Pros And Cons Of Terraforming Mars

Pros And Cons Of Terraforming Mars
COULD HUMANS TERRAFORM MARS?
According to NASA terraforming is the process of transforming a hostile environment into one
suitable for human life. To Terraform, the desolate planet would take years, but with technology
advancing this gap is becoming closer. There are a number of things that make Mars hostile, first of
all, the temperature of Mars can reach as high as 20 Degrees Celsius, but as low as –153 Degrees.
Secondly, the atmosphere of Mars is mostly made of Carbon Dioxide at 95.32 %, this is completely
different to Earth's Atmosphere as it mainly consists of Nitrogen at 78% and 21% Oxygen, meaning
we would not be able to breathe, and we would suffocate almost instantly. Thirdly, the soil is toxic
due to the content of perchlorate. Fourthly, there are dust storms that lurk the planet which can last
for weeks, these storms can blur vision and destroy habitats., however, these aren't a reoccurring
thing as these only happened on estimate every two years (1406.9 Days).
Fifthly, the Low gravity and pressure are an issue, the surface gravity on Mars is 38% of that on
Earth, this is survivable on for adults, but babies would experience severe abnormalities and for
foetuses, it could be lethal. Sixthly, Mars has no Magnetosphere, this is the only unsolvable problem
with terraforming Mars, therefore, it cannot shield life from ... Show more content on
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NASA also has a hydroponics team, which can grow food efficiently, but on Mars there is lower
gravity, lower light levels and a different atmosphere, however a greenhouse could be created to
help maintain optimum levels of growth, also, soil might not have to be used, as plants can grow
hydroponically (in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay about Determination of the Composition of Cobalt...
Determination of the Composition of Cobalt Oxalate Hydrate Experiment 12 Robbie Kinsey
Partner: Debnil Chowdhury Chem. 1312–D TA's: Russell Dondero & Sylvester Mosley February 9,
2000 Purpose The purpose of this lab was to determine the percent cobalt and oxalate by mass, and
with that information, the empirical formula for cobalt oxalate hydrate, using the general formula
Coa(C2O4)b.cH2O. Procedure The powdered cobalt oxalate hydrate was weighed to about 0.3 g and
placed in a pre–weighed crucible. The crucible and the cobalt oxalate were then heated until the
cobalt oxalate decomposed into a stable, black solid, or Co3O4. Once the crucible was sufficiently
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|trial one |trial two | |Mass of cobalt oxalate hydrate |.3012g |.3027g | |Mass of residue (Co3O4)
|.1777g |.1752g | |Percent Co in Cobalt Oxalate Hydrate |43.33% |42.509% | |Average percent
|42.92% | | | | | |Standardization of KMnO4 Solution | | |Concentration of Standard Na2C2O4
|.1mol/L | |Volume of Na2C2O4 dispensed |15.0mL | |Volume of KMnO4 required |34.3mL |
|Molarity of KMnO4 solution |.0175 mol/L | | | | | |Determination of Oxalate | | | |Mass of cobalt
oxalate |.3091g |.3031g | |Volume of KMnO4 used |38.6mL |37.1mL | |Percent oxalate in cobalt

The Water Cycle : The Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is very important to human life because humans cant breathe carbon dioxide for
long periods of time. Carbon dioxide is attached to the oxygen and that needs to go away so humans
can breathe it properly. The plant cycle relies heavily on the carbon cycle because plants consume
the carbon dioxide because the carbon dioxide and photosynthesis (light from the sun) helps their
food grow. The plants then lets the oxygen go for animals and humans to breathe. When a plant dies,
it gets buried under the surface and slowly turns into fossil fuels. This process of the fossil fuel takes
millions of years. But when humans burn the fossil fuels (by using cars and other machinery that
uses fossil fuels) it enters the atmosphere as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ions and molecules then incorporate into the DNA. When the plant or animal dies, it decays and
the ions and molecules then go into the soil. "Within the soil, organic forms of phosphate can be
made available to plants by bacteria that break down organic matter to inorganic forms of
phosphorus. This process is known as mineralisation." (Science Learning Hub, 2013).
The nitrogen in the atmosphere goes into the soil. The bacteria surrounding the plants change the
state of the nitrogen so the plants can absorb it. Animals then get their nitrogen from the plants. This
cycle is very important because plant life and wildlife cannot live without it. Its an important part of
cells and processes like amino acids, proteins and DNA. Its also the key ingredient in creating
chlorophyll for plants. Unfortunately humans have been able to alter the cycle. By inserting fertilizer
into the soil, it puts more nitrous oxide gas into the atmosphere. This then upsets the balance of the
cycle.
The carbon cycle plays a large role in sustaining a clean atmosphere for the living organisms to
breathe in. as the oxygen cycle is almost the same, the carbon and oxygen cycle interconnect with
each other to help sustain a clean atmosphere. The water cycle helps the carbon cycle by keeping the
plant life hydrated and alive for the carbon then be absorbed to be turned into oxygen for re–use.
The phosphorus cycle also helps the other cycles because it

A Report On The Plane
When most people hear an airplane in the air they may look up and see just another airplane. They
don't think about how the airplane evolved. They also don't consider any of the material it requires
to achieve this most amazing feat. It's just another aircraft carrying people or items to their
destination. The journey began, as most of us have been taught, in 1903 by the Wright brothers
when they flew their airplane for the first time. The aircraft was crudely constructed, using modern
materials for the time. Some of these materials included wood for the air frame, muslin fabric for
covers, and aluminum for the engine crank case (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum). In
today's aircraft some of the same materials are used especially aluminum. This case study will focus
on one item used within many small engine aircraft; a servo bracket. A servo bracket sounds like an
insignificant piece of hardware but in fact a servo bracket is a very important part of the airplane,
with a very long life cycle. The servo bracket holds the servo which is connected directly to the
airplane's control system, thus putting the bracket under continuous tension and stress. The bracket
itself is not responsible for the entire strain of the control system, this is accomplished by using
much more rigid braces, and the braces take the brunt of the stress. The bracket's construction has to
be from material that is formable, light and semi–strong. The materials must be machine formable in
order

Chlorine Gases
I: Chemical Formula and Breakdown
Chlorine gases chemical formula is CI2. The elements that make chlorine gas is mainly chlorine.
Chlorine is a common element and is used in salt, which is very important. Chlorine is highly
reactive. Also, a highly toxic greenish yellow gas, has a pungent odour, and fumes in moist air. Its
density is .003, so it is very light.
II: Physiological/Psychological Effects
Because of its reactivity, Chlorine does not exist in the free elemental state in nature, although it is
widely distributed in combination with other elements. It also kills pool germs. When chlorine
enters the body as a result of breathing, swallowing, or skin contact, it reacts with water to produce
acids. The acids damage cells in the body on contact. Effects of chlorine are blurred vision, burning
pain, redness, and blisters on the skin if exposed to gas. Burning sensation in the nose, throat, and
eyes, coughing, chest tightness. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Nausea and vomiting,
watery eyes, wheezing. Chlorine gas affects your lungs, chest, and eye, as well as your skin. And
mainly your respiratory system.
III: History and Development
Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Flemish chemist and physician John Baptist
van Helmont. Elemental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mainly as an disinfectant. It should be used today because it is very useful and cleans many things
that get dirty. The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other
Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty
prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. They have
this because chlorine gas is so deadly. think that using chlorine gas in war is fine if it is a last resort
after all peaceful methods have been tried. Also, if you are defending yourself. Although, it is a very
dangerous weapon if you don't have gas

Estimating Glucose Concentration in Solution
Introduction
Glucose is very important in our daily lives. It gives us energy to carry out all of our activities. Cells
in our bodies need glucose to respire and in the process release the energy we need. Glucose is also
a type of carbohydrate. It has a chemical formula of C6H12O6 and is a monosaccharide reducing
sugar (Kolej Mara Banting – Students' Handbook for Biology HL Year 1). It is the simplest form of
carbohydrate. In this experiment, sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and potassium permanganate, KMnO4 is
added into glucose with different concentration and the time taken for the purple pink colour of
potassium permanganate solution to change to colourless is recorded. This is because glucose
donates electrons to the permanganate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate are added into the beakers. The correct
syringe is used to place 10 cm3 of the first glucose solution into the boiling tube. 5 cm3 of sulphuric
acid is added. The solution is stirred with a stirring rod and stopped as soon as the pink colour
disappears. The time and the glucose solution used is recorded. The syringe used for the glucose
solution is rinsed.
10. The experiment is repeated using the other glucose solutions of known concentration.
11. It is then repeated for the solution of unknown concentration (A, B or C).
12. The results

Effect Of Pesticides In The Ahs Watershed
These cyanobacteria can rapidly become dominant in a water source when the concentration of
carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and phosphorus increases[v]. Cases of blue–green algae infestations in
lakes and streams often happen, particularly because of human activities. Indeed, studies prove that
manufacturing as well as agriculture have impacts on water quality when not well managed. The
toxins from the two closed decommissioned areas mentioned earlier can have impacts on the water
quality if entered in the AHHS watershed dragged by runoffs that are caused by precipitations.
Moreover, pesticides used in agriculture can be led into the water system, which can cause blue–
green algae to bloom rapidly[vi]. Pesticides may come from precipitations and dust erosion, but also
from air by being pushed by wind[vii]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To continue, erosion is also a prominent cause that brings contaminants into watercourses[ix]. Other
important toxins that can end up in the water cycle and affect water quality, plants and animal[x] are
metal sources found in fertilizers, animal feed and manure, such as the nutrients of copper, zinc,
manganese and iron.[xi] Finally, high concentration of nutrient waste, such as domestic sewage
effluents, can cause cyanobacteria to expand[xii]. Once water contaminants reach a lake in large
concentration, cyanobacteria can suddenly develop and "result in safe water bodies becoming a
toxic soup[xiii]".

Separation Of P-Acetamidobenzoic Acid
The objective of this procedure is to produce a sample of p–acetamidobenzoic acid from the
oxidation of p–acetotoluidide with potassium permanganate.
Procedure Part A– Preparation of p–Acetamidobenzoic Acid
In a 250 mL Erlenmeyer Flask, 5 g (0.02 mol) of magnesium sulfate crystals were mixed with 1.9 g
(0.013 mol) of p–acetotoluidide in 125 mL of de–ionized water. The resulting solution was placed
on a hot plate and was steadily boiled until the solution reached 85°C, or until the solution reached a
gentle boil (it was emphasized that the solution should be heated slowly, in order to maximize the
efficiency of the reaction). While this was occurring, a separate solution was prepared from 5.1 g
(0.032 mol) of potassium permanganate and 20 mL of boiling water, which were placed in a
separate 250 mL beaker, which was placed on a slowly heating hot plate (in order to keep the
solution as warm as possible, but not warm enough that the water could evaporate). It was observed
that this solution was characterized by a very distinct purple color, and a small amount of precipitate
could be observed at the bottom of the beaker. Once the p–acetotoluidide solution had reached a
gentle boil, it was vigorously stirred with a stirring rod, and every so often (about every 5 minutes) a
small portion of the potassium permanganate solution was added to the solution; at this point, it was
emphasized that the potassium permanganate solution, or the oxidizing agent, should be added in
small

Properties of Gases
Properties of Gases
General Chemistry 1
Lab 5
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment is to examine the properties of several gasses, which were the
products of a reaction, and examine the way the gasses react under certain conditions. These
conditions, such as introducing a flame to the gas as well as oxygen and CO2, caused other reactions
to occur.
Hypothesis:
If the gasses are correctly synthesized then there will be a clear reaction with the introduction of the
flame, O2, CO2, Air, limewater, and Bromthymol indicator.
Procedures:
Step 1. I placed a small amount of Mossy Zn in the test tube and then added HCL. I used the rubber
stopper and a pipet bulb to collect the Hydrogen gas synthesis. I filled the pipet bulb with ... Show
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(Step 4 cont.) I combined baking soda and vinegar again and attached the stopper with copper and
plastic tubing assembly. I added a few ml of limewater to a well of my well plate and ran the CO2
through the tube of the gas assembly through the limewater, which caused it to turn a cloudy color
and possibly produce a precipitate. Using the same gas assembly technique, I ran the CO2 through a
few ml bromothymol blue in the well plate as well. When the gas contacted the bromothymol, it
turned from blue to yellow then to a murky green.
Step 5. I added a few pieces of Alka Seltzer to the gas delivery tube and added water to create the
gas reaction. Using the gas assembly C&P tube, I ran this gas synthesis through the limewater
in the well plate, which turned the limewater from hazy to clear.
Step 6. I put some of the limewater in the test tube and with the straw, I breathed through the
limewater. This had the opposite effect of the Alka seltzer gas as the breath caused the limewater to
turn hazy.
Analysis:
(Results included in my procedures) The hydrogen was proven to be combustable. The oxygen was
proven to be flameable. No reaction with the hydrogen and oxygen mixture which may have been an
experimental error caused by (unknown). Carbon dioxide extinguished the flame, turned the
limewater cloudy, and altered the ph of the bromothymol. Alka Seltzer turned the limewater clear.
Breath turned the limewater hazy.

Conclusion:
Since I

The Importance Of Water For Plants
Plants have specific needs that meet the requirements for a healthy plant to spring up. Water and
other nutrients play an important role in helping the plant. Some chemicals may improve its flowers,
others may help it fight off diseases (Tilley). Water is the life source of a plant. Without it, they
cannot survive and will die. Each piece of the puzzle has an assignment.
As you look at the world, you can see that all living things have at least one thing in common. From
the monstrous bear to the littlest insect, water is a necessity. Plants also need water too. Consisting
of 90% water fluid, plants use this amazing liquid in many different ways (UCSB Science Line).
Photosynthesis is the process in which water combines with carbon dioxide which produces oxygen
and sugar for the plant (Bell). Water has to be there for this to occur. When water evaporates the
plant can absorb carbon dioxide (Bell). Then they use it for photosynthesis. Furthermore, water
dissolves the nutrients which are transferred by the roots of the plant (Bell) Astoundingly, water acts
like an air conditioner and can cool down the plant in the blistering heat (Bell). For example, a
mature house plant will probably release about its weight daily (UCSB Science Line). That's like an
adult gulping 20 gallons water a day (UCSB Science Line). Whatever the reason, water is vital for
the plant's survival.
Different nutrients are used by the plant in unique ways. Three important nutrients are nitrogen,
phosphorous,

Mountaintop Removal Research Paper
One of the reasons why it should be banned is because it involves permanent deforestation.
According to the Appalachian Voices Organization, "This means not only lost wildlife habitat, but
also the steady disappearance of a forest system that naturally captures and holds carbon dioxide,
one of the greenhouse gases responsible for climate change." For this reason, mountaintop removal
is becoming a cause of global warming due to many things such as deforestation, which exposes
carbon stored in trees and soil and releases it into the atmosphere. Because of mountaintop removal,
many animal habitats are being destroyed, threatening many endangered animals In addition, "The
loss of trees, which anchor the soil with their roots, causes widespread ... Show more content on
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According to the Appalachian Voices Organization, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
notes that iron and manganese concentrations surpass drinking water guidelines in at least 40% of
wells on the Appalachian Plateau, and in about 70% of the wells near reclaimed surface coal mines
of the region.This proves that many communities local drinking water are being poisoned by the
chemicals and waste left behind from the mountaintop removal sites that has entered their water
supply and many water streams. Coal slurry, a waste left after washing and processing coal with
water and chemicals, also gets into to their drinking supply and extremely dangerous because it is
highly toxic and it can leach into groundwater. Furthermore, "On August 20, 2004, a bulldozer
pushed a boulder weighing half a ton from a mountaintop removal site in Appalachia, Virginia. The
falling boulder crashed into the side of a residence, crushing 3 year–old Jeremy Davidson in his
sleep." This demonstrates that mountaintop removal is terribly dangerous most especially to local
communities affected by it because the debris and explosions from mountaintop removal can destroy
nearby buildings and potentially kill someone. Mountaintop removal should be banned because it is
a threat to many local

Life Is Defined By All The Living Creatures On Earth
Life is defined by all the living creatures on earth. Biology is a broad topic of the study of life.
Biology contains many different types of subjects within it that may be studied, like terrestrial or
aquatic animals, or viruses and diseases. Here I will be talking about twelve of the millions of parts:
Characteristics of life and kingdoms, biomolecules, nature and the importance of water, cells, energy
and the carbon cycle, cell division through mitosis and meiosis, the central dogma through
DNA/RNA and proteins, genetics and inheritance, evolution, energy through food webs and food
chains, symbiotic relationships, and human impact. There are seven different characteristics of life.
These characteristics are known as organization or structure, reproduction growth and development,
adaptation, stimulus response, and evolution. After going through the list proving that the organism
is alive, the organism is set into one of three domains: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. The
eukarya are known to have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Bacteria are characterized by
having a cell wall, by made from peptidoglycan. Archaea are characterized by having no nucleus,
but having a cell wall that isn't made from peptidoglycan. All of the eukarya are organized into
different groups called taxes or taxis (Anderson). The eight different taxis in order from biggest to
smallest are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. For example in
domain, there

Gillette's Acquisition of Duracell
Key Issues
The Gillette Company was founded in 1901 in a small office in Boston. Since its departure, Gillette
has positioned itself as one of the most recognizable brands not only through their safety razor
blades, but also through corporate diversification. This included the acquisition of a number of
major companies, most recently Duracell. Prior to this acquisition, the Duracell Corporation had
been the leading producer of alkaline batteries in the United States and maintained consistent growth
in revenues from 1991–1996. Since their purchase of Duracell, their stock price has fallen 45% to a
low of $34. The issue for Gillette is to determine if they can promote the profitable growth of their
acquisition.
Decision Criteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rivalry in this industry has become so intense that it is not uncommon for these companies to
bring each other to court for various claims made in their new product launches. Outside of the
competitive environment potential opportunities in large developing economies (like India) have an
untapped market with regard to the alkaline batteries. The conversion from zinc–carbon batteries to
alkaline was much slower outside the United States then anticipated and this hindered international
sales for some battery companies. Alkaline batteries in these foreign markets only make up 3%
compared to 70% in the United States. The reason for the slow conversion in the foreign markets is
due to tough economic times and the high cost associated with setting up manufacturing facilities
capable of alkaline production.
Internal: Prior to Gillette acquiring Duracell in 1996, the Duracell Corporation maintained a
constant growth in revenue (about 8% annually). Gillette and Duracell both held strong relationships
with many vendors worldwide and sustained a strong channel of distribution. Upon the acquisition
of Duracell, Gillette eliminated 4,700 jobs, closed 14 plants and also replaced Duracell's advertising
agency with that of Gillette. These changes resulted in savings of $200 million and decreases in their
operations margins from 30% in 1998, to 16% in 2000. The debt to equity ratio has been increased
from 1.62 in 1998 to 4.41 in 2000. This increase

Effect Of Solute On The Production Of Magnesium Alloys
Effect of solute addition on grain refinement in cast magnesium alloys.
1. Introduction:
Magnesium is 30% lighter than aluminum and possesses excellent mechanical properties. It has
higher weight to strength ratio, damping capacity, dimensional stability, impact and dent resistance
when compared to aluminum alloys or steel alloys. These properties have increased the usage of
magnesium alloys in the automotive and aerospace industry for weight reduction. But magnesium
alloys are often associated with some limitations such as low ductility, lower strength, poor
workability (due to hexagonal lattice structure), lower creep resistance and lower corrosion
resistance. Alloying with rare earth metals like Gadolinium, neodymium and cerium have ... Show
1.2 Melt treatment during casting process:
Inoculation is the successful melt treatment to achieve the grain refinement. Inoculation is referred
to the addition of grain refiners or solute elements to restrict grain growth and promote
heterogeneous nucleation. Further magnesium alloys are categorized into two types in inoculation
treatment. One is aluminum free alloy and other is aluminum bearing alloy. It is observed that
adding 0.15 wt.% zirconium during inoculation of pure magnesium leads to reduction of 80% of the
grain growth [1–21]. However if zirconium is added to the alloys having aluminum, it formed
intermetallic phases with aluminum and loses its grain refining properties. Since most commonly
used magnesium alloy in the casting is Mg–Al alloy, there has been an extensive research on the
solute elements for the Mg–Al alloys for achieving the grain refinement. Some of the solute
element's effect on the grain refinement are discussed in this review paper.
1.2.1 Effect of manganese on the grain refinement in Mg–Al based alloys:
Manganese has been used as iron remover in the magnesium alloys [4–4]. Tiner [4–5] had
investigated the effect of 0.19% or more of Mn in Mg–Al alloys and found that superheating has
given grain

Iron Concentration Lab Report
The concentration of Iron(iii) in Irn–Bru affects many things about the drink. Using UV
spectroscopy the concentration of Iron(iii) can be calculated and compared to the stated value on the
bottle. Iron(iii) is a transition metal ion that plays a key role in many important biological process,
its concentration has to be carefully controlled by the body. A level of Iron(iii) that is higher than
usual will cause damage to tissues, such as the liver and in extreme cases can be fatal. The amount
of Iron(iii) in Irn–Bru has to be controlled within very narrow constraints. The concentration of
Iron(iii) cannot be measured directly due to weak absorbance of Iron(iii) especially in the visible
region of the electromagnetic spectrum . To measure the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This error is mostly likely due to errors made in the initial mixing of the solutions. The dilutions
may not have been performed correctly with too much Irn–Bru being added causing more Iron(iii)
to be in the solution. Thus increasing the absorbance, therefore the value of the x–intercept becomes
more negative resulting in the calculated value for the concentration of Iron(iii) in Irn–Bru being
higher than the actual value. The recommended daily amount of Iron(iii) for men is 8.7mg and
14.8mg for women. This amount can be taken in from the standard daily diet, if more than 20mg of
Iron(iii) is ingested it can cause stomach pain and nausea and very high does can be fatal .This
means that if a large quantity of Irn–Bru is ingested it can cause serious harm as, if a women is
consuming 14.8mg of Iron(iii) a day 1.5l of Irn–Bru could cause stomach pains and nausea. ³ In
conclusion, I used UV spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of Iron(iii) in Irn–Bru by
using ammonium thioglycolate so a colouring agent and a measured quantity of known
concentration of Iron(iii). This data shows us the amount of Iron(iii) in the drink which can be used
to access the dietary effect of the

Increasing Demand For Renewable Fuels
Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative
feedstocks, including microalgae. Inherent advantages of microalgae include high potential yield,
use of non–arable land, and integration with waste streams. Large–scale production of biofuel from
microalgae will require the integration of growth platforms with point source carbon dioxide such as
coal derived flue gas. The introduction of this waste stream into the growth system will inevitably
introduce trace heavy metals which have a high affinity to bind to microalgal cells, could be toxic to
the cells, and if transferred to the microalgae could impact the end use of the derived products.
heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2 Introduction
Global demand for energy is putting increased pressure on various resources including traditional
fossil reserves while igniting interest in the development of substitute energy such as non–traditional
fossil reserves, alternative energy and biobased energy. Negative environmental impacts associated
with the consumption of fossil fuels have further inspired the development and investigation of
alternative energy resources. The US annually consumes approximately 100 quadrillion BTUs of
energy with 80% being derived from fossil sources corresponding to 5 billion metric tons of carbon
dioxide emissions, with approximately 30% of those emissions derived from the combustion of coal
for electrical energy production [1,2]. Recent regulation on the reduction of carbon emissions from
coal has further sparked the evaluation of the synergistic integration of microalgae production with
coal based flue gas as the carbon source [3,4]. Further, microalgae represent a promising alternative
biofuel feedstock with high productivity rates, year round cultivation, integration with various waste
streams, and the use of low quality land and water [5]. The technical evaluation of microalgae based
biofuel systems has been traditionally performed through techno–economics and life cycle
assessment with the majority of these evaluations assuming the seamless integration of

Analysis Of The Book ' Sacrifice Zones By Steve Lerner
In the book, Sacrifice Zones, Steve Lerner takes readers through twelve separate stories of
communities in the United States that have been unwillingly exposed to high levels of
environmental toxicity. In each of these cases, citizens of those communities reacted to and pushed
back against being exposed to toxic chemicals, sometimes successfully and sometimes less so. In
every case, the people most heavily exposed to these health hazards were minorities and low–
income citizens, which, Lerner argues, is why government officials and corporate decision–makers
chose knowingly to risk exposing them. This paper will outline Lerner's book and argue that despite
a long history of protests, lawsuits, media attention and nationwide outrage, willing exposure of
low–income and minority Americans to toxic chemicals in the pursuit of government and corporate
interests is still a major problem today. There is certainly not enough space to examine all twelve
stories presented in Lerner's book in this paper, and they are all shocking–both in terms of the level
of exposure to toxic chemicals and the questionable choices of corporate and government officials–
but a few stories stand out.
In Marietta, Ohio, a steel plant called Eramet has been pumping the air full of a toxic chemical
called Manganese. The chemical is known to cause health problems, particularly damaging to
neurochemical and motor function. When a study confirmed that manganese concentrations in the
area were much higher than

Clo2 Residual Testing Method
CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE
105
7. ANALYTICAL METHODS
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting,
measuring, and/or monitoring chlorine dioxide and chlorite, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of
exposure and effect to chlorine dioxide and chlorite. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of
analytical methods. Rather, the intention is to identify well–established methods that are used as the
standard methods of analysis. Many of the analytical methods used for environmental samples are
the methods approved by federal agencies and organizations such as EPA and the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Other methods presented in this chapter ... Show
The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the chlorine dioxide in water. Indicators used
for this technique include N,N–diethyl–p–phenylenediamine, chlorophenol red, and methylene blue
(APHA 1998; Fletcher and Hemming 1985; Quentel et al. 1994; Sweetin et al. 1996). For example,
chlorophenol red selectively reacts with chlorine dioxide at pH 7 with a detection limit of 0.12
mg/L. The interferences from chlorine may be reduced by the addition of oxalic acid, sodium
cyclamate, or thioacetamide (Sweetin et al. 1996). APHA Method 4500–CLO2–B, iodometric
titration analysis, measures the concentration of chlorine dioxide in water by titration with iodide,
which is reduced to form iodine. Iodine is then measured colorimetrically when a blue color forms
from the production of a starch–iodine complex. The detection limit for this method is 20 µg/L
(APHA 1998).
CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE 7. ANALYTICAL METHODS
107
Table 7–1. Analytical Methods for Determining Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite in Environmental
Samples
Sample matrix Preparation method
Air Workplace air None.
Analytical method
Toxic gas vapor detector tube

Sample Percent detection limit recovery Reference
0.05 ppm No data EPA 1997 Björkholm et al. 1990; Hekmat et al. 1994 (OSHA Method 202) Hoehn
et al. 2000 (EPA Method 300.0) Pfaff and Brockhoff 1990 No data APHA 1998 (Method
4500CLO2–D)
Diffusion of air into potasIon chromatosium iodide solution at pH 7. graphy (of chlorite ion

Acid Rain Essay
Acid rain is rain that is more acidic than normal. Acid rain is a complicated problem.
Caused by air pollution, acid rain's spread and damage involves weather, chemistry, soil, and the life
cycles of plants and animals on the land and from acid rain in the water.
Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is the major cause of
acid rain. Power plants and factories burn coal and oil. Power plants use that coal and oil to produce
the electricity we need to heat and light our homes and to run our electric appliances. We also burn
natural gas, coal, and oil to heat our homes.
The smoke and fumes from burning fossil fuels rise into the atmosphere and combine with the
moisture in the air to form acid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some instances, these gases and particles can eat away the things on which they settle. Dry
deposited gases and particles are sometimes washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms.
When that happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more
acidic than the falling rain alone. The combination of acid rain plus dry deposited acid is called acid
deposition.
The chemical reactions that change air pollution to acid rain can take from several hours to several
days. Years ago, when smokestacks were only a few stories high, pollution from smokestacks
usually stayed near the ground and settled on land nearby.
This caused unhealthy conditions for plants and animals near the smokestacks. To reduce this
pollution, the government passed a law permitting the construction of very tall smokestacks. At that
time, people thought that if the pollution were sent high into the air it would no longer be a problem.
Scientists now know that this is incorrect.
Sending pollution high into the sky increases the time that the pollution stays in the air. The longer
the pollution is in the air, the greater are the chances that the pollutants will form acid rain. In
addition, the wind can carry these pollutants for hundreds of miles before they become joined with
water droplets to form acid rain. For that reason, acid rain can also be a problem in areas far from
the polluting smokestacks.
Dry

Redox Reactions : Alkaline Batteries
For many years now batteries have been our primary source of energy, acting as the driving force
behind our business', transportation and electronic devises, ensuring our day–to–day lives run
smoothly. It is safe to say that they play a fundamental role in powering our 21st century lives, but
have you ever stopped to wonder where this energy might come from, or just how batteries work?
Alkaline batteries, in particular, have provided us with energy on the go for over two centuries, with
the global demand ever–increasing due to the constant introduction of new and innovative portable
electronic devises, the industry is always growing, advancing and developing as our understanding
of the underlying electrochemical process grows.
While electrolysis, the passage of a direct electric current through an ion–containing solution
(Adams, 2014), supports the running of the battery it is redox reactions that primarily drive the
batteries function. Redox Reactions occur in a multitude of real life situations every day, from
photosynthesis to powering the battery in your computer. A redox reaction primarily involves the
transfer of electrons between two chemical species. The compound that loses an electron is
oxidized, while the one that gains an electron is reduced (Campbell, 2011). The oxidation and
reduction reaction the occurs in the battery are called "half–equations", as neither can be carried out
alone, thus the sole term redox reaction is used. An oxidation reaction is

Factors That Affect The Growth And Germination Rates Were...
Plants are an essential part of survival for humans and animals and contribute significantly to
various areas of the lives of organisms. In order to better understand the different plants and its
requirements the growth and germination rates were investigated. The hypothesis stated that if the
dicotolydeons and monocotyledons are placed in the same environment and watered regularly, then
the dicotyledons will have a faster growth and germination rate.
In order for plants to survive, it is a necessity for the process of photosynthesis to occur.
Photosynthesis is the process wherein plants create oxygen and food for themselves (glucose) using
carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun. Once this process is completed, plants are able to
grow using the nutrients provided by photosynthesis.
Word equation: carbon dioxide + water (SUNLIGHT AND CHLORYPHYLL) glucose + oxygen
There are many factors that affect photosynthesis such as light availability, carbon dioxide
concentration and temperature. Light is a limiting factor as if there is not enough light available, the
rate of photosynthesis will decrease. This is because without the light, the chlorophyll (not be
created) will be unable to absorb energy from the sun, resulting in no food which is required for
survival. Temperature plays an essential role in photosynthesis as well. As the temperature increases,
so does the rate of photosynthesis. As it is a chemical reaction, an increase in temperature will cause
enzymes and

Solution Of Environmental Pollution
Introduction
Environmental pollution as a result of man's increasing activities such as burning of fossil fuels and
automobile exhaust emission has increased considerably in the past century due mainly to
significant increases in economic activities and industrialization. Burning of fossil fuels and
petroleum industry activities have be identified as primary sources of atmospheric metallic burden
leading to environmental pollution. In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make
electricity is the largest source of heat–trapping pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2
every year. The second largest source of carbon pollution is the transportation sector, generates
about 1.7 billion tons of CO2 emissions every year. Several studies have shown that heavy metals
such as lead, cadmium, nickel, manganese and chromium amongst others are responsible for certain
diseases. Hence more Advanced Emission Detection Methods is become more important for us to
control the greenhouse gases and other pollution gases emit to the atmosphere.
Combustion
The combustion of fossil fuels is the most common pollution maker in modern society. Which
including petroleum products, coal and nature gas. The chemical structures of those fossil fuels are
different and after reaction they could generate different greenhouse gas, also impurity fuel contains
some toxic heavy metal, they may react with oxygen and exhaust into atmosphere. Lead is a
common industrial metal that has become widespread in air, water, soil and food. It is naturally
occurring metal that has been used in many industrial activities. In the atmosphere, lead exists
primarily in the form of PbSO4 and PbCO3. Also, cadmium is a primary pollution in atmosphere,
the principal form of cadmium in air is cadmium oxide, although some cadmium salts, such as
cadmium chloride, can enter the air during incineration.
Petroleum Products
The most common petroleum product would be gasoline, almost every single car need gasoline to
operate. And the about 1.7 billion tons of CO2 emissions every year. The reaction of gasoline with
Oxygen can be shown below:
C_8 H_18+12.5 O_2 →8 CO_2+9 H_2 O
This shows the stomachic reactions between gasoline and pure oxygen, which

Explain How Global Climate Change May Affect Food System
1) Define a food system and explain how global climate change may affect food systems. How
much more food is predicted to be needed by the year 2050? (7.1.1., pg 490)
All of the necessary goods from processes and infrastructure for a population to have food security.
This includes all of the following: gathering/catching, growing, production aspects, storing,
processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, and consuming of food, and disposing of food
waste. Also including socioeconomic and environmental factors. Assuming the current food system
remains unchanged, 60% more food will need to become available by 2050. There is medium
evidence, high agreement that changes in food system drivers cause a change to food security.
2) Currently, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adaptations to human induced warming, causing changes to net precipitation. A change in regions
precipitations will highly affect the success of agricultural businesses. There is evidence that farmers
in some regions are already adapting to climate related changes. Climate related changes to fisheries
may include management and policy actions that maximize resilience to over–exploited areas and
multi–sector adaptive measures to best reduce the consequences of a warming climate. Proper
adaptations cannot solve the world's problems, but they can decrease the adverse effects of human
induced global

Why Are My Fish Dying? Lab
Why Are My Fish Dying? Lab Jillian Jeffries Cadiz Marine Eco Period 4 November 19'th, 2014
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to identify the element that is causing the fish in the Halibut tank
to die, by testing each variable between both of the identical tanks. Background Information: To
truly understand the cause of this awful fish mortality crisis in the HAGS Company, it is essential
that we gather all the information we can about the normal living conditions of both the Halibut and
Grunion fish. Halibut or Hippoglossus, is a flatfish from the family of the right–eye flounder fish,
the largest of all the flatfish, and can grow to more than 8 ft long and 700 lbs. They usually reside in
the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, and are a readily enjoyed food all around the world.
Physically, they are dark brown on the top side with a cream underbelly and have very small scales
embedded within their skin.This color scheme is a form of countershading and disguises Halibut
from above and from below by blending into the light above and the ocean floor below
simultaneously. Halibut live at depths from nearly 10–100 meters, yet spend most of their time near
the bottom, they can often move up the water column to feed.Younger Halibut, up to 10 years of
age, are highly migratory, and generally migrate in a clockwise direction. Relatively inactive yet
strong swimmers, able to eat a large variety of fish such as cod, crab, and shrimp. Adult Atlantic

Chlorine
Chlorine
Zachary Grindle
Chemistry 1301
Professor Bott
June 24, 2010
Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.453, atomic number 17, is a member of the halogen family
(VIIA), and its symbol is "Cl". Chlorine contains 17 protons and 18 neutrons in is nucleus. There are
two isotopes for chlorine as well; Cl–35 and Cl–37. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish
chemist Carl Wilhelm Sheele. Sheele came upon chlorine when he put a few drops of hydrochloric
acid (HCl), then known as muriatic acid, onto a piece of manganese dioxide (MnO2). This caused a
reaction where the pricduct was a yellowish–green gas that would later be named chlorine. At this
point Sheele thought that this gas contained oxygen and was some sort of oxygen compound, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ferric chloride's physical state is an orange to brown–black solid.
Hydrogen Gold Chloride (HAuCl2)
Hydrogen gold chloride is formed again from volcanic reactions. Volcanoes release gases that
include steam, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
The magma that come from volcanoes contains gold and when this magma and the gases react
together, one of the compounds formed is hydrogen gold chloride. The physical state is red crystals.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
At room temperature hydrochloric acid is a colorless gas. HCl is the compound known as
hydrochloric acid, much like H2O is the compound known as water. Hydrochloric acid is produced
naturally from the earth, with volcanic eruptions being one outlet.
Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4)
Titanium Tetrachloride is made by a chemical reaction involving titanium dioxide, chlorine gas, and
carbon at 1,000 degrees Celsius. When mixed together titanium tetrachloride and carbon dioxide gas
are formed. Here is how the reaction looks: TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C –––––– TiCl4 + CO2. The physical
state of titanium tetrachloride is a yellow liquid.

Trichlorosilane (HSiCl3)
In the process of getting pure silicon, trichlorosilane is used as an intermediate compound. First
silicon must be separated from oxygen where it is found naturally as SiO2. This reaction

Chemical Reaction Lab Report On Chemical Reactions
Komal Patel
Chemistry Honors
Period: 5
February 29, 2016
Chemical Reaction Lab Report
Introduction
A chemical reaction is when substances (reactants) change into other substances (products). The five
general types of chemical reactions are synthesis (also known as direct combination),
decomposition, single replacement (also known as single displacement), double replacement (also
known as double displacement), and combustion. In this lab, the five general types of chemical
reactions were conducted and observations were taken before, during, and after the reaction. Then
the reactants and observations were used to determine the products to form a balanced chemical
equation. The purpose of this lab was to learn and answer the question: How can observations be
used to determine the identity of substances produced in a chemical reaction?
Results
Chemical Reactions Conducted in the Lab (#1)
Station:
Type of Reaction:
Balanced Chemical Equation:
1
Synthesis Mg
2Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(aq)
1
Synthesis Mg and water
MgO(aq) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq)
2
Decomposition
NaHCO3
2NaHCO3(s) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NaCO3(s)
3
Decomposition H2O2
2H202(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
4

Single Replacement
Cu
2AgNO3(aq) + 2Cu(s) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
5
Single Replacement
Zn
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
6
Double
Replacement
Na2CO3
Na2CO3(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
6
Double
Replacement
NaOH
2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
Combustion
Methane Gas
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) +

Acid Rain : The Cause And Effects Of Acid Rain
One hundred twenty years ago the British scientific August Smith, just focus his studies on air in
Manchester, England, he created a network of monitoring the quality of rain in northern Europe,
where he recognized acid rain. During the last ten years, acid rain have been an important cause of
concern because it continues to pollute large areas of our planet. Acid rain occurs (following the
direction of the link) in the areas of important industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx).
The first time this problem was raised in a forum was in 1972 during the United Nations Conference
in Stockholm. The objective of that meeting was to raise the issues about the Environment. The
government of Sweden presented a report which spoke of the pollution of the air that came from
some countries by the wind, where high concentrations of sulfur were generating the rains with acid.
These oxidized sulfur compounds came from the thermal plants of Great Britain. In addition, they
said that this pollution damaged the ecosystems generating the contamination of lakes and water
through acid rain or snowfall with much sulfuric acid.
Effects of Acid Rain
The effects of acid rain can be devastating (in a long run) from the acidification of rivers, lakes and
seas that would not be able to permit aquatic life, to the death of plant life in entire forests.
Manmade products, like monuments and buildings, wear out more easily with acid rain. Many
damages have happened because of this. For example statues and monuments made of marble or
limestone, are destroyed with acid rain.
Acid rain does not directly kill plants and trees, but acts through certain mechanisms that weaken
them, making them more vulnerable to wind, cold, drought, diseases and parasites. Acid rain sulfate
reduces methane in wetland areas, which also potentiates the greenhouse effects that global warming
and climate change, which we are so afraid of today, has been potentiating.
Effects in terrestrial ecosystem
Nowadays acid rain is one of the factors that cause serious depletion of forests in northern Europe
and the USA. Acid precipitation changes the chemistry of soils; this causes the elimination of
vegetation. In addition, many minerals that

The Effect Of Superphosphate On The Local Community And...
In the following report I will be explaining the use of 'superphosphate' in our local community and
how it helps in the process of fertilising. The fertiliser made by using local rock containing
fluorapatite( referenced from instruction sheet ) which is combined with sulphuric acid resulting in
the solution of 'superphosphate' being formed. Also we will be discussing how 'superphosphate'
affects the community and the environment surrounding it, alongside how is produced and the by–
products formed and the effects of these by–products.
Use of Superphosphate in New Zealand
Superphosphate is locally produced in New Zealand, being a fertiliser it is used for its intended
purpose of fertilising plants to stunt growth. Superphosphate is produced by reacting local rock and
sulfuric acid, to form a 'superphosphate' which reacts with our local soils in the hope to increase the
growth within these plants. Mixed with the soil, the superphosphate allows for optimal growth
within the plants – producing the most favourable crops. It has these effects on crops as the soils
within New Zealand are very low in phosphate, which is one of the critical nutrients needed to
stimulate plant growth. While the other important nutrients are found the soils, very small amounts
of phosphate are present. Therefore we have to externally add 'superphosphate' to provide the vital
nutrients needed for stimulation in plant growth, to give the plant a source of phosphate allowing for
optimum growth.

Essay about Exp 4 Soo Jin Park 73426
Name: Soo Jin Park
Date: 03/30/2015
Exp 4: Properties of Gases
Lab Section: 73426
Data Tables:
Hydrogen
Step B: Describe the zinc and acid reaction.
As placing a small piece of Zn(mossy zinc) metal into the test tube containing the diluted
HCI(Hydrochloric Acid) solution, gas bubbles rose from the solution slowly at the beginning and
vigorously in process of time. As this reaction continued for a long time, transparent solution turned
into white opaque color and black precipitates were formed and floated.
Step G: Record your observations with the flame and the hydrogen gas.
When gently squeezing a small portion of the hydrogen gas into the flame, the flame showed small
flash with a pop.
Oxygen
Step B: Describe the hydrogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part 3
Step F: Observe and record the reaction results with the limewater.
The lime water turned into white opaque color, and gas bubbles and white precipitate was formed,
as placed the open end of the gas delivery tube(reaction between Alka Seltzer tablet + water) into
the limewater.
Part 4
Step C: Record your observations of your breath with the limewater.
As I blow gently into the limewater with a straw, the limewater turned into opaque white color.
Conclusion:
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate some physical and chemical properties of gases and
to use these properties to identify these gases when they are encountered.

I could learn how to identity Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and hydrogen and oxygen
mixture when they are present through this experiment. Before conducting this experiment, I should
know the combustion chemical reaction first to predict right results. The most interesting thing was
the experiment for gases of hydrogen and oxygen mixture. Through the reaction between hydrogen
and oxygen, H2O is produced. H2O is water as we know. So I just expected that flame would blow
out due to the water vapor. But it was wrong. The flame grew bigger with a pop and a flash.
To reduce error for this experiment, it was crucial to collect right amounts of gases from the reaction
and handle it quickly for the next step due to properties of gases.
Questions:
A. Why do

The Effects Of Deep Sea Mining On Earth
David Richardson said "Gold and silver like other commodities have an intrinsic value which is not
arbitrary, but is dependent on their scarcity, the quantity of exertion bestowed in procuring them, and
the value of the capital employed in the mines which produce them."
Deep sea mining is a process to retrieve minerals from the ocean floor at a thousand or more of the
surface. Deep sea mining is constituted the largest and least understood biological habitat on Earth
and has become an environmental risk with the impacts of deep sea mining have been enormous and
unavoidable because of the seabed habitat degradation around vast ocean areas, species extinctions,
condensed habitat complexity have become slow and with the insertion of recovery, suspended
sediment plume and toxic plume from the surface of ore dewatering, pelagic ecosystem impacts,
undersea noise, and ore and oil spill in transport. When deep sea mining the primary problem is
when the biological habitats on the Earth with extraordinary adaptions and bizarre organisms is a
beauty and mystery in the world. When the regions are characterized with darkness that is infused
with bioluminescence, with extreme pressure, cold temperatures, high biodiversity with over a
million species and not even half of the million have not been identified, with slow growth and
reproductive rates and with a high sensitivity to the disturbance. By understanding the deep sea of
ecosystems with growing industrial interests,

Types Of Deep Sea Mining Essay
A huge problem with deep sea mining is that the sea/ ocean waters is something that humans have
not even begun to scratch the surface of grasping a full understanding of it. The sea is the largest
biological habitat on this earth and is not understood. There are so many undiscovered incredible
organisms are all potential he homes by deep–sea mine. Extreme temperatures, pitch black darkness
and a giant amount of bio diverse city, most of which are very sensitive to any disturbance just a
little light could throw them off. Is sure of all this, with such a limited understanding of all these
concepts and increasing demand for mining could result in a detrimental damage to the environment
which is possibly irreversible. Impacts including the degrading of habitats, possible extinctions from
oil being spelled in the work process to toxic plumes. From my research I have concluded that there
are three different types of Deep sea mining minerals that are of high interest to big industries and
governments worldwide which consists of Polymetallic nodules (manganese nodules) ~ these are a
form of rock formed at the bottom of the sea consisting of layers of manganese hydroxides and iron
around its core and can be crystalized to become manganese minerals. Next on this list is seafloor
massive sulphide and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts. Seafloor massive sulfide being the "modern
eqivalents of ancient volcanic massive sulfide ore deposits", and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts
are

Condensation Lab
In part A, the gas produced by the manganese dioxide and hydrogen peroxide, then igniting it is
likely oxygen. During the glowing splint test, the splint reignited when it entered the test tube. This
is because oxygen fuels fire, therefore it was present in order for the glowing flint to reignite.
Therefore, the gas produced is O2. In part B, the gas produced by mixing hydrochloric acid and
baking soda, then igniting it is likely Carbon dioxide. This is because a white solid formed above the
compound, a result of Carbon dioxide. Additionally, the condensation form shows that hydrogen gas
was also produced during the test. This concludes that hydrogen and Carbon dioxide were gases that
were produced by this test. In part C, the gas produced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This likely did not cause any direct influence on the results as a splint was lit by the Bunsen burner,
meaning the tests were not directly performed with the Bunsen burner. A result of this is a possible
timing issue as the Bunsen burner had to be reignited, meaning the gas produced in the test tube may
have been altered, giving different results than intended. Also, during the recording stage of the
tests, it was hard to keep track of all the reactions and record them. This resulted in some critical
points possibly being

Release of Heavy Metals in the Environment
Release of heavy metals in the environment is one of the major pollution problems. Day by day
concentration of these metals is increasing in water supplies due to various industrial processing.
Different industries such as steel manufacturing, fertilizer and pesticide industry, leather tanning,
electroplating, metallurgy, mining and smelting of metalliferous, surface finishing industry, energy
and fuel production industries, electrolysis, electro–osmosis, photography, electric appliance
manufacturing, metal surface treating industries are mainly responsible for releasing heavy metals
into the environment , effluents of these industries are mainly loaded with heavy metals ions.
These heavy metals are very toxic for all living organisms even at very low concentration. Most
common examples of heavy metals are Zinc, Cadmium, Chromium, Arsenic, Lead and Copper.
Heavy metals are classified in three categories on the basis of nature of metal and its value and these
metals have higher specific weight usually more than 5.0 g/cm3 (Bishop, 2002; Volesky, 1990;
Wang & Chen, 2006).
1. Toxic heavy metals including Cr, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, As, Co, Sn, etc.,
2. Precious metals such as Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Ru etc.
3. Radionuclides such as U, Th, Ra, Am, etc.
Extensive research has been done in previous years for the detoxification of heavy metal ions.
There are mainly three methods available for the removal of heavy metals physical, chemical and
biological.
Chemical precipitation, ion

Should Mountaintop Removal Be Banned
Since the 1970s, mountaintop removal continues to destroy millions of acres of land and hundreds
of mountains primarily in eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia, southwestern Virginia, and
eastern Tennessee. That leaves many communities who are near mountaintop removal sites
threatened by the explosions and the toxic waste that can potentially harm them. Mountaintop
removal also has a big impact deforestation which can cause global warming and lead to many
endangered species. Mountaintop removal should be banned because it involves permanent
deforestation, it harms local communities by using explosives near their community and destroying
their drinking water, and it harms the climate by emitting carbon dioxide from burning coal.
One of the reasons why it should be banned is because it involves permanent deforestation.
According to the Appalachian Voices Organization, "This means not only lost wildlife habitat, but
also the steady disappearance of a forest system that naturally captures and holds ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mountaintop removal causes permanent deforestation, which can harm the habitats of endangered
animals and cause global warming and erosion. Local towns have to face the many dangers and
consequences that affects their community like having their drinking water being poisoned by toxic
chemicals and worrying about their home being destroyed by a boulder from the blastings caused by
a mountaintop removal site. Many people only realize how cheap and more efficient it is compared
to other coal mining strategies and think it's safe because miners don't have to risk going
underground to mine. Everyone needs to pay attention to how much this method of mining is
affecting the climate, the environment, and other people's safety and health and not only on how it is
benefitting us economically because it is doing more damage environmentally than we think it

Manganese : The Most Abundant Metal Of The World
Manganese
History
Manganese (symbol Mn) is the fifth most abundant metal in the world. It is not found as a pure
element in nature, rather it is bound to oxygen or other elements. Johann Gottleib Gahn, a Swedish
mineralogist, is credited as the first person who was able to isolate the metal Mn from the dioxide
MnO2. (chemistry explained). Manganese has a great many uses in the industrial world. Manganese
is used in the production of iron, steel, dry cell batteries, coins, as an additive in unleaded gasoline,
and as a coloring agent for glass and ceramic (education). It was not until the 1930's that
manganese's nutritional importance was recognized. Scientist A.H. Noris discovered that a lack of
manganese in the diet of poultry produced bone malformations (moyak). Further research concluded
that manganese is needed in very small amounts in the cells of humans. Around 15–20 mg of
manganese is stored in the body, mainly in the bones, liver, kidneys, and pancreas (maryland). It is
an essential nutrient for a large range of enzymatic reactions in the body. However, manganese
ingestion or inhalation in large amounts can be extremely toxic to humans.
Nomenclature Manganese, whose name is derived from the Latin word magnes (meaning magnet) is
a transition metal with atomic number 25 and an atomic weight of 54.938 amu. In the body, it can be
found as Mn2+ and Mn3+, but the metal also exists as Mn+4 and Mn+7 oxidation states (Gropper,
2012). In the mitochondria of

Ap Biology Unit 12 Study Guide
The nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane which has pores to allow RNA and proteins. The
nucleus functions the activity in a plant cell and stores the plant's DNA. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus which produces ribosomes. The ribosomes then transport out of
the nucleolus and to the rough endoplasmic reticulum for a process called protein synthesis. (Plant
Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that plays a large role in synthesising and proteins.
This is an important process called protein synthesis. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for production and packaging of lipids and
steroids. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
Ribosomes are rich in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nutrients that are obtained from the soil from plant roots are nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium,
Sulfur, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Boron, Manganese, Zinc, Molybdenum, Copper. These twelve
elements that are obtained from the soil are called mineral nutrients which are then split into more
groups; primary, intermediate and micronutrients (Essential Nutrients, n.d.). Primary nutrients are
called by its name because they needed and are found in the most amounts. Primary nutrients
include nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. The intermediate nutrients are sulfur, magnesium and
calcium which are found less in soil than primary nutrients. Primary and secondary nutrients are
called macronutrients. Iron, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum and copper are called
micronutrients because they are needed in very small amounts. So small in fact that they are needed
in parts per million, where 10000 parts per million is 1% of the plants intake (Essential Nutrients,
n.d.). This doesn't mean that the plant won't grow as well without it though, these nutrients can still
be essential to maximum growth spurt (Essential Nutrients,

Chemistry Practical Investigation-Volumetric Analysis
Chemistry Practical Investigation–Volumetric Analysis
Discussion:
Based on the data obtained, the precision of obtaining the data is high. This is because the data
shows closeness between one another. It shows the reproducibility of a set of measured quantity. The
data obtained showed three concordant titres where the titre volumes differ by less than 0.1mL from
the highest to the lowest. The variability of a measurement cannot be determined from a single
measurement, therefore multiple measurements (replicates) are made to check reproducibility.
Three concordant titres are needed to calculate the average titre. Concordant titre is when you are
calculating the concentration of a solution by titration the expression "concordant titres" refers to are
a series of successive titration with similar results. In practice this may be three successive titres
with readings within a 0.10mL range which you then find the average titre value for the
concentration calculation. Concordant titre is done to minimize the effect of random error and
improve the precision result as precision is correspondent to the random errors of the measurement
process.
Random errors are caused by factors that randomly affect measurement. Random errors are errors in
measurement that lead to measured values being inconsistent. The word random indicates that they
are unpredictable and have unexpected value even when the same instrument is used. If random
error is present in this experiment it would be because

The Harmful Effects Of Acid Rain And Its Effects
ABSTRACT
This report is written to explain about acid rain in detail which is one of the hazardous effects of
industrialization around the planet. The main causes and their contribution in increasing this curse
for flora, fauna and humans. Further, this report describes various factors and it scrutinises the data
not only of its adverse effect but also of gases' amount which consequently make acid rain with
water molecules.
At the end, report ends up explaining methods to control this and solutions to recover from effects it
poses. However, rain is boon given by mother nature to all living beings but our exploitation of
environment for rat race of being powerful and economically strong has changed the water cycles,
carbon cycles, ecological balance and so on considerably. Consequently, living in this beautiful inn
is getting difficult because of various diseases originating and threatening life of living beings.
Therefore, to survive we must find ways to eliminate such disastrous and dangerous phenomenon
which are happening because of our activities.
Well, data analysis of information gathered from different sources is done only to support the report.
There is no intention of taking credit for any information taken from other sources.
P a g e | – 3 –
REPORT ON ACID RAIN
DEFINITION
Corrosive downpour is a downpour or whatever viable structure of precipitation that is curiously
acidic, intending that it need raised levels from claiming hydrogen ions (low pH). It could bring

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