This document provides information and procedures for conducting a proximate analysis of a feed or food sample. It describes the key components that are determined in a proximate analysis including moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and ash. For each component, it outlines the general principle, necessary reagents, and step-by-step procedure for how to analyze a sample and calculate the percentage of that component. The overall document serves as a guide for setting up an analytical laboratory and conducting the various tests involved in a complete proximate analysis.
It is all about meat defects called PSE and DFD meat. Terminology used are Ultimate pH, Normal meat, Lactic acid, meat animal, surface water. In this slide definition, incidence, effect, and prevention is introduced.
this is about the ash estimation and sample preparation for acid insoluble mineral analysis of food sample. in very belief with pictorial form
thank you
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
It is all about meat defects called PSE and DFD meat. Terminology used are Ultimate pH, Normal meat, Lactic acid, meat animal, surface water. In this slide definition, incidence, effect, and prevention is introduced.
this is about the ash estimation and sample preparation for acid insoluble mineral analysis of food sample. in very belief with pictorial form
thank you
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen. Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to determine the Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Sulphur and Oxygen content present in solid fuel.
Join us at Potato Variety Harvest Expo at the Hancock Ag. Res. Station, Wed Oct30 & Th31 8AM-4:30. More than 200 new varieties displayed. Help University of Wisconsin potato choose the winners for the Industry!
Whole food therapy the health benefits of sweet potatoesHeather Johnstone
Sweet potatoes offer health benefits year-round, not just in the fall and in winter. Learn more about how to incorporate them into your diet, as well as their nutrient value.
adipic acid was synthesized from cyclohexanone and concentrated nitric acid. The HNO3 and cyclohexanone were combined very slowly, since the reaction is very exothermic. Once the reaction was complete, the product was allowed to crystallize and the solvent was removed
In this slide contains Study of Quality of Raw Materials and General methods of analysis of Raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BSI
Presented by: P.PAVAN KALYAN (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
It is the proximate analysis of protein carbohydrates and others nutrient content in fish body. It also analyze the protein, carbohydrates, lipid, moisture content in the fish feed.
Handling of chemicals, handling of acids, ethers, calibration of burette, pipette, Heating methods, stirring methods, filtratio techniques, chemical balance and single pan balance
Youth Involvement in Poverty Reduction, Waste to Wealth, Erondu Chinonso Ngoz...ESD UNU-IAS
This presentation was part of the 7th African RCE Meeting, 2-4 August 2017 in Lusaka, Zambia “RCE Initiatives: Milestones for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals”.
method for crude protein anylsis (Kjeldahl).pptxAmita Beniwal
This method was specifically developed by Danish
chemist, Johan G.C.T. Kjeldahl, in 1883 to determine
the nitrogen contents in organic and inorganic
substances (like foodstuffs, fertilizers, wastewater,
soil, feed, grain, and other substances).
⦿ This method is also used for estimating the crude
protein content in food.
Similar to Proximat analysis laboratory + proximat analysis (20)
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Setting of Analytical Laboratory
Following things are required
• Oven
• Weighing Balance
• Dessicator
• Fiber Extraction Apparatus
• Furnace
• Suction Pump
• Racks
• Soxbelt Apparatus (Fat Digestion)
• kjeldahl Apparatus
3.
4. Continue…
• Balance and oven are placed together so as to avoid the moisture loss
and less time is consumed.
• Dessicator is moisture absorbent having Ca and Silicate salts.
• Never place furnace near balance because its air current disturb
reading.
• Organic Substances - - - - - - - - 70 - 80oC
• Inorganic Substances - - - - - - - - - 100oC
5. Continue…
• For protein and fat digestion, fume hood with sliding roller used.
• Distillation apparatus should be placed near water supply and titration
flask.
• Acids and alkalis should be placed on lower side of rack.
• Fiber extraction apparatus and suction pump should be placed on same
shelf.
• Soxbelt apparatus and solvent should be on the same shelf.
6. Proximate Analysis
In 1865, for describing various feeds and fodders,
Hennebrg and Stobman at Weende Expi Station
Germany proposed a scheme of chemical
analysis,
also
called
Weende
Analysis
Scheme/Weende’s System of Analysis.
7. There are following analytical procedures used under
Proximate Analysis
Fraction
Component
Moisture
Water (VA and bases if present)
Crude protein
Proteins, Amino acids, Amines, Amides,
Nitrates
Ether extract
Fat, Oil, Waxes, Pigments, Sterols
Crude fiber
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin
Ash
Minerals, Silica
Nitrogen free extract
Sugar, Starch, Protein
9. Moisture
Moisture or water content is most important in a feed. It gives
information about the characteristics of feed whether it is succulent
or dry (bullkey feed stuff).
10. Moisture
• Moisture ↑ than 15% → promote growth of fungus and mold when
stored .
• Fermentation may also take place resulting in combustion.
Silage Moisture = 65 – 70%
Hay Moisture = 15%
• 1 gm of carbohydrate, protein & fat yield approximately 0.6, 0.4,
0.1 ml metabolic water on oxidation.
• Water content in feed also determine water requirement of an
animal.
12. Dry Matter
Dry matter is the constant wt. of
sample when heated at 100oC but
it is suitable for inert materials,
not for organic substances.
All organic materials are dried at
70 – 75oC through Three methods.
• Low temperature drying
• High temperature drying
• Freeze drying
13. Dry Matter
In low temperature drying, some labs
adopted this method , vacuum drying
oven 30oC temps along with 16mm Hg of
pressure. This will reduce losses of
variable substances. In high temperature
materials are dried at 100oC for DM
estimation and 70 - 75oC for analysis of
organic substances. Freeze drying is
adopted to have minimum change In
chemical composition but it can not be
used for DM.
15. Determine the CP% of given sample through
Proximate Analysis
Detergents:
Mixed indicator for ammonia titration. Mix 10 mL of Bromocresol
green (0.1%) + 2 mL of methyl red (0.1%).
• Sulfuric acid solutions, 0.1 N (0.25%) and Concentrated sulfuric
acid, 98%.
• Digestion mixture :K2SO4 + CuSO4. + FeSO4
• Sodium hydroxide solution:(4%) Dissolve 40 gm sodium hydroxide
in 80 mL of distilled water and dilute it to 100 mL with distilled
water.
• Boric acid solution: (2%)
Dissolve 20 gm boric acid per liter of distilled water.
16. Determine the CP% of given sample through
Proximate Analysis
Procedure:
There are three steps.
• Digestion
• Distillation
• Titration
17. 1. Digestion
• Take specific volume (1 – 2g) of sample, then add 25 – 30ml conc. H2SO4
and 5gm digestion mixture. Then put it in heater(macro kjeldahl) for
5 – 6hrs. With occasional stearing till light green or colourless solution
appear. Then let it cool and make its volume upto 250ml in the volumetric
flask.(kjeldahl flask)
Digestion Mixture:
FeSO4 : CuSO4 : K2SO4
1
:
2
: 20
• FeSO4 is used to avoid bumping.
• CuSO4 is used as catalyst.
• K2SO4 is used to minimize the boiling point.
18.
19. 2. Distillation
Take 10ml sample (ariquotes)(Digested
Diluted Material) and put it in distillation
assembly, then add 10ml 40% NaOH and
close it. Put 10ml of 2% boric acid in
conical flask. Put it under the tip of condensor of distillation assembly. Put 1 – 2
drops of phenolphthaein a methyl red
shocking.
Pink → Brown/ Yellow
20. 3. Titration
In titration we use N/10 or
N/100 H2SO4. After NH3
and boric acid reaction
.find the volume of
sulphuric used at end
point of titration
24. Determine the E.E% of given sample through
Proximate Analysis
• Crude fat/ E.E
Crude fat ether extract contains all type of fats volatile and none
volatile fatty acids containing fats like lipids, oils, waxes phospholipids
etc.
principle
•
Ether extract of the feed/food sample is carried out in Soxtherm
extraction unit. It facilitates that always fresh ether repeatedly
dissolves the fat from the sample placed in extractor tube. In this unit
fat is dissolved in ether. The excess of the ether is then recovered
leaving the extracted fat in the beakers. The beakers are placed in the
oven at 1030C for 30-40 minutes.
25. Weight of ether extract
Ether Extract (%) = ------------------------------- X 100
Weight of sample
Determine the E.E% of given sample through
Proximate Analysis
• REAGENT
a)
Diethyl ether or
b)
Ether solvent (Benzene ether) or
c)
Mixture of (CHCl3 + Acetone)
26. Procedure
• Weigh 1.5 to 4.0 gm sample (into a thimble) or on a piece of filter paper 10 x 10
cm. Fold it to form a packet. Staple it such that no feed particles can escape from
it.
• Place the packet containing sample in the thimble and fix it under the condenser.
Add 100 ml of diethyl ether to the solvent beaker and place it under condenser
with screw ring, which is tightened as much as possible by hand. Turn on the water
that cools the condenser. Raise the hot plates until they are in contact with the
beakers and turn on the heaters. Check for ether leaks after the ether starts to
evaporate and condense. Allow the extraction process for 40 minutes.
• After the completion of extraction, lower the heater and allow the thimble to drain
empty. Remove the sample and place the reclaiming tubes under the condenser.
Raise hot plate and distill ether into the reclaiming tube. Remove beaker, pour
ether from reclaiming tubes into a container for reuse.
• Dry the ether extract in a 1050C explosion proof oven for 30 minutes. Cool in
desiccator to room temperature and weigh.
29. Determine the C.F% of given sample through
Proximate Analysis
PRINCIPLE
Plant material is treated with dilute acid and alkali solutions
under boiling condition. This treatment removes the soluble
substances leaving the insoluble in the form of residue as crude
fiber.
30. Reagents
• Sulfuric acid solution:
• Dissolve 1.25 gm H2SO4 in 100 ml distilled water. Check normality
by titration and adjust if necessary to 0.255 N.
• Sodium hydroxide solution:
• Dissolve 1.25 gm NaOH in 100 ml distilled water (free from
Na2CO3). Check normality by titration and adjust if necessary to
0.313 N.
• Ethyl alcohol
31. Procedure
• The residue left after the extraction of crude fat is used for
determination of crude fiber (see method of ether extraction on
previous page).
• Transfer the extracted residue to the digestion container.
• Add 200 mL of 1.25% sulfuric acid solution into the digestion
container and heat it after covering with condenser.
• After boiling for 30 minutes cool the mixture and filter it with a linen
cloth in a filtration flask. Use vacuum pump if necessary. Wash the
residues thoroughly with boiling water.
• Put the residue back into the container and add 200 ml of 1.25%
sodium hydroxide solution and boil it for 30 minutes.
• After boiling cool the mixture and filter it with linen cloth as before.
Wash the sample with boiling water.
• Give final washing with ethyl alcohol (5-10 mL).
32. Procedure cont.
• Transfer the residue to a tared crucible.
• Dry the sample in oven at 1050C overnight.
• Cool the dried sample to room temperature in a dessicator and weigh it.
• Ignite the contents of crucible on oxidizing flame, till no fumes are
evolved.
• Ignite the contents of crucible in a muffle furnace at 5000C for 1 hour.
• After ignition transfer the crucible into a dessicator to cool and then weigh
• Note the loss of weight due to ignition as crude fiber.
33.
34.
35.
36. Calculations
Loss of weight due to ignition
Crude fiber (%) = ----------------------------------------X 100
Weight of sample before extraction of fat
37. Determine the Crude Ash of given sample
through Proximate Analysis
PRINCIPLE
On oxidation of feed/food material at higher temperature it
oxidizes all the organic matter to CO2, H2O and NO2 leaving
mineral matter as oxides of the metals known as ash.
38. Procedure
• Place a clean crucible in a muffle furnace at 6000C for one hour. Transfer
crucible from furnace to a dessicator and cool to room temperature.
• Weigh by difference 1.5 to 2 gm of sample into a pre-weighed porcelain
crucible.
• Heat the crucible on oxidizing flame till no smoke is evolved.
• Place the crucible in a muffle furnace at 5500C for four hours.
• After ashing transfer the crucible to a dessicator and cool to room
temperature.
• Weigh the crucible containing ash as quickly as possible to prevent moisture
absorption.
• Calculate the weight of ash by subtracting the weight of empty crucible from
the weight noted in step 6.
• Save the ash sample if mineral determination is to be done.