1. Protein Synthesis
By Canaan Knox

2. Transcription
• In transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds a
piece of DNA. Then the mRNA messenger RNA
matches the bases of the DNA. The mRNA
breaks off of the DNA and and goes through
the nuclear pores and into the ribosomes.

3. Translation
• In Translation, the ribosome is split in two
pieces a large subunit and a small subunit. The
ribosomes read the mRNA strand. The
ribosome translate the mRNA strand into
amino acids making a polypeptide chain. The
chain has to fold up to get its function.

4. Nucleus
Cytoplasm
DNA
Cell

5. Nucleus
Cytoplasm
DNA
C

6. Nucleus
Cytoplasm
DNA
C

7. Nucleus
Cytoplasm
DNA
C

8. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase

9. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A

10. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T

11. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G

12. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C

13. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A

14. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T

15. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G

16. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G

17. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C

18. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
T
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A

19. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T

20. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A

21. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
G
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C

22. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
G
A

23. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G

24. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
RNA
polymer
ase
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G

25. A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
T
A

26. C
T
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
A
A
G
T

27. G
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
C
A
T
G

28. T
T
A
C
T
G
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
G
A
A
C

29. A
T
A
C
G
T
G
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
T
A
C
A

30. C
T
A
C
G
T
T
G
C
A
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
A
A
C
T

31. C
T
A
C
G
T
A
T
G
C
A
T
T
A
C
A
T
C
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
C
A
G
G

32. G
T
A
C
G
T
A
C
T
G
C
A
T
G
A
C
A
T
C
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
C
A
T
G

33. T
T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
C
A
T
A
C
A
G
G
A
A
C

34. A
T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
C
T
A
C
A
G
T
A
C
A

35. C
T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
C
A
C
A
G
A
A
A
T

36. A
T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
C
C
A
G
C
A
T
A

37. T
T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
A
G
A
A
C
C

38. C
T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G

39. T
A
C
G
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
T
G
C
A
T
G
G
C
A
T
A
C
A
G

40. mRNA
Nuclear
pore

41. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell
mRNA

42. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell
mRNA

43. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell
mRNA

44. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell
mRNA

45. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell
mRNA

46. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell
mRNA

47. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
mRNA
Cell

48. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
mRNA
Cell

49. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
mRNA
Cell

50. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
mRNA
Cell

51. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
mRNA
Cell

52. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
mRNA
Cell

53. Ribosome
C A U
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
A U G

54. Ribosome
tRNA
C A U
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
A U G

55. Ribosome
tRNA
C A U
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

56. Ribosome
tRNA
C A U
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

57. Ribosome
tRNA
G U A
C A U
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

58. Ribosome
tRNA
G U A
C A U
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

59. Ribosome
tRNA
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

60. Ribosome
tRNA
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

61. Ribosome
tRNA
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
U A C
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

62. Ribosome
tRNA
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
U A C
A U G
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

63. Ribosome
Polypeptide
Chain
tRNA
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
U A C
A U G
U A C
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

64. Ribosome
Polypeptide
Chain
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
U A C
A U G
U A C
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

65. Ribosome
Polypeptide
Chain
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
U A C
A U G
U A C
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

66. Ribosome
Polypeptide
Chain
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
U A C
A U G
U A C
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

67. Ribosome
Polypeptide
Chain
Protein in
tertiary state
G U A
C A U
G G C
C C G
U A C
A U G
U A C
A U G
Small
Subunit
U A C
A U G

68. • Now we have functioning protein.