Abstract- Prosopis juliflora, popularly known as Mathenge in Kenya, is an invasive short shrub spread in drylands of Africa, Asia, Australia and in other parts of the world. The shrub was introduced in Kenya in the 1970s with an aim of afforesting the arid and semi-arid areas to curb desertification. In the formative stages, the results were positive but this did not last for long. It spread so rapidly becoming a menace to ASAL pastoralists prompting its declaration as a harmful weed in Kenya under the Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act (CAP 325) in 2008. Well, in some parts of the world, the shrub is cultivated. The study sought to examine the usefulness of P. juliflora (referred to as Prosopis in this study) in Kenyan ASALs and to determine whether it is a friend or a foe plant? Interviews were conducted to fifty (50) pastoralist respondents who were selected using simple random sampling method from Garissa Sub County. Secondary sources were also reviewed. The study established that the economy of ASALs revolves around livestock rearing, which in turn depends on the water and pasture. Prosopis had colonized the grazing land reducing the carrying capacity of the ASAL rangelands. Cases of ulceration of livestock teeth and mouth, serious injuries on both livestock and humans associated with Prosopis thorns, and loss of livestock were reported. On the other hand, various uses of Prosopis were identified and included: provision of fuelwood and charcoal, keeping of bees, control of soil erosion by wind and water. In addition, Prosopis was used in formulation of livestock fodder, making of drinking juices and cakes, production of biomass energy in Kenya. Negative attitude towards Prosopis by the pastoralists was identified as a hindrance to its use. The study established that with suitable management, capacity building and attitude change of the pastoralists on utilization of the shrub, Prosopis can be harnessed as a useful resource in the ASALs.
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
This document discusses biodiversity and threats to it. It begins by defining biodiversity and describing it at three levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then outlines several major threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and disease. It provides more detail on habitat loss, describing the causes from human activities like agriculture, resource harvesting, and development. Habitat loss is a primary driver of species extinction worldwide. The document also discusses poaching and how it negatively impacts species survival and ecosystem balance. It notes man-wildlife conflicts have increased due to competition over limited resources and describes some of the efforts to mitigate these conflicts.
This document provides an environmental assessment of the flora and fauna at Gondwana Sanctuary, a 40-hectare property in Tyagarah, Australia that is applying to convert to a community title development. A survey found no threatened plant species but identified potential for habitat development. Fauna surveys identified three vulnerable mammal species, nine regionally significant species, and that 36-50% of species in a nearby nature reserve are now present at Gondwana. The assessment concludes that while no species are currently threatened at Gondwana, continued habitat development has benefits for vulnerable and significant local species.
This document discusses the impact of invasive insect species on New Jersey's forests. It notes that the woolly adelgid insect has devastated eastern hemlock trees, while the Eurasian gypsy moth has defoliated large swaths of oak trees. It also warns that the emerald ash borer, not yet present in New Jersey but spreading in other states, could devastate ash trees if it arrives. The state agriculture department works to control invasive pests through biological methods like introducing their natural predators, but combating invasive species is an ongoing challenge.
This topic deals with the phenomenon of endemism and classification of endemic animals into various categories with a couple of endemic species to Indian subcontinent. This presentation is useful for the teachers teaching classes at UG and PG levels as well as for the students studying at respective classes. This is exclusively for education purpose.
Study of avian diversity in and around chinariHamid Ur-Rahman
This study surveyed the avian diversity in and around Chinari, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan over different seasons in 2009. A total of 72 bird species from 13 orders and 39 families were observed. Species richness and abundance were highest in summer with 54 species and 316 individuals, respectively. The most common orders observed were Passeriformes and Coraciformes. The study found variation in avian diversity and population between seasons likely due to food availability and breeding periods. It recommends further surveys and conservation programs to protect endangered species in the area.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
This document discusses biodiversity and threats to it. It begins by defining biodiversity and describing it at three levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then outlines several major threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and disease. It provides more detail on habitat loss, describing the causes from human activities like agriculture, resource harvesting, and development. Habitat loss is a primary driver of species extinction worldwide. The document also discusses poaching and how it negatively impacts species survival and ecosystem balance. It notes man-wildlife conflicts have increased due to competition over limited resources and describes some of the efforts to mitigate these conflicts.
This document provides an environmental assessment of the flora and fauna at Gondwana Sanctuary, a 40-hectare property in Tyagarah, Australia that is applying to convert to a community title development. A survey found no threatened plant species but identified potential for habitat development. Fauna surveys identified three vulnerable mammal species, nine regionally significant species, and that 36-50% of species in a nearby nature reserve are now present at Gondwana. The assessment concludes that while no species are currently threatened at Gondwana, continued habitat development has benefits for vulnerable and significant local species.
This document discusses the impact of invasive insect species on New Jersey's forests. It notes that the woolly adelgid insect has devastated eastern hemlock trees, while the Eurasian gypsy moth has defoliated large swaths of oak trees. It also warns that the emerald ash borer, not yet present in New Jersey but spreading in other states, could devastate ash trees if it arrives. The state agriculture department works to control invasive pests through biological methods like introducing their natural predators, but combating invasive species is an ongoing challenge.
This topic deals with the phenomenon of endemism and classification of endemic animals into various categories with a couple of endemic species to Indian subcontinent. This presentation is useful for the teachers teaching classes at UG and PG levels as well as for the students studying at respective classes. This is exclusively for education purpose.
Study of avian diversity in and around chinariHamid Ur-Rahman
This study surveyed the avian diversity in and around Chinari, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan over different seasons in 2009. A total of 72 bird species from 13 orders and 39 families were observed. Species richness and abundance were highest in summer with 54 species and 316 individuals, respectively. The most common orders observed were Passeriformes and Coraciformes. The study found variation in avian diversity and population between seasons likely due to food availability and breeding periods. It recommends further surveys and conservation programs to protect endangered species in the area.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Threats to biodiversity Key vocabulary worksheetEDUCACIÓN TOLEDO
This document contains key vocabulary related to threats to biodiversity. It includes terms about introduced species, industrial agriculture and forestry, habitat loss and fragmentation, genetically modified organisms, pollution, and over-exploitation of species. For each topic, it provides words and their meanings in a matching worksheet format to help explain these important concepts in threats to biodiversity.
Species diversity and abundance of avifauna in and around an urbanized lake s...Isuru Priyaranga Silva
Abstract: Avifauna species diversity and abundance in and around of an urbanized lake called Peralanda Lake were recorded using point transect technique from January 2015 to December 2016. The lake is situated at North Colombo area adjacent to Ragama city in Gampaha District. Three Different habitat types were identified as Water body habitat, Terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body and Disturbed habitat. Bird census was performed on 20 sampling points with a radius of 25m which were fixed by using a Global Positioning System device (GPS) (Garmin e Trex). Each point was visited 3 times per month at different times of the day between 0600h to 1000h and 1500h to 1900h. Sixty-two species belonging fourteen orders and thirty-seven families were recorded during the study. These include three globally near threatened species Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocepha-lus); three locally near threatened species, Cotton Pygmy-goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), Oriental Honey-Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) and Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis); one critically endangered species, Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus); two endemic species, Sri Lanka Small Barbet (Megalaima rubricapilla) and Sri Lanka Swallow (Hirundo hyper-ythra) and four migrant species, Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi paradisi), Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) and Forest Wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus). Highest species diversity was recorded in terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body followed by Disturbed habitat while least species diversity was recorded in Water body habitat.
1) Many species of plants and animals are endangered and at risk of extinction due to factors like habitat loss, poaching, and climate change.
2) Endangered species are native species that are at risk of becoming extinct in the wild because they are few in numbers. Endemic species are found only in a particular geographical region due to isolation.
3) Conservation efforts aim to preserve endangered and endemic species through establishing protected areas, regulating trade, and safeguarding breeding and habitats to maintain biodiversity.
Butterfly on the Island Bacan North Mollucas Province; How DensityIJERD Editor
Bacan Island is an island in the administrative region of South Halmahera, North Mollucas Province. One of the biological richness of the region, it is Diorama butterfly. Potential diversity of butterfly in Bacan Island and surrounding areas, requiring require ecologically and molecular studies as a database in the preservation and conservation of the species and its habitat. The purpose of this study is to assess the density and distribution of species of butterfly in Bacan island. This research method is done in several stages, including: a survey to know the various species of butterflies in Bacan island based on morphological characters, sampling (identification and manufacture insectarium), as well as measuring the density and distribution of species of butterflies were observed. The results showed that there are 34 species of butterflies and 424 individuals / ha were collected in 4 Family in Bacan island. Density of butterfly species in the study area, respectively from highest to lowest is Catopsillia pomona species (IVI = 14.97%) of the Family Pieridae, Hypolimnas misippus species (IVI = 12.87%) of the Family Nymphalidae, species Appias albina (IVI = 12.40%) of the Family Pieridae, and Eurema candida (IVI = 11.45) of the Family Pieridae.
This document discusses biodiversity, endangered species, endemic species, and conservation techniques. It defines biodiversity as the variety of living organisms and ecosystems, and defines endangered species as those near a critical level and increasing each year. Endemic species are those found only in a particular geographical region due to isolation and environmental conditions. Conservation techniques mentioned include proper planning and management of wildlife habitats and populations, establishing sanctuaries and national parks, and legislative trade regulations.
This document provides information about biodiversity and conservation efforts. It includes:
1) Definitions of biodiversity as the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genes on Earth.
2) Statistics on the number of known plant and animal species, with insects making up the majority.
3) Descriptions of methods for conserving biodiversity both in situ, through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex situ in botanical gardens and seed banks.
4) Explanations of the importance of biodiversity through its ecological services and direct economic benefits to humans. Several Indian and international policies and agreements aimed at protecting biodiversity are also outlined.
Befriending Farm Allies by Nancy Lee Adamson, CFSA SAC 2016Nancy Adamson
Befriending Farm Allies—Pollinators, Predators, Parasitoids, (and Prey!)
Floral diversity on farms supports pollinators and many other beneficial insects. But, who are they? Join Nancy to learn about some of our coolest farm allies--the most common types of bees, flies, wasps, and other wildlife that help ensure healthy harvests. The program highlight habitat needs of bees and other beneficial insects (food and nesting), farming practices that support them, and Farm Bill programs to enhance diversity on farms. Planting suggestions focus on structure and management, though some specific plants are highlighted. In a separate program, Debbie Roos focused more on the specific plants that support pollinators. To learn more about pollinator conservation and conservation biological control, visit www.xerces.org or www.nrcs.usda.gov. Contact nancy@xerces.org or 336-370-3443.
Nancy is a partner biologist with the Xerces Society and the USDA NRCS East National Technology Support Center (ENTSC). She loves sharing her understanding of our native bees, native plants, and other wildlife, and helping people appreciate how diversity supports our well-being. With Xerces and the ENTSC she supports pollinator conservation through habitat protection and restoration on farm lands. She earned her doctoral degree in entomology with research on bees important for crop pollination (view some of her videos on native bees and plants at https://www.youtube.com/user/MelittologyNancy). She ran the horticulture and Master Gardener programs for Frederick County, Maryland’s Cooperative Extension. She conducted botanical surveys for the New Jersey Natural Heritage Program and the wildflower seed company Bloomin’ Natives. She ran the educational programs and the native plant nursery at Adkins Arboretum after earning a master’s degree in horticulture with an emphasis on native plants. She worked as a farmhand at Wheatland Vegetable Farms, restored wetlands with Environmental Quality Resources, and taught at Echo Hill Outdoor School. A former Peace Corps volunteer in Tunisia, she also worked as an intern with the Nicaragua-U.S. Friendship Office and with Cultural Survival in Petén, Guatemala. To learn more about pollinator conservation through planting habitat, minimizing pesticide use, and sharing awareness of the importance of native bees, visit www.xerces.org. Contact: Nancy@xerces.org or 336-370-3443.
Biodiversity declines with increasing distance from the equator, such that tropical regions near the equator harbor more species than temperate or polar regions further from the equator. This pattern is demonstrated by countries like Colombia, located near the equator, having over 1400 bird species, compared to places like New York at 41°N only having 105 bird species. Tropical forests at the equator can have ten times more vascular plant species than forests of equal area in temperate regions. This distribution of species can be studied under latitudinal gradients and species-area relationships.
Invasive species boon or bane, by manisha, m.sc(p) botany, roll no. 22Manisha Jangra
This document discusses invasive species, including their characteristics, pathways of introduction, impacts, examples, and control measures. It defines native, non-native, and invasive species, and explains that invasive species are non-native organisms that cause harm. Their traits allow them to outcompete native species, including a wide range, high dispersal/germination, and lack of natural predators. The pathways of introduction include deliberate and accidental means. Invasive species can significantly alter ecosystems and displace native species. The document provides examples like water hyacinth and mentions methods to control invasives.
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation, which involves protecting endangered species outside of their natural habitats, such as in zoos, aquariums, and botanical gardens. It then focuses on efforts by the Mabuwaya Foundation and Isabela State University to conserve the critically endangered Philippine crocodile through a head-starting program. Young crocodiles are collected from the wild and raised in captivity to increase survival rates before being released back into the wild. Their program in San Mariano, Isabela involves nest protection, establishing rearing facilities, and community engagement and has resulted in the successful release of 50 head-started crocodiles back into the wild.
1. There are various patterns of distribution for different species based on factors like habitat, geography, and climate. No two species have an identical distribution.
2. The causes of distribution patterns vary depending on the taxonomic level from broad families to specific genera.
3. Distribution patterns also vary depending on the spatial scale examined from global to local levels. Key factors that influence patterns include geological history, climate, food and habitat availability, competition, and human activities.
Ecology Thesis Proposal: Vegetation on the Selected Areas in Sugbongcogon, Mi...Paula Marie Llido
Ecology Thesis Proposal: Vegetation on the Selected Areas in Sugbongcogon, Misamis Oriental. Assessing the vegetation of Sugbongcogon by identifying the plant species present, determining the relative abundance and determining the species richness and diversity.
This study examined the diversity and abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies across four habitat types in a Costa Rican cloud forest: primary forest, natural secondary regrowth forest, planted secondary regrowth forest, and pastureland. The researchers trapped 174 butterflies of 27 species over six weeks. They found that planted secondary regrowth forest had the highest species richness, diversity, and evenness, indicating reforestation efforts were improving diversity. Climate change may be causing butterflies to move to new elevations.
This document discusses various invasive species that threaten North Carolina's forests and ecosystems. It describes insects like the emerald ash borer and the walnut twig beetle that have killed millions of ash and walnut trees respectively. It also discusses invasive plants like kudzu and Chinese wisteria that smother and kill native vegetation. Additional invasive species mentioned include the Asian shore crab, lionfish, nutria, Burmese pythons, and various invasive exotic plants. The document stresses that invasive species can significantly damage local habitats and outcompete native wildlife for resources.
This document provides information about deforestation and overgrazing. It discusses the causes, effects, and solutions of deforestation. The key causes of deforestation discussed are agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. The short term effects include soil erosion and disrupted water cycles, while long term effects are reduced biodiversity, climate change, and disrupted livelihoods. Solutions proposed are reforestation efforts by corporations and governments, and individual actions like reducing consumption. The document also discusses the causes of overgrazing as lack of management, drought, improper land use, overstocking, and poor irrigation, leading to repeated grazing before vegetation can regrow.
Cassava, Plantain and Moringa Grown in an Alfisol and their Resilience to Bus...ijtsrd
"Research on the resistance of cassava to fire is scarce because ordinarily researchers would not set their cassava farms on fire for such evaluation. Stems rendered useless by fire were commonly reported by farmers but no information on root yields and shoot regeneration. This study compared the superiority of two improved International Institute of Tropical Agriculture IITA cassava varieties “Yellow root†and “Agric†over plantain and moringa in a cassava plantain moringa intercropping arranged in a randomized complete block design at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Research Farm. The original aim was to compare the performances of the crops in the mixture. It was set on fire by unknown persons in early February 2018. Crop growth data were collected after six months. Less than 5 and 4 of plantain and moringa stands regenerated respectively. The stands appeared impoverished. More than 90 of both cassava varieties regenerated stems suitable for use as cuttings. Average fresh root yield obtained was 18.5 t ha 1 with Ëœ 95 marketable and only 5 rotten. The “Yellow root†gave significantly higher starch content 30.9 vs 19.7 than “Agricâ€. The root shoot ratio 3.35 vs 5.28 , fresh root weight 22.5 vs 14.5 t h1 and marketable root weight 21.61 vs 13.72 t ha1 for both varieties were statistically similar. This evaluation confirmed cassava as a better food security crop than plantain and more resilient to fire than both plantain and moringa. The two IITA improved varieties proved to be equally resilient to bush fire. Asadu, C. L. A | B. O. Unagwu | A. G. O. Dixon | R. Okechukwu | P. Ilona | A. N. Asadu ""Cassava, Plantain and Moringa Grown in an Alfisol and their Resilience to Bush Fire in Eastern Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21664.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21664/cassava-plantain-and-moringa-grown-in-an-alfisol-and-their-resilience-to-bush-fire-in-eastern-nigeria/asadu-c-l-a"
Threats to biodiversity Key vocabulary worksheetEDUCACIÓN TOLEDO
This document contains key vocabulary related to threats to biodiversity. It includes terms about introduced species, industrial agriculture and forestry, habitat loss and fragmentation, genetically modified organisms, pollution, and over-exploitation of species. For each topic, it provides words and their meanings in a matching worksheet format to help explain these important concepts in threats to biodiversity.
Species diversity and abundance of avifauna in and around an urbanized lake s...Isuru Priyaranga Silva
Abstract: Avifauna species diversity and abundance in and around of an urbanized lake called Peralanda Lake were recorded using point transect technique from January 2015 to December 2016. The lake is situated at North Colombo area adjacent to Ragama city in Gampaha District. Three Different habitat types were identified as Water body habitat, Terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body and Disturbed habitat. Bird census was performed on 20 sampling points with a radius of 25m which were fixed by using a Global Positioning System device (GPS) (Garmin e Trex). Each point was visited 3 times per month at different times of the day between 0600h to 1000h and 1500h to 1900h. Sixty-two species belonging fourteen orders and thirty-seven families were recorded during the study. These include three globally near threatened species Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocepha-lus); three locally near threatened species, Cotton Pygmy-goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), Oriental Honey-Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) and Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis); one critically endangered species, Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus); two endemic species, Sri Lanka Small Barbet (Megalaima rubricapilla) and Sri Lanka Swallow (Hirundo hyper-ythra) and four migrant species, Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi paradisi), Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) and Forest Wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus). Highest species diversity was recorded in terrestrial habitat adjacent to the water body followed by Disturbed habitat while least species diversity was recorded in Water body habitat.
1) Many species of plants and animals are endangered and at risk of extinction due to factors like habitat loss, poaching, and climate change.
2) Endangered species are native species that are at risk of becoming extinct in the wild because they are few in numbers. Endemic species are found only in a particular geographical region due to isolation.
3) Conservation efforts aim to preserve endangered and endemic species through establishing protected areas, regulating trade, and safeguarding breeding and habitats to maintain biodiversity.
Butterfly on the Island Bacan North Mollucas Province; How DensityIJERD Editor
Bacan Island is an island in the administrative region of South Halmahera, North Mollucas Province. One of the biological richness of the region, it is Diorama butterfly. Potential diversity of butterfly in Bacan Island and surrounding areas, requiring require ecologically and molecular studies as a database in the preservation and conservation of the species and its habitat. The purpose of this study is to assess the density and distribution of species of butterfly in Bacan island. This research method is done in several stages, including: a survey to know the various species of butterflies in Bacan island based on morphological characters, sampling (identification and manufacture insectarium), as well as measuring the density and distribution of species of butterflies were observed. The results showed that there are 34 species of butterflies and 424 individuals / ha were collected in 4 Family in Bacan island. Density of butterfly species in the study area, respectively from highest to lowest is Catopsillia pomona species (IVI = 14.97%) of the Family Pieridae, Hypolimnas misippus species (IVI = 12.87%) of the Family Nymphalidae, species Appias albina (IVI = 12.40%) of the Family Pieridae, and Eurema candida (IVI = 11.45) of the Family Pieridae.
This document discusses biodiversity, endangered species, endemic species, and conservation techniques. It defines biodiversity as the variety of living organisms and ecosystems, and defines endangered species as those near a critical level and increasing each year. Endemic species are those found only in a particular geographical region due to isolation and environmental conditions. Conservation techniques mentioned include proper planning and management of wildlife habitats and populations, establishing sanctuaries and national parks, and legislative trade regulations.
This document provides information about biodiversity and conservation efforts. It includes:
1) Definitions of biodiversity as the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genes on Earth.
2) Statistics on the number of known plant and animal species, with insects making up the majority.
3) Descriptions of methods for conserving biodiversity both in situ, through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex situ in botanical gardens and seed banks.
4) Explanations of the importance of biodiversity through its ecological services and direct economic benefits to humans. Several Indian and international policies and agreements aimed at protecting biodiversity are also outlined.
Befriending Farm Allies by Nancy Lee Adamson, CFSA SAC 2016Nancy Adamson
Befriending Farm Allies—Pollinators, Predators, Parasitoids, (and Prey!)
Floral diversity on farms supports pollinators and many other beneficial insects. But, who are they? Join Nancy to learn about some of our coolest farm allies--the most common types of bees, flies, wasps, and other wildlife that help ensure healthy harvests. The program highlight habitat needs of bees and other beneficial insects (food and nesting), farming practices that support them, and Farm Bill programs to enhance diversity on farms. Planting suggestions focus on structure and management, though some specific plants are highlighted. In a separate program, Debbie Roos focused more on the specific plants that support pollinators. To learn more about pollinator conservation and conservation biological control, visit www.xerces.org or www.nrcs.usda.gov. Contact nancy@xerces.org or 336-370-3443.
Nancy is a partner biologist with the Xerces Society and the USDA NRCS East National Technology Support Center (ENTSC). She loves sharing her understanding of our native bees, native plants, and other wildlife, and helping people appreciate how diversity supports our well-being. With Xerces and the ENTSC she supports pollinator conservation through habitat protection and restoration on farm lands. She earned her doctoral degree in entomology with research on bees important for crop pollination (view some of her videos on native bees and plants at https://www.youtube.com/user/MelittologyNancy). She ran the horticulture and Master Gardener programs for Frederick County, Maryland’s Cooperative Extension. She conducted botanical surveys for the New Jersey Natural Heritage Program and the wildflower seed company Bloomin’ Natives. She ran the educational programs and the native plant nursery at Adkins Arboretum after earning a master’s degree in horticulture with an emphasis on native plants. She worked as a farmhand at Wheatland Vegetable Farms, restored wetlands with Environmental Quality Resources, and taught at Echo Hill Outdoor School. A former Peace Corps volunteer in Tunisia, she also worked as an intern with the Nicaragua-U.S. Friendship Office and with Cultural Survival in Petén, Guatemala. To learn more about pollinator conservation through planting habitat, minimizing pesticide use, and sharing awareness of the importance of native bees, visit www.xerces.org. Contact: Nancy@xerces.org or 336-370-3443.
Biodiversity declines with increasing distance from the equator, such that tropical regions near the equator harbor more species than temperate or polar regions further from the equator. This pattern is demonstrated by countries like Colombia, located near the equator, having over 1400 bird species, compared to places like New York at 41°N only having 105 bird species. Tropical forests at the equator can have ten times more vascular plant species than forests of equal area in temperate regions. This distribution of species can be studied under latitudinal gradients and species-area relationships.
Invasive species boon or bane, by manisha, m.sc(p) botany, roll no. 22Manisha Jangra
This document discusses invasive species, including their characteristics, pathways of introduction, impacts, examples, and control measures. It defines native, non-native, and invasive species, and explains that invasive species are non-native organisms that cause harm. Their traits allow them to outcompete native species, including a wide range, high dispersal/germination, and lack of natural predators. The pathways of introduction include deliberate and accidental means. Invasive species can significantly alter ecosystems and displace native species. The document provides examples like water hyacinth and mentions methods to control invasives.
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation, which involves protecting endangered species outside of their natural habitats, such as in zoos, aquariums, and botanical gardens. It then focuses on efforts by the Mabuwaya Foundation and Isabela State University to conserve the critically endangered Philippine crocodile through a head-starting program. Young crocodiles are collected from the wild and raised in captivity to increase survival rates before being released back into the wild. Their program in San Mariano, Isabela involves nest protection, establishing rearing facilities, and community engagement and has resulted in the successful release of 50 head-started crocodiles back into the wild.
1. There are various patterns of distribution for different species based on factors like habitat, geography, and climate. No two species have an identical distribution.
2. The causes of distribution patterns vary depending on the taxonomic level from broad families to specific genera.
3. Distribution patterns also vary depending on the spatial scale examined from global to local levels. Key factors that influence patterns include geological history, climate, food and habitat availability, competition, and human activities.
Ecology Thesis Proposal: Vegetation on the Selected Areas in Sugbongcogon, Mi...Paula Marie Llido
Ecology Thesis Proposal: Vegetation on the Selected Areas in Sugbongcogon, Misamis Oriental. Assessing the vegetation of Sugbongcogon by identifying the plant species present, determining the relative abundance and determining the species richness and diversity.
This study examined the diversity and abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies across four habitat types in a Costa Rican cloud forest: primary forest, natural secondary regrowth forest, planted secondary regrowth forest, and pastureland. The researchers trapped 174 butterflies of 27 species over six weeks. They found that planted secondary regrowth forest had the highest species richness, diversity, and evenness, indicating reforestation efforts were improving diversity. Climate change may be causing butterflies to move to new elevations.
This document discusses various invasive species that threaten North Carolina's forests and ecosystems. It describes insects like the emerald ash borer and the walnut twig beetle that have killed millions of ash and walnut trees respectively. It also discusses invasive plants like kudzu and Chinese wisteria that smother and kill native vegetation. Additional invasive species mentioned include the Asian shore crab, lionfish, nutria, Burmese pythons, and various invasive exotic plants. The document stresses that invasive species can significantly damage local habitats and outcompete native wildlife for resources.
This document provides information about deforestation and overgrazing. It discusses the causes, effects, and solutions of deforestation. The key causes of deforestation discussed are agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. The short term effects include soil erosion and disrupted water cycles, while long term effects are reduced biodiversity, climate change, and disrupted livelihoods. Solutions proposed are reforestation efforts by corporations and governments, and individual actions like reducing consumption. The document also discusses the causes of overgrazing as lack of management, drought, improper land use, overstocking, and poor irrigation, leading to repeated grazing before vegetation can regrow.
Cassava, Plantain and Moringa Grown in an Alfisol and their Resilience to Bus...ijtsrd
"Research on the resistance of cassava to fire is scarce because ordinarily researchers would not set their cassava farms on fire for such evaluation. Stems rendered useless by fire were commonly reported by farmers but no information on root yields and shoot regeneration. This study compared the superiority of two improved International Institute of Tropical Agriculture IITA cassava varieties “Yellow root†and “Agric†over plantain and moringa in a cassava plantain moringa intercropping arranged in a randomized complete block design at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Research Farm. The original aim was to compare the performances of the crops in the mixture. It was set on fire by unknown persons in early February 2018. Crop growth data were collected after six months. Less than 5 and 4 of plantain and moringa stands regenerated respectively. The stands appeared impoverished. More than 90 of both cassava varieties regenerated stems suitable for use as cuttings. Average fresh root yield obtained was 18.5 t ha 1 with Ëœ 95 marketable and only 5 rotten. The “Yellow root†gave significantly higher starch content 30.9 vs 19.7 than “Agricâ€. The root shoot ratio 3.35 vs 5.28 , fresh root weight 22.5 vs 14.5 t h1 and marketable root weight 21.61 vs 13.72 t ha1 for both varieties were statistically similar. This evaluation confirmed cassava as a better food security crop than plantain and more resilient to fire than both plantain and moringa. The two IITA improved varieties proved to be equally resilient to bush fire. Asadu, C. L. A | B. O. Unagwu | A. G. O. Dixon | R. Okechukwu | P. Ilona | A. N. Asadu ""Cassava, Plantain and Moringa Grown in an Alfisol and their Resilience to Bush Fire in Eastern Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21664.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21664/cassava-plantain-and-moringa-grown-in-an-alfisol-and-their-resilience-to-bush-fire-in-eastern-nigeria/asadu-c-l-a"
This document provides information on biodiversity and the environment. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes the main types of biodiversity as genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Facts about biodiversity globally and in India are presented, such as estimates of the total number of species worldwide and percentages of forest cover. Threats to biodiversity like deforestation and overexploitation are outlined. The value of biodiversity is explained in terms of providing resources and maintaining ecosystem services. Conservation measures like protected areas and restoration are recommended.
This document discusses the invasive shrub Prosopis juliflora and its impact on spate irrigation systems. It was introduced in many countries for purposes like soil stabilization but has become a major problem. P. juliflora invades farmland and blocks irrigation canals, reducing water flow. Country overviews describe its introduction and spread, negatively impacting agriculture in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and Sudan. Efforts have been made to control it through removal and utilization, but it remains very difficult to eradicate once established.
Invasive impact of prosopis juliflora on wildlife conservation and livelihoodsGlidayyuka
Impact of Prosopis julifora on Conservation of Biodiversity and Livelihoods.
Invasive species are flora and fauna whose introduction into a habitat disrupts the native eco-system. P. juliflora is a shrub or small tree native to Mexico, Central and northern South America. It has shown itself to be a very competitive invader, notably in frost-free arid and semi-arid natural grasslands, both in its native country and in particular, where it is introduced. Prosopis as a genus is treated as one of the world's most detrimental invasive plant species, and P. juliflora is by far the common invasive species. This has led to the proclamation of P. juliflora as an invasive and/or deleterious weed in many African countries notably Ethiopia and Sudan, Pakistan and other Asian countries, Australia and also in South Africa. In further sub-tropical regions such as in Australia and southern Africa, however, it is much less prevalent than additional invasive Prosopis species such as P. glandulosa and P. velutina (the Invasive Species Compendium, also P. pallida with which P. juliflora is often confused). P. juliflora was extensively introduced and planted as a fuel and fodder species, particular during fuelwood programmes in the 1980s, and the seed is spread widely by grazing, wild animals and humans too.
An analysis of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List refers to invasive species as the second most common threat associated with species that have gone completely extinct, and are the most common threat associated with extinctions of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Majority of endangered wild animals risk projected extinction in coming years through adverse effects caused by Prosopis juliflora. It is a nitrogen-fixing and very drought and salt-tolerant species, which can rapidly out-compete other vegetation. The thorniness and bushy habit of P. juliflora enable it to quickly block paths and make whole areas impenetrable. The specie poses diverse adverse effects to animals as well as endangered wildlife, and sensitization about conservation should be enacted.
The Macrofungi in the Island of San Antonio, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This study aimed primarily to identify the different macro fungi species in the Island of San Antonio, Northern Samar. Specifically, its objectives were to identify the different species of macro fungi in the study are to classify hierarchically the macro fungi species to determine the kind of substrate where macro fungi grow and to know the economic uses of macro fungi in the study area. It was conducted in the Island of San Antonio Northern Samar, which is composed of ten 10 barangays namely Vinisitahan, Dalupirit, San Nicolas, Rizal, Manraya, Pilar, Burabod, Ward III, Ward II, and Ward I during the months of October and November 2012. A total of twenty six 26 macro fungi species were present in ten 10 sampling sites. These macro fungi species were, namely Amanita sp. , Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, Auricularia polytricha, Bjerkandera adusta, Coprinus lagopus, Cortinarius corrugants, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma adspersum, G. lucidum, Helvella lacunose, Infundibulicybe gibba, Inocybe rimosa, Laccaria laccata, Lycocerdon mammiforme, Marismius scoradoniusqa, Phallus indusiatus, P. multicolour, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pleurocybella porrigens, Podoscypha petalodes, Polyporus arcularius, Spongipellis pachydon, Tremella fuciformis, Tramatese legans, T. hirsute and T. trogii. The macro fungi species in the study area were mostly found on dead wood, soil, tree branches, coconut husk and decaying banana trunks. In terms of economic issues, the twenty six 26 macro fungi species were familiar to the residents, but they have unknown uses or benefits to them. Rockett Rikki T. Jusayan | Manuela Cecille G. Vicencio ""The Macrofungi in the Island of San Antonio, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23228.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/23228/the-macrofungi-in-the-island-of-san-antonio-northern-samar-philippines/rockett-rikki-t-jusayan
Birds & Ecosystem Services | EnvironmentalScience.org
The Value of Birds
Birds are present throughout almost every habitat across the globe. No matter where you go, there is
always evidence of birds even if you don't see the animals themselves. Things like holes pecked in tree
bark by woodpeckers or the remnants of a nest are indicative of the presence of birds. While such marks
left behind by these animals may seem insignificant, in many cases the activities of birds can have large
consequences for the ecosystems they inhabit, making them incredibly important in the overall
functioning of various ecosystems.
By contributing in such an important way to ecosystem health, birds can provide a number of direct
benefits to humans. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a study initiated by the United Nations,
coined the term “ecosystem services” to describe these kinds of services. According to this panel,
ecosystem services fall into four broadly defined categories and as we survey the diversity of birds
across the globe, we find many ways in which the activities of birds provide services in each one of
these.
Supporting Services
1
http://www.environmentalscience.org/birds-ecosystem-services#_ENREF_1
Actions within this category are those that are required for all other ecosystem services to be produced,
such as nutrient cycling and the formation of soil. This category can be thought of as a foundation of
processes without which other ecosystem services could not be produced.
Birds can help in these services by nutrient cycling, which has been documented in many habitats. By
spreading activities through different habitats, birds can move nutrients from one place to another, which
is particularly relevant in places where plant growth is limited by nutrient availability. A study on the
islands in the Gulf of California showed that when birds roosted on them, the guano deposits they left
behind provided nutrients to plants on the island . As a result, islands with seabirds had plants that grew
taller and faster and were much more productive than those on islands without birds. Because the
quality of these plants impacts the number of consumers and the structure of the food web, these birds
exerted a bottomup effect on the food web by regulating primary productivity.
This example is also interesting from an ecological standpoint because it exemplifies the intricate ways
in which seemingly disparate habitats are connected and can impact one another. The primary
productivity in the ocean regulates the number of fish it can support, which then impacts the number of
birds that can feed on these fish, which then influences how many birds will roost on the island and leave
guano deposits, ultimately dictating the primary productivity and food web structure on the island. Barry
Commoner, one of the founders of the environmental movement, laid out four laws of ecology in his
1971 book The Closing Circle. One of these is “Everything is connected t ...
Ethnobotanic use Value Knowledge of Carapa oreophila in the Kilum Mountain Re...AI Publications
Carapa orephila, is a native species with versatile values traditionally exploited by the local population in Kilum Mountain forest area. This study focused on assessing local knowledge about the use of Carapa oreophila, Semi-structured ethnobotanical questionnaires were conducted among the ethnic groups Oku, Kom, Nso and the Borroro (Peul) in four localities of Kilum. Use values and Interviewee/resource assessment of stages of harvest among these ethnic groups and gender were evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used alongside with Stata to assess significant differences related to gender and ethnic groups. Results indicates that Carapa oreophila has a high use values as a multipurpose species. According to the consensus value for plant parts, the trunk (23.21%); branches (25.11%); fruits and seeds (9.84%); bark (9.84%); roots (9.84%); leaf (16.46%) and the gum (latex) 5.771%, were indicated with branches and trunk as the most significant. The use diversity values of Carapa oreophila showed a high proportion of domestic (UD=0.62) and therapeutic (UD=0.26) uses. The UD for these were higher for Oku and Kom (0.36 and 0.39) than Nso and the Borroro (0.16 and 0.07) ethnic groups. Comparative analysis between genders revealed that the highest UD for domestic uses (0.55) and therapeutic uses (0.24) were observed in men than women. Men of Oku and Kom had the highest level of knowledge regarding plant parts used, forms of use and the specific reasons for using Carapa oreophila. Given its multipurpose uses, we recommend the promotion and enhancement of Carapa oreophila through its domestication and seed oil production to provide significant socio-economic benefits to the local people. To this end, it is necessary to develop and implement strategies to support local communities to actively participate in the conservation and sustainable use of the species as part of the preservation of plant biodiversity lost.
Assessment of the Relative Suitability of Three Different Soils for Dry Seaso...IJEAB
The research was conducted at the project site of the University of Educatoion, Winneba - Mampong campus between mid - November 2007 and Mid-April 2008. The main objective of the study was to compare the relative suitability of three soils in supporting lettuce production in the dry season. The treatments were Calcic Vertisol (Akuse scries), Rodic Nitisol (Ejura sesries) and Chromic Luvisol (Bediest series). The randomized complete block design was used in a pot experience with the three treatments and each replicated three times. Plant height, fresh leaf mass, leaf dry matter yield, fresh root mass, gravimetric moisture content, total porosity, drainability and bulk density were the parameters considered. From the result Bediesi Series recorded the highest growth rate as measured by plant height (266.5mm), fresh leaf weight (30.6g), leaf dry matter weight (4.9g) at 7 weeks after transplanting as well as been the most succulent with 84% succulent. Fresh root weight however, was highest with Akuse Series followed by Bediesi Series and Ejura Series in that decreasing order. Ejura Series recorded the least value for all growth and yield parameters measured. For soil parameters, Akuse Series recorded the highest value for porosity (43.0%) and gravimetric moisture of 6.43 throughout the period of field drying for 8weeks. Ejura Series Bediesi Series also recorded the highest value for drainability after 25 minutes of drainage, followed by Bediesi Series and then Akuse Series. The result of this work indicated that the Bediesi Series is the best soil type among the soils evaluated for lettuce production in the dry season in Ghana.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
An Emergent Carapa oreophila Products Value Chain – A Case Study of The Kilum...AI Publications
This document summarizes a case study on the value chain of products from Carapa oreophila, a tree species found in the Kilum Mountain forest of Cameroon. Three main traded products were identified: 1) fuel wood, 2) wood craft goods like tool handles, and 3) leaves used to wrap processed rodent meat. Fuel wood and leaves had high market value and turnover, while wood crafts had lower market value but high turnover. Harvesters supply both fuel wood and leaves. The incomes are used to meet household needs. However, current harvesting methods are unsustainable and do not support long-term conservation of the forest resource. The document recommends domesticating Carapa oreophila and developing its seed oil to provide
Conserving biodiversity a case study on Uttara Kannada, India.Arghyadeep Saha
Conserving biodiversity a case study on Uttara Kannada, India.
Conserving biodiversity a case study on uttara kan ,conserving biodiversity ,case study ,uttara kannada ,india. ,conservation ,resources ,natural gas ,natural resources ,biodiversity
This document summarizes research on integrated farming practices that involve growing fruit trees and rearing ruminant livestock in homesteads. It discusses how small-scale farmers face challenges in adequately feeding confined ruminants and maintaining soil fertility for fruit trees. The paper proposes adjustments to the traditional practices, including planting browse plants and pasture around fruit trees to provide fodder for animals, using prunings as mulch, and composting animal manure and plant waste to fertilize soil and improve yields. Further research is needed on the nutritional values of browse species and their performance in different seasons to help farmers select appropriate plants. The integrated practices aim to sustainably meet the needs of both ruminants and fruit trees using on
Community based forest management in buru, taraba state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The Nigerian Conservation Foundation and Royal Society for Protection of Birds implemented a 5-year participatory forest management project in Buru Community forest in Taraba State, Nigeria to address deforestation issues.
2) The project established a community-based governance structure for the forest and provided training to improve livelihoods through sustainable forest product harvesting and alternative income generating activities.
3) A volunteer patrol group was formed to monitor the forest and biodiversity, and their efforts led to no commercial logging and reduced poaching since the project began.
Mangrove Flora in the Coastal Municipalities of Sultan Kudarat Province, Phil...Open Access Research Paper
Mangroves play vital role for ecological balance. It provides human the fresh air to breath and protects from threat of typhoons and tsunami. Mangrove also serves as the breeding ground of various species of fish and other aquatic organisms. This study aimed to provide a systematic and scientific recording of the mangrove species in the Southern part of the Philippines. Using a descriptive research design, the prevailing mangrove flora in the coastal municipalities of Sultan Kudarat Province, Philippines was identified and documented. It was conducted in three sampling sites in the municipalities of Kalamansig, Lebak and Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat. Results of the study revealed that there were thirty – one (31) species of mangroves identified; of which twenty-four (24) species were present in Kalamansig, thirty (30) species in Lebak and twenty (20) species in Palimbang belonging to fifteen (15) genera and fourteen (14) families.
Analysis of forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming sy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming systems in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study found that tree retention and cultivation is influenced by their roles in soil protection, climate moderation, and biodiversity conservation. Trees were found to significantly predict the quantity and income of forest products. However, trees in high forest areas provided greater quantity and income than trees on farmlands. While trees on both farmlands and in forests contribute to rural incomes, trees in forests had a higher contribution. The study recommends improving tree retention and cultivation on farmlands to increase benefits and reduce pressure on primary forests.
Grassland ecosystems are defined as areas dominated by grasses rather than trees or shrubs. The document discusses grassland ecosystems, providing examples of different grassland types as well as case studies of the Challakere grasslands in India and the Banni grasslands in Gujarat, India. It outlines threats to grasslands, such as conversion to agriculture, and conservation measures like controlled burning. The case studies describe how both grasslands face degradation from changes in land use and introduction of invasive plant species.
Feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of predominant forages for s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes two studies on feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of forages for small ruminant production in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. Study I found that male respondents reared sheep while females reared goats. Animals grazed natural grasslands and were sometimes supplemented with kitchen wastes, cassava, and corn gluten. Study II analyzed predominant forages in wet and dry seasons and found grasses, legumes and shrubs present only in wet season. Browse plants were available year-round. Nutrient composition varied between seasons and forage types, with crude protein and ether extract generally lower in dry season. The document concludes farmers should improve housing, feeding, and provide dry
Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samarijtsrd
This study identified mangrove species in Catarman, Northern Samar which was categorized into families, genera and species. The researcher utilized transect line plot to determine the species composition of mangroves. A 10m x 10m plot was laid along calibrated rope were mangrove species were located. The mangroves were identified and classified taxonomically up to the species level using the Field Guide Manual to Philippine Mangroves. The researcher able to sampled nine true mangrove species and eight mangrove associates from the study area. Beberlie L. Medrano-Dangkeo "Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35857.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/35857/species-diversity-of-mangroves-in-catarman-northern-samar/beberlie-l-medranodangkeo
Status of large mammals: case study of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehi), chimp...IJEAB
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Prosopis juliflora in ASALs of kenya
1. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2020 538
ISSN 2250-3153
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.03.2020.p9968 www.ijsrp.org
Prosopis Juliflora In Asals Of Kenya: A Friend Or A Foe
Plant?
Julius M. Huho*, Mohamed Hussein Omar**
*Department of Arts and Social Sciences, Garissa University, Kenya
**Department of Natural Sciences, Garissa University, Kenya
Corresponding author: jmhuho@gmail.com,
DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.10.03.2020.p9968
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.03.2020.p9968
Abstract- Prosopis juliflora, popularly known as Mathenge in
Kenya, is an invasive short shrub spread in drylands of Africa,
Asia, Australia and in other parts of the world. The shrub was
introduced in Kenya in the 1970s with an aim of afforesting
the arid and semi-arid areas to curb desertification. In the
formative stages, the results were positive but this did not last
for long. It spread so rapidly becoming a menace to ASAL
pastoralists prompting its declaration as a harmful weed in
Kenya under the Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act (CAP
325) in 2008. Well, in some parts of the world, the shrub is
cultivated. The study sought to examine the usefulness of P.
juliflora (referred to as Prosopis in this study) in Kenyan
ASALs and to determine whether it is a friend or a foe plant?
Interviews were conducted to fifty (50) pastoralist respondents
who were selected using simple random sampling method
from Garissa Sub County. Secondary sources were also
reviewed. The study established that the economy of ASALs
revolves around livestock rearing, which in turn depends on
the water and pasture. Prosopis had colonized the grazing land
reducing the carrying capacity of the ASAL rangelands. Cases
of ulceration of livestock teeth and mouth, serious injuries on
both livestock and humans associated with Prosopis thorns,
and loss of livestock were reported. On the other hand, various
uses of Prosopis were identified and included: provision of
fuelwood and charcoal, keeping of bees, control of soil erosion
by wind and water. In addition, Prosopis was used in
formulation of livestock fodder, making of drinking juices and
cakes, production of biomass energy in Kenya. Negative
attitude towards Prosopis by the pastoralists was identified as
a hindrance to its use. The study established that with suitable
management, capacity building and attitude change of the
pastoralists on utilization of the shrub, Prosopis can be
harnessed as a useful resource in the ASALs.
Index Terms- Prosopis juliflora, noxious weed, resource,
pastoralism, ASALs
I. INTRODUCTION
rosopis has different local names depending on its
geographical location. In Kenya, it is known as Mathenge.
In English it is known as ironwood, honey mesquite,
mesquite and mesquite bean; kikwajukwaju in Swahili and
Aligaroob in Somali language [1]. It is an evergreen short shrub
with very sharp thorns and grows to a height of 5-10m. It produces
non-scent pods with hard, dark brown oval seeds [2]. It is a hardy
and invasive species with the ability to tolerate droughts,
waterlogged soils, low nutrient and saline or alkaline soils [3].
Thus, it is highly invasive and once established it is hard to control
[4].
P. juliflora-pallida is found across a wide geographical region. In
America, it covers regions between latitudes 22-25 degrees north
and 18-20 degrees south. In Africa, the Prosopis species is said to
have been introduced in Senegal, South Africa, and Egypt in the
early to late 19th century. Records show that Prosopis species
were introduced in Kenya in 1973 in coastal regions for the
rehabilitation of quarries. Later in 1980s, it was later introduced to
Baringo, Tana River and Turkana districts (now counties) largely
for curbing desertification and overexploitation of the existing
natural vegetation [5]. Today, these counties have the largest
biomass of Prosopis in Kenya. Prosopis is also found in other
counties such as Wajir, Kajiado, Samburu, Isiolo, Taveta, Malindi,
Migori, Mandera and Marsabit [6]. To a large extent, the
inhabitants of these counties call Prosopis an evil plant. According
[7] this is attributed to the negative effect they have on the
ecosystem, rangelands and animal and human health. Actually, in
2008 the perceived negative effects made Prosopis declared as a
noxious weed under the Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act (CAP
325) [8]. However, [5] observe that the usefulness or adversity of
Prosopis as perceived by the community depends on three factors:
whether and how the species meet their economic needs; income
levels and main livelihood occupations; and how destructive the
species is to property and natural ecosystems. Other factors that
influence the people’s perception of Prosopis include the opinions
of elite in the society, the costs of managing the species, how
media portrays the species and whether or not the species is
physically appealing.
II. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The general objective of the study was to examine the extent of
usefulness or adversity of Prosopis as perceived by the
inhabitants of Garissa County. Hence establish whether it is a
friend or a foe plant to the inhabitants.P
2. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2020 539
ISSN 2250-3153
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.03.2020.p9968 www.ijsrp.org
III. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
The study was carried out in Garissa County that lies between
latitude 1° 58'N and 2° 1' S and longitude 38° 34'E and 41° 32'E
covering an area of 43,259 km2
. The County lies in the arid and
semiarid lands (ASALs) of Northern Kenya that is characterized
by low, erratic and unreliable rainfall averaging at 275 mm per
year and temperature ranging from 20°C to 38°C with the average
of 36°C [9]. The main economic activity is pastoralism which is a
source of livelihood to 90% of the inhabitants. The rangelands of
the county are largely cover with Prosopis. A study by [10] shows
that between 2000 and 2006 about 440 km2
of the rangelands were
newly colonized by Prosopis. This was a rate of 73 km2
per year.
Garissa County had a population of about 849,457 in 2017 of
whom the majority are of ethnic Somalis
Figure 1: Map and location of Garissa County
Whereas data for the study was largely from secondary sources,
fifty (50) pastoralist respondents from Garissa Sub County were
randomly selected and interviewed. Selection of the respondents
was carried out during the Garissa animal market day which serves
Garissa County and other neighbouring counties. This was to
ensure that pastoralists arriving from the whole Sub-county. The
sample comprised of 40 men and 10 women. Interview schedules
were used in data collection.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Prosopis juliflora in Garissa County
Aligaroob, a Somali name for Prosopis juliflora is a common
name not only in Garissa County but in entire Northern Kenya.
Pastoralists claimed that Prosopis shrub emerged in the County in
1980’s after it was introduced by the government. It was
introduced as a forestry tree majorly to rehabilitate the degraded
environment, ensure self-sufficiency in fuelwood and
conservation of the existing natural plants against human
destruction. It was obvious from the respondents’ answers that the
extent of rangeland colonization by the species was increasing.
This was attributed to animal feeding on seeds and dispersing them
as they graze. [11] observes that Prosopis is spread through its
seeds where a mature plant produces between 630,000 and
980,000 seeds in a year. The seeds are highly productive and are
dispersed by animals feeding on the pods. As [10] observes
animals, and particularly goats, plays a key role in spreading of
Prosopis (what he calls the goat factor). The goats eat mature seed
pods which are later dropped together with the faeces away from
the parent plants. This way the volume of Prosopis in Garissa Sub
County had increased due to assembly of livestock during the main
livestock market located in Garissa town. In addition to spreading
by animals, river flows and floods were identified as other
methods in which Prosopis have spread. Essentially, dense
thickets of Prosopis were found along the roads and migration
pathways, rivers or watering points, irrigation schemes and near
settlements with relatively low volumes in open grasslands.
Uses of P. juliflora in Garissa County
During the introduction of Prosopis in the 1980 and early
1990s, pastoralists embraced the shrub because of its perceived
benefits. These included reduced desertification, provision of
shade for animals and provision of fuelwood. This assertion
confirms [5] observation that the perception of the people on
Prosopis depended on whether the species meet their needs.
Production of Biomass Electricity and Gas
The large amount of biomass produced by Prosopis makes is a
valuable resource for electricity generation. Although no working
electricity generating plant using Prosopis in Kenya, efforts to
establish one has been put in Baringo County by Cummins
Cogeneration Kenya Ltd. Garissa County Government had also
entered into partnership with Sweden-based VR Holding AB, and
Finnish company WOIMA Ecosystem with an aim of using
Prosopis with the purpose of generating electricity and gas [12].
In India, between 30 and 40 projects in Andra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu and Gujarat have been authorized to generate electricity
using Prosopis [13]
Ethnomedicine
The use of Prosopis as a form of medicine was reported by the
respondents. Although not a common practice, Prosopis leaves
were used to treat ailments such as cuts, scratches etc. Prosopis
fresh green leaves are rubbed against the scratches or squeezed on
cuts. [14] notes that Prosopis has been used in healing wounds and
other ailments such as cold, flu, diarrhoea, dysentery,
excrescences, inflammation, measles and sore throat. On
livestock, Prosopis pods were used as a dewormer. Free-ranging
livestock that fed on Prosopis pods were not dewormed routinely.
Although the use of Prosopis processed livestock feeds was not
common in Garissa County, a study by [15] revealed that feeds
fortified with Prosopis or non-fortified Prosopis feeds controlled
gastro-intestinal nematode parasites and gut nematodes
respectively.
Livestock feeds
There were two methods in which Prosopis pods were used as
livestock in Garissa County. The most common method was direct
feeding of livestock with the pods during drought. Free-ranging
animals eat the pods directly from the shrubs or the pods are
collected and fed to animals. During drought, the Prosopis pods
are sold as livestock feeds in the markets in Garissa County
(Figure 2).
3. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2020 540
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Figure 2: Harvested Prosopis pods ready for market in
Garissa Town
The second method involved the use of Prosopis pods as raw
material for processing livestock feeds. Concentrate of Prosopis
pods has been used in feed production. For instance, Peru, Chile,
Argentina and Uruguay concentrate rations have of 40-60% have
been used for dairy cows. In Brazil, studies have shown that up to
60% of wheat flour in rations for lactating cows could be replaced
with Prosopis pods. In Mexico, the live weight in sheep increased
up to 45% after sorghum flour was replaced with Prosopis pod
flour [16]
Source of Fuelwood
Prosopis was the main source of fuelwood in Garissa County.
In rural areas, it was the only source since it was readily available
and at no cost except harvesting labour which was provided by
women and children. Although charcoal from Prosopis shrub was
unpopular, to a large extent the species was used in the production
of charcoal for domestic use.
Source of Construction Materials
Construction materials obtained from Prosopis included
building and fencing poles, rafters and twigs. They are mostly used
in the construction of temporary houses which are very common
in rural, peri-urban and urban areas of Garissa County. These
structures and houses were made of Prosopis poles and twigs
(Figure 3 and 4).
Figure 3: Construction poles from Prosopis
Figure 4: A makeshift houses made from Prosopis poles
in Garissa County
The reasons for the semi-permanent houses were threefold: the
transhumance way of life of the pastoralists, their cultural
buildings and also for controlling the high day and night
temperatures. The Prosopis poles and twigs were preferred
because they were resistant to termites and also they were locally
available and affordable. The best quality poles and twigs were
obtained from Bangale Division since the area had the oldest
Prosopis shrubs. The old Prosopis were resistant to termites and
seasoning from harsh weather. Sale of Prosopis poles and twigs
earned traders some income.
Negative effects of Prosopis in Garissa County
The perceived benefits of Prosopis during the initial years of its
introduction in the county made the pastoralists embraced the
shrub. However, this did not last for long after the perceived
benefits were dwarfed by unexpected threats caused by Prosopis.
This scenario was not unique in Garissa County only but in many
other parts of the country and elsewhere in the world over. A
similar case, for instance, was reported in the Indian province of
Rajasthan where people adopted the species but their perception
changed after the negative effects of the invasion [11]. Pastoralists
indicated that of all plants in the Sub County, Prosopis has become
the most unpopular because of its negative effects on both physical
and human environments. Pastoralists regarded it as the evil plant.
4. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2020 541
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Whereas some of its uses were acknowledged, the negative effects
outweighed its usefulness. Some of major threats associated
directly with increase and the spread of Prosopis in the County
were: loss of pasture, injuries to humans and livestock, poor
livestock health due to consumption of Prosopis and blocked main
pathways and migration routes.
Loss of pasture
Typically, the main livestock feed resource in Garissa County
are browse, natural grasses and palatable shrubs and trees.
Observations from the pastoralists that the rapid spread of and
colonization by Prosopis has greatly reduced pasture and browse
in the County agree with [5] assertion on the effects of the species
on pasture. Although, in their understanding, pastoralists argued
that Prosopis "eat grass", research points out reduction in native
pasture results from its ability to outcompete for moisture from
pasture land, denying grass enough light for photosynthesis due to
shade created by its canopy and the allelopathic effects on other
surrounding vegetation [11].
Poor Health on Humans and Livestock
The common direct effect of Prosopis on human health was
injuries caused by thorns. Respondents argued that the injuries
cause severe inflammation that lasts for several days. If left
untreated, it has on several occasions led to severe infection that
result in amputation of limbs. Several cases of leg amputations
alleged to have been caused by injuries from the Prosopis thorns
were cited. Two indirect causes identified included: (i) increased
in malaria diseases, and (ii) poor nutrition due to strained
livelihoods. The dense Prosopis thickets provided favourable
habitat for mosquitoes. A large number of mosquitoes invading
household has been attributed to close proximity of the thickets
near the homesteads resulting in high malaria prevalence. Poor
nutrition was associated with suppression of pasture near the
homesteads suitable for the core herd usually left behind to
provide the food to the family after the larger herd migrates.
Supressed pasture resulted in low livestock production which in
turn caused food shortage.
Just like in humans, cases of injuries from Prosopis thorns were
common. The most notable conditions associated with such
injuries included body scratches, wounded and limping animals
and eye cataracts in pricked eyes. Cases of the disfiguration of
goats’ jaws and teeth decay were reported. The disfiguration of
goats’ jaws was caused by the inflammation emanating from the
hard Prosopis seeds lodging in between the gums and the teeth.
The decay of teeth was caused by consumption of unripe Prosopis
pods which has high sugar content.
Blocked migration routes
Prosopis seeds are largely dispersed through animal dropping.
As large herds of livestock migrate, huge thickets develop along
the migratory routes due to the enormous amount of livestock
droppings. Over time, some important migratory routes have been
completely blocked compelling pastoralists to use longer or unsafe
routes to get to desired destinations. In Baringo County, for
example, migration that used to take two hours to Loruk now takes
up to eight hours Mwangi and Swallow, 2005).
So, What Do We Do with Prosopis?
The double-edged nature of Prosopis, being useful and harmful
at the same time, makes [11] argue of uncertainty on the role of
Prosopis in community development. So, is Prosopis a friend or a
foe plant? Whereas Prosopis has some benefits, they are far much
overshadowed by miseries it causes. Thus, from the lens of a
pastoralist in Garissa County, Prosopis is a menace that should be
eradicated. On the other hand, researchers argue that Prosopis is a
gem in ASALs. Taking cognizant that Prosopis has already
colonized the rangelands of Garissa County and other ASALs in
the country and it cannot be eradicated [7], the only viable option
is to make good use of it. [17] argue that Prosopis can only be
controlled turning the weed into a valuable resource through
utilization of tree products and by improved management.
From the literature reviewed, the study established that the
potential for Prosopis is largely not exploited. Uses such as
making sweets from sweet gum on the trunk, production of
refreshing drink and beer (if fermented) from powdered pods, raw
material for production of paper, paperboard and hardboard and
commercial production of medicine remains untapped in Kenya.
Well! If these uses remain untapped, Prosopis will continue being
a foe but if tapped, it will be a friend and an important resource in
ASALs. This can be achieved through (i) conducting adequate
research on Prosopis, (ii) investing in production of Prosopis
products, (iii) proper management of the existing Prosopis. The
outcome of actualizing these three activities will be a change in
pastoralists’ perceptions and attitudes towards Prosopis which
will result in acceptance and adoption of species.
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AUTHORS
First Author – Prof. Julius M. Huho holds a PhD in Geography
(Applied climatology), Department of Arts and Social Sciences,
Garissa University Kenya. Email: jmhuho@gmail.com
Second Author – Mohamed Hussein Omar holds and MSc in
Chemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Garissa University
Kenya. Email: mhussein2630@gmail.com