moment. Toluene and water are both polar molecule and do have a dipole moment. Like
mixes with like. In example water is polar, oil and fats are nonpolar, thus they dont mix
Solution
Benzene differs from water because it is nonpolar meaning that there is no overall
dipole moment. Toluene and water are both polar molecule and do have a dipole moment. Like
mixes with like. In example water is polar, oil and fats are nonpolar, thus they dont mix.
Yes it is.SolutionYes it is..pdf
The document is very short, containing only two sentences that repeat "Yes it is." without providing any other context or information. It does not contain enough content to create a meaningful multi-sentence summary.
X follows U (0, pi2) P(X x ) = 2xpi for 0 x pi2 Y =sin(X).pdf
This document discusses a random variable X that is uniformly distributed between 0 and pi/2. It also mentions P(X), possibly referring to the probability density function of X.
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K2S potassium sulfide. This is an ordinary ionic.pdf
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Florenone is polar compound and Flourene is nonpo.pdf
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• Students who earn less than a “C” in an upper-division business or.pdf
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X follows U (0, pi2) P(X x ) = 2xpi for 0 x pi2 Y =sin(X).pdf
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Pruno is alcoholic beverage produced from potatoes.The pathogenesi.pdf
- 1. Pruno is alcoholic beverage produced from potatoes. The pathogenesis of botulism requires several steps as follows to cause illness in inmates. 1. First, the potatoes were contaminated with the soil contaminated with clostridium botulinum endospores. 2. The conditions in the bag for pruno were favourable for germination. 3. Clostridium botulinum replicated and increased in the number. 4.Bacterial cells produced the toxins. 5. The toxin remained in the pruno after straining. 6. The inmates drank the contaminated pruno and became ill. Solution Pruno is alcoholic beverage produced from potatoes. The pathogenesis of botulism requires several steps as follows to cause illness in inmates. 1. First, the potatoes were contaminated with the soil contaminated with clostridium botulinum endospores. 2. The conditions in the bag for pruno were favourable for germination. 3. Clostridium botulinum replicated and increased in the number. 4.Bacterial cells produced the toxins. 5. The toxin remained in the pruno after straining. 6. The inmates drank the contaminated pruno and became ill.