This document discusses using a written questionnaire to survey people's pronunciation preferences and knowledge of their own phonological system. It describes several investigations that have used this approach, including surveys of French and British/American English. The written questionnaire technique is useful for large-scale surveys but not for details of phonetic realization. Questions typically ask about lexical incidence, stress placement, or phonemic contrasts rather than phonetic details. The technique provides information about a speaker's phonological knowledge rather than accurate reports of their own pronunciation.
This document discusses using written questionnaires to survey people's pronunciation preferences and patterns. It describes several investigations that have used this approach, including surveys of French and British English pronunciation. Written questionnaires can provide large-scale data on variability in lexical incidence and phonological systems, though they are not suitable for surveying phonetic detail. The surveys revealed associations between pronunciation preferences and factors like age, education level, and region. Written questionnaires allow efficient large-scale data collection to supplement intuitions and model speakers' phonological knowledge.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the extent to which pronunciation research has been a focus of second language acquisition studies over the past decade. The researchers analyzed over 2,900 articles published in 14 applied linguistics journals between 1999-2008. They found that on average, pronunciation was the focus in only 4-7% of articles. While some journals had special issues on pronunciation that increased percentages recently, pronunciation remains underrepresented overall. The document also categorizes common topics of pronunciation research articles, such as teacher education, pedagogical implications, fluency, and intelligibility.
This document describes an auditory masked priming study that investigated lexical access in native English speakers with differing familial handedness (FS+ vs FS-). The study presented word and pseudoword targets preceded by related or unrelated primes at varying intervals. Results showed FS+ individuals experienced word repetition priming on average 29 ms, while FS- individuals only showed priming for high frequency words. This suggests FS+ individuals have more efficient isolated lexical processing than FS-.
This document discusses corpus linguistics and its applications in semantic and pragmatic studies. It provides definitions and examples of corpus linguistics, prominent corpora that are used in research, and how corpus linguistics can be applied to study semantic prosody. The document also discusses how corpus linguistics can inform the study of semantics versus pragmatics and provides examples of studies analyzing nominal compounds, genre analysis, and other linguistic features using corpus-driven approaches.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on appropriate use of sources in academic writing. It discusses key concepts like writer's voice, attribution, plagiarism, paraphrasing, citation patterns, and reporting verbs. The presentation notes that conventions for using sources vary between disciplines, with humanities fields tending to use more direct quotations and integral citations that prominently feature the author. Sciences typically employ non-integral citations to maintain an impression of objectivity. Overall, the document stresses the importance of properly attributing borrowed information and acknowledging conventions within one's own field and genre.
Corpus Approaches to the Language of Literature 2008Martin Wynne
An overview of current approaches to the study of literature which make use of the techniques, tools and resources of corpus linguistics. Written and presented in 2008.
This study investigated whether English speakers are sensitive to probabilistic phonotactic constraints in their language. The researchers created quadruplets of nonsense syllables that either contained relatively frequent vowel-consonant (VC) sequences (High syllables) or less frequent VC sequences (Low syllables). In Experiment 1, participants rated the nonsense syllables on how word-like they sounded. Participants rated High syllables significantly higher than Low syllables, indicating sensitivity to the relative frequency of VC sequences in English. Further analysis found that for most quadruplets and octuplets, significantly more participants rated both High syllables as more word-like than both Low syllables, suggesting this effect was not due to chance.
This document discusses using written questionnaires to survey people's pronunciation preferences and patterns. It describes several investigations that have used this approach, including surveys of French and British English pronunciation. Written questionnaires can provide large-scale data on variability in lexical incidence and phonological systems, though they are not suitable for surveying phonetic detail. The surveys revealed associations between pronunciation preferences and factors like age, education level, and region. Written questionnaires allow efficient large-scale data collection to supplement intuitions and model speakers' phonological knowledge.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the extent to which pronunciation research has been a focus of second language acquisition studies over the past decade. The researchers analyzed over 2,900 articles published in 14 applied linguistics journals between 1999-2008. They found that on average, pronunciation was the focus in only 4-7% of articles. While some journals had special issues on pronunciation that increased percentages recently, pronunciation remains underrepresented overall. The document also categorizes common topics of pronunciation research articles, such as teacher education, pedagogical implications, fluency, and intelligibility.
This document describes an auditory masked priming study that investigated lexical access in native English speakers with differing familial handedness (FS+ vs FS-). The study presented word and pseudoword targets preceded by related or unrelated primes at varying intervals. Results showed FS+ individuals experienced word repetition priming on average 29 ms, while FS- individuals only showed priming for high frequency words. This suggests FS+ individuals have more efficient isolated lexical processing than FS-.
This document discusses corpus linguistics and its applications in semantic and pragmatic studies. It provides definitions and examples of corpus linguistics, prominent corpora that are used in research, and how corpus linguistics can be applied to study semantic prosody. The document also discusses how corpus linguistics can inform the study of semantics versus pragmatics and provides examples of studies analyzing nominal compounds, genre analysis, and other linguistic features using corpus-driven approaches.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on appropriate use of sources in academic writing. It discusses key concepts like writer's voice, attribution, plagiarism, paraphrasing, citation patterns, and reporting verbs. The presentation notes that conventions for using sources vary between disciplines, with humanities fields tending to use more direct quotations and integral citations that prominently feature the author. Sciences typically employ non-integral citations to maintain an impression of objectivity. Overall, the document stresses the importance of properly attributing borrowed information and acknowledging conventions within one's own field and genre.
Corpus Approaches to the Language of Literature 2008Martin Wynne
An overview of current approaches to the study of literature which make use of the techniques, tools and resources of corpus linguistics. Written and presented in 2008.
This study investigated whether English speakers are sensitive to probabilistic phonotactic constraints in their language. The researchers created quadruplets of nonsense syllables that either contained relatively frequent vowel-consonant (VC) sequences (High syllables) or less frequent VC sequences (Low syllables). In Experiment 1, participants rated the nonsense syllables on how word-like they sounded. Participants rated High syllables significantly higher than Low syllables, indicating sensitivity to the relative frequency of VC sequences in English. Further analysis found that for most quadruplets and octuplets, significantly more participants rated both High syllables as more word-like than both Low syllables, suggesting this effect was not due to chance.
This document provides an overview of various lexical concepts that can be investigated using a corpus including: phrase, phraseology, collocation, colligation, word formation processes (compounding, blending, derivation, acronyms, clipping), lexical sets (synonyms, antonyms), polysemy, and conversion between word classes. It defines each concept and provides examples found in a corpus, typically including the word and the number of concordance hits. The document discusses how corpora can provide objective evidence to study the frequency and patterns of lexical items in a language.
Contrastive linguistic por julio cesar colomaJulioCesar789
Julio Cesar Coloma studies contrastive linguistics. The document discusses key topics in contrastive linguistics including sound systems, syntax, lexis, and applied contrastive analysis. It also provides information on language clusters including initial, middle, and final consonant clusters that can occur orthographically and phonetically in different languages.
This study examined phonetic convergence in the code switching of Cantonese-English bilingual children. The researchers analyzed 1300 instances of code switching from recordings of 5 bilingual children between ages 1;5-4;6. They found evidence that when the children switched from Cantonese to English, the English words took on Cantonese tones. However, when switching from English to Cantonese, tones were sometimes but not always preserved in the Cantonese words. Interlocutors may have influenced whether tones were maintained. The children demonstrated strong awareness of the different phonological systems of their two languages.
The document discusses the importance of fluency in reading. It defines fluency as the ability to read text quickly, smoothly and automatically with little focus on decoding individual words. Developing fluency requires automaticity in multiple areas including accuracy, expression, pacing and the ability to process language and punctuation simultaneously. The goal is for readers to sound natural when reading aloud without conscious attention to decoding.
Scientists are investigating robots that mimic animal behavior to gain insight into how living creatures interact with their environments. Researchers are observing robots that can swim like fish, fly like birds, and walk like quadrupeds to understand how animals' movements evolved. The robots' abilities are still basic compared to real animals, but scientists hope to develop machines that can conquer more complex tasks by learning from animals' strategies for adapting, surviving, and working together in groups.
Corpus linguistics involves using large collections of natural language texts, known as corpora, to study patterns of language usage. Corpora provide insights into how language varies between spoken and written forms as well as formal and casual contexts. Creating corpora from spoken language through transcription can be time-consuming. Different types of corpora exist for various research topics in linguistics. Important factors in corpus design include size, representativeness, and whether the sample is based on production or reception of language. Compiling corpora, especially from spoken language, requires obtaining and processing text data.
The document summarizes research on learning to write in a second language over the past two decades. It discusses three dimensions studied: (1) qualities of texts produced, (2) writing processes, and (3) sociocultural contexts. For each dimension, research has taken micro perspectives looking at individual aspects, and macro perspectives looking at holistic development over time. The research shows learners improve syntax, vocabulary usage, and cohesion in their writing, but findings vary depending on methods, contexts and learner groups. To better understand how writing develops, examining the writing process and sociocultural influences is also important.
1. The document provides guidance on spelling out letters, syllables, words, acronyms, abbreviations, initials, and scientific/mathematical symbols in Filipino based on the revised orthography rules.
2. It lists examples of spelling and pronunciation for different types of elements including syllables, words, acronyms, initials, abbreviations, and scientific/mathematical symbols.
3. The document aims to teach proper pronunciation of letters, words, and symbols in Filipino by spelling them out according to the revised orthography rules.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
This document summarizes a study that used multidimensional analysis to examine learner involvement in personal narratives. It introduced the concept of involvement and described the research methodology, which involved analyzing linguistic features of personal narratives from Chinese, French, German and Spanish learners in the LINDSEI corpus. The results showed differences between learner groups in dimensions of involved versus informational production. Discussion focused on how multidimensional analysis can provide insights into communicative functions and how task elicitation impacts learner language analysis.
Good morning, sir. How may I help you?
Customer: Hello. I would like to inquire about the new book on Philippine folk literature that was
launched last week. Can you tell me more about it?
Assistant: Certainly. The book is titled "Our Living Heritage" and was written by Dr. Ishmael Santos.
It features over 300 folk sayings, stories, songs, and beliefs from different regions of the country.
The book aims to preserve these pieces of our cultural past and promote appreciation of our rich
folk traditions. It sells for P1,345 and is available here at the store. Would you like me to reserve a
copy for you?
Customer: Yes, please. I'm
This study explored the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon in normal adults and those with aphasia. Thirty normal subjects were divided into young, middle, and old age groups. Six subjects with fluent aphasia were also included. Both groups completed word retrieval tasks to induce TOT states and diaries to record natural TOTs. Results showed that TOTs occurred more for infrequent or long unused words. Normal subjects experienced TOTs mostly for object nouns learned in school. Aphasic subjects showed TOTs as well, with conduction aphasics demonstrating the most partial phonological recall of target words. The study provided insights into age and language deficits related to TOT
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the acoustic properties of an imitator impersonating the voice of a South Indian actor. The imitator was able to closely match the timing of some words but diverged over time. Mean formant frequencies and pitch did not match the target voice. While the imitation sounded close to the human ear, acoustic analysis showed the voices were distinct in timing, formant frequencies, and pitch. The study concludes that voice is unique and difficult to perfectly copy acoustically.
Giving able pupils a solid theoretical framework for analysing languageFrancis Gilbert
The transcript captures communications between US A-10 pilots and US Forward Air Controllers on the ground as the pilots engage what they believe to be enemy vehicles but turn out to be British armored vehicles, resulting in the killing of British soldiers. The pilots see vehicles with what they think are rocket launchers based on orange panels, but the Forward Air Controllers had not cleared the area of friendly forces. It becomes clear too late that the pilots had engaged British friendlies rather than enemy targets.
This document analyzes a corpus from an online public chat room to compare written and spoken discourse. The analysis finds that the language used in the chat room resembles spoken language more than written language. Users omit punctuation, capitalization and grammar rules. They also overlap conversations and simplify language, similar to face-to-face spoken exchanges. While the format is technically written, the style of interaction and language used mirrors casual speech between individuals more than formal written communication.
This document analyzes a corpus from an online public chat room to compare written and spoken discourse. The analysis finds that the language used in the chat room resembles spoken language more than written language. Users omit punctuation, capitalization and grammar rules. They also overlap conversations and simplify language, similar to face-to-face spoken exchanges. While the format is technically written, the style of interaction and language used mirrors casual speech between individuals more than formal written communication.
Dublinked Innovation Network Transport Event - Dr. Atif Manzoor, TCDDublinked .
The document summarizes research on smart transportation and future cities being conducted at the Distributed Systems Group at Trinity College Dublin. It discusses challenges facing urban population growth, transportation, and infrastructure. The research aims to develop smart infrastructure using multi-agent systems to manage traffic lights and transportation, collaborating smart vehicles to reduce congestion and increase safety, and smart urban sensing networks. The talks will cover challenges around congestion, pollution, accidents, and an aging population, and how the research seeks to address these through intelligent transportation systems.
The Flanders International Trade Fair in Gent, Belgium will take place from September 14-22, 2013. Nepal will be the Guest of Honor Country at this year's trade fair. The document provides basic information about the location, dates and that Nepal is being honored as the guest country at the Flanders International Trade Fair in 2013.
The document presents the findings of a feasibility study for developing a National Transport Model (NTM) for Ireland. It determines that developing an NTM would be feasible, as Ireland has many of the necessary data sources and avoids some of the challenges of scale in larger countries. The study recommends the NTM should interface and complement existing regional models, use available Irish and international transport data, and meet a wide range of planning and policy analysis needs. It provides an overview of the proposed initial structure and modular development approach for the NTM.
This document provides an overview of various lexical concepts that can be investigated using a corpus including: phrase, phraseology, collocation, colligation, word formation processes (compounding, blending, derivation, acronyms, clipping), lexical sets (synonyms, antonyms), polysemy, and conversion between word classes. It defines each concept and provides examples found in a corpus, typically including the word and the number of concordance hits. The document discusses how corpora can provide objective evidence to study the frequency and patterns of lexical items in a language.
Contrastive linguistic por julio cesar colomaJulioCesar789
Julio Cesar Coloma studies contrastive linguistics. The document discusses key topics in contrastive linguistics including sound systems, syntax, lexis, and applied contrastive analysis. It also provides information on language clusters including initial, middle, and final consonant clusters that can occur orthographically and phonetically in different languages.
This study examined phonetic convergence in the code switching of Cantonese-English bilingual children. The researchers analyzed 1300 instances of code switching from recordings of 5 bilingual children between ages 1;5-4;6. They found evidence that when the children switched from Cantonese to English, the English words took on Cantonese tones. However, when switching from English to Cantonese, tones were sometimes but not always preserved in the Cantonese words. Interlocutors may have influenced whether tones were maintained. The children demonstrated strong awareness of the different phonological systems of their two languages.
The document discusses the importance of fluency in reading. It defines fluency as the ability to read text quickly, smoothly and automatically with little focus on decoding individual words. Developing fluency requires automaticity in multiple areas including accuracy, expression, pacing and the ability to process language and punctuation simultaneously. The goal is for readers to sound natural when reading aloud without conscious attention to decoding.
Scientists are investigating robots that mimic animal behavior to gain insight into how living creatures interact with their environments. Researchers are observing robots that can swim like fish, fly like birds, and walk like quadrupeds to understand how animals' movements evolved. The robots' abilities are still basic compared to real animals, but scientists hope to develop machines that can conquer more complex tasks by learning from animals' strategies for adapting, surviving, and working together in groups.
Corpus linguistics involves using large collections of natural language texts, known as corpora, to study patterns of language usage. Corpora provide insights into how language varies between spoken and written forms as well as formal and casual contexts. Creating corpora from spoken language through transcription can be time-consuming. Different types of corpora exist for various research topics in linguistics. Important factors in corpus design include size, representativeness, and whether the sample is based on production or reception of language. Compiling corpora, especially from spoken language, requires obtaining and processing text data.
The document summarizes research on learning to write in a second language over the past two decades. It discusses three dimensions studied: (1) qualities of texts produced, (2) writing processes, and (3) sociocultural contexts. For each dimension, research has taken micro perspectives looking at individual aspects, and macro perspectives looking at holistic development over time. The research shows learners improve syntax, vocabulary usage, and cohesion in their writing, but findings vary depending on methods, contexts and learner groups. To better understand how writing develops, examining the writing process and sociocultural influences is also important.
1. The document provides guidance on spelling out letters, syllables, words, acronyms, abbreviations, initials, and scientific/mathematical symbols in Filipino based on the revised orthography rules.
2. It lists examples of spelling and pronunciation for different types of elements including syllables, words, acronyms, initials, abbreviations, and scientific/mathematical symbols.
3. The document aims to teach proper pronunciation of letters, words, and symbols in Filipino by spelling them out according to the revised orthography rules.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
This document summarizes a study that used multidimensional analysis to examine learner involvement in personal narratives. It introduced the concept of involvement and described the research methodology, which involved analyzing linguistic features of personal narratives from Chinese, French, German and Spanish learners in the LINDSEI corpus. The results showed differences between learner groups in dimensions of involved versus informational production. Discussion focused on how multidimensional analysis can provide insights into communicative functions and how task elicitation impacts learner language analysis.
Good morning, sir. How may I help you?
Customer: Hello. I would like to inquire about the new book on Philippine folk literature that was
launched last week. Can you tell me more about it?
Assistant: Certainly. The book is titled "Our Living Heritage" and was written by Dr. Ishmael Santos.
It features over 300 folk sayings, stories, songs, and beliefs from different regions of the country.
The book aims to preserve these pieces of our cultural past and promote appreciation of our rich
folk traditions. It sells for P1,345 and is available here at the store. Would you like me to reserve a
copy for you?
Customer: Yes, please. I'm
This study explored the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon in normal adults and those with aphasia. Thirty normal subjects were divided into young, middle, and old age groups. Six subjects with fluent aphasia were also included. Both groups completed word retrieval tasks to induce TOT states and diaries to record natural TOTs. Results showed that TOTs occurred more for infrequent or long unused words. Normal subjects experienced TOTs mostly for object nouns learned in school. Aphasic subjects showed TOTs as well, with conduction aphasics demonstrating the most partial phonological recall of target words. The study provided insights into age and language deficits related to TOT
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the acoustic properties of an imitator impersonating the voice of a South Indian actor. The imitator was able to closely match the timing of some words but diverged over time. Mean formant frequencies and pitch did not match the target voice. While the imitation sounded close to the human ear, acoustic analysis showed the voices were distinct in timing, formant frequencies, and pitch. The study concludes that voice is unique and difficult to perfectly copy acoustically.
Giving able pupils a solid theoretical framework for analysing languageFrancis Gilbert
The transcript captures communications between US A-10 pilots and US Forward Air Controllers on the ground as the pilots engage what they believe to be enemy vehicles but turn out to be British armored vehicles, resulting in the killing of British soldiers. The pilots see vehicles with what they think are rocket launchers based on orange panels, but the Forward Air Controllers had not cleared the area of friendly forces. It becomes clear too late that the pilots had engaged British friendlies rather than enemy targets.
This document analyzes a corpus from an online public chat room to compare written and spoken discourse. The analysis finds that the language used in the chat room resembles spoken language more than written language. Users omit punctuation, capitalization and grammar rules. They also overlap conversations and simplify language, similar to face-to-face spoken exchanges. While the format is technically written, the style of interaction and language used mirrors casual speech between individuals more than formal written communication.
This document analyzes a corpus from an online public chat room to compare written and spoken discourse. The analysis finds that the language used in the chat room resembles spoken language more than written language. Users omit punctuation, capitalization and grammar rules. They also overlap conversations and simplify language, similar to face-to-face spoken exchanges. While the format is technically written, the style of interaction and language used mirrors casual speech between individuals more than formal written communication.
Dublinked Innovation Network Transport Event - Dr. Atif Manzoor, TCDDublinked .
The document summarizes research on smart transportation and future cities being conducted at the Distributed Systems Group at Trinity College Dublin. It discusses challenges facing urban population growth, transportation, and infrastructure. The research aims to develop smart infrastructure using multi-agent systems to manage traffic lights and transportation, collaborating smart vehicles to reduce congestion and increase safety, and smart urban sensing networks. The talks will cover challenges around congestion, pollution, accidents, and an aging population, and how the research seeks to address these through intelligent transportation systems.
The Flanders International Trade Fair in Gent, Belgium will take place from September 14-22, 2013. Nepal will be the Guest of Honor Country at this year's trade fair. The document provides basic information about the location, dates and that Nepal is being honored as the guest country at the Flanders International Trade Fair in 2013.
The document presents the findings of a feasibility study for developing a National Transport Model (NTM) for Ireland. It determines that developing an NTM would be feasible, as Ireland has many of the necessary data sources and avoids some of the challenges of scale in larger countries. The study recommends the NTM should interface and complement existing regional models, use available Irish and international transport data, and meet a wide range of planning and policy analysis needs. It provides an overview of the proposed initial structure and modular development approach for the NTM.
This document summarizes the services provided by Kom-Pas Gent vzw, an organization that assists newcomers with social integration in Ghent, Belgium in 2012. It describes welcoming offices, registrations, contracts, civic integration certificates, social orientation groups on various themes using interpreters, individual counseling, assistance with diploma recognition, school enrollment, and social participation programs for newcomers ages 18 and under as well as over 18.
Copenhagen has implemented several sustainable solutions that have yielded economic, environmental, and social benefits. The city prioritizes cycling through dedicated lanes, parking, and traffic light coordination, reducing congestion. Copenhagen also has an integrated public transport system with seamless transfer between modes and real-time arrival information. The city transformed its polluted harbor into a recreational area through sewage system modernization and rainwater diversion. Copenhagen aims to be carbon neutral by 2025 through district heating from renewable sources, building retrofits, and urban planning that adapts to climate change.
A smart city is an open city –open to new digital technology and data innovation, also open to new ways of working and new collaborations. Smart Dublin is an initiative of the four Local Authorities who make up the Dublin region.
Phonemic categorizations of English stops among native speaking/EFL/ESL studentsguest5763f0
1. The study examined how monolingual Chinese, monolingual English, and bilingual Chinese-English children categorized phonemes in words with initial /s/ followed by stops like 'sp', 'st', and 'sk'.
2. In a phoneme deletion task, the children were asked to say what sound was left after removing the initial /s/. Results showed differences between the groups, with bilingual children being intermediate between the monolingual groups.
3. The findings suggest that literacy instruction and knowledge of orthography influence phonemic judgments, with monolingual English and bilingual children internalizing the voiced stops represented in English spelling after initial /s/.
LIN101 introduces students to the field of linguistics. The course is taught by Dr. Russell Rodrigo and aims to define linguistics, identify its scopes, examine language and linguistic concepts, and analyze language learning and acquisition. Students will be assessed through participation, discussions, assignments, and a presentation to demonstrate their understanding of course topics like syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics.
This study examined differences in response times between bilingual and monolingual participants on a color-word Stroop task. 104 participants completed three conditions: congruent, incongruent, and control. Bilinguals performed better than monolinguals across all three conditions. A two-way mixed ANOVA found a significant effect across conditions. Paired t-tests also found differences between specific conditions. The findings suggest bilinguals experience less interference than monolinguals on Stroop tasks.
This document discusses the effects of age on second language acquisition. It examines research on whether younger or older learners acquire an L2 more easily and to what level of proficiency. The research has produced mixed results and lacks consensus. Studies of naturalistic learning generally show that younger learners acquire a more native-like accent. However, formal learning environments may not provide enough exposure for younger learners to outperform older ones. It remains unclear whether advanced older learners can fully achieve native-level competence in grammar as well as pronunciation. More research is needed to untangle the effects of age from other factors.
ANALYSIS OF A SELECTED BARGAIN DISCOURSE USING DELL HYMES S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. M...Sara Alvarez
This document provides an abstract for a study that analyzes a discourse sample using Dell Hymes' SPEAKING model of discourse analysis. The study aims to evaluate the viability and limitations of the SPEAKING model for accounting for meaning in communication. It reviews literature on discourse analysis and Hymes' development of the ethnography of communication. The document gives background on Hymes and the SPEAKING model, and outlines the research problem, questions, objectives and significance of studying naturally occurring discourse using this framework.
Conversation Analysis: Directness in NNS's Dispreferred ResponsesRoberto Criollo
This study analyzed differences between native and nonnative English speakers in how they deliver dispreferred responses during a debate. The study found that native speakers emphasized agreement more at the beginning and were more indirect at the end when disagreeing. Nonnative speakers' responses were more direct throughout. As interactions progressed, both groups became more direct, though nonnatives remained more so. These findings suggest it is important for English language teaching to include conversation strategies to help nonnatives interact successfully with native speakers.
This document provides an overview of speech acts, including their definition, historical context, research methodologies used to study them, and empirical studies on speech act sets such as apologies, refusals, compliments, complaints, and requests. Speech acts are functional units of communication that depend on social and cultural factors. Researchers have studied their production and perception using methods like discourse completion tasks, role plays, and interviews. Studies have found differences between native and non-native speakers in selecting appropriate speech act strategies and forms.
The Influence of [b], [d], and [ð] of Blitar Javanese Phonemes to the Aqcuisi...UCsanatadharma
The document presents the findings of a study that examined how speakers of Blitar Javanese acquire English speech sounds. The study tested 5 native Blitar Javanese speakers' production of the English sounds [b], [d], and [ð] through conversation, reading passages, and word lists. The results showed that the participants substituted the English sounds with similar sounds in Blitar Javanese, consistent with Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis which predicts errors will occur due to differences between first and target languages. This provides evidence that the theory can explain errors made by Blitar Javanese learners in acquiring certain English sounds.
Present article examines the psycholinguistic factors that affect ease of learning foreign language vocabulary acquisition. Demonstrate the orthographic and phonological patterns of vocabulary acquisition. by Egamberdieva Shakhzoda Damirovna, Egamberdieva Farida Oktamovna, Egamberdiev Khumoyun and Ergasheva Yulduz 2020. Psycholinguistic conditions in vocabulary acquisition. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 3 (Mar. 2020), 23-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i3.251. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251/244 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251
The Lingua Franca Core A New Model For Pronunciation Instructionenglishonecfl
The document discusses Jenkins' proposal of a Lingua Franca Core (LFC) pronunciation model for English as an International Language. The LFC aims to provide a more realistic and focused set of pronunciation targets than native English models. It includes consonants, long-short vowel contrasts, and core prosodic features like nuclear stress. However, some aspects of the LFC may not be more teachable or learnable than current approaches. There is also debate around excluding features like word stress and vowel reduction from the model. While the LFC aims to make pronunciation more accessible, questions remain around its feasibility and comprehensiveness.
The document discusses the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) as an alternative to the traditional view of English having a 'standard' form based on Inner Circle varieties. It notes that ELF users prioritize effective communication over narrow definitions of correctness, making use of accommodation strategies, code-switching, and innovating in ways that create their own preferred forms. Research on ELF has found its users exploit the language through these means while focusing on successful interaction, not adherence to native speaker norms. The implications are that English teaching may need to take an ELF approach that develops accommodation skills and accepts global variation rather than discourage creativity.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The document outlines several key branches and concepts in linguistics. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, phonology is the study of sound patterns and how they create meaning. Morphology is the study of word formation, syntax is the study of sentence structure, and semantics is the study of language meaning. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like culture and environment influence language use, while psycholinguistics studies the cognitive processes involved in language production and comprehension. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols in language and communication systems.
Presentation about "Native Vs Non-Native Accent" delivered by the students of MA in Linguistics at Manouba University: Salah Mhamdi, Rabeb Bouzazi and Sihem Chalouati on Tuesday, February 6, 2018.
This document discusses testing students' pronunciation in English as a foreign language. It notes that pronunciation is often neglected in EFL/ESL classes despite its importance for communication. The author explores various methods for testing pronunciation, including dictation exercises, segment discrimination tests using pictures or words, and color-coded cards to test phonological alternations. While listening tests are ideal, alternatives are suggested when logistics make listening tests difficult, such as in high-stakes nationwide exams. The goal is to motivate students and evaluate their mastery of specific pronunciation features.
Sociolinguistics explores the connections between language and society. The document discusses sociolinguistic fieldwork methods like rapid anonymous surveys and interviews. It also explains that language varies according to social factors like region, gender, social class, and register. Studies have found differences in features like Canadian raising, high rising tones, and g-dropping based on these social characteristics. Language change over time can be studied through the apparent time method, comparing age groups, and through real-time studies that re-examine communities later.
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how different languages categorize concepts like colors differently, using kinship terms to reflect cultural values, and acquiring communicative competence to understand social norms. While early studies by Whorf and Sapir supported the idea that language shapes thought, their work has also faced criticisms over questionable methodology. More recent experiments testing this Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have yielded mixed results.
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how the words used in different languages can shape perceptions of concepts like color. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language affects how its speakers think and experience the world. While early studies provided examples of this, their methods were questionable and criticisms have been made. More rigorous experiments on topics like color identification have found some support for the idea that language influences cognition, but the degree of this effect is still debated.
This document summarizes the key aspects of sociolinguistic research on language variation and social class. It discusses how social class can influence language use through sociolects. It describes William Labov's seminal study in New York City that correlated non-prevocalic /r/ usage with social class. The study found higher /r/ usage among higher social classes. It also outlines the typical stages of quantitative sociolinguistic research pioneered by Labov, including selecting variables, collecting speech samples, identifying linguistic variables, processing data, and interpreting results.
This document discusses the history and various approaches to teaching pronunciation. It describes two general approaches: 1) an intuitive-imitative approach used before the 19th century where students imitate models, and 2) an analytic-linguistic approach developed later using phonetic tools to analyze and teach sounds explicitly. Subsequent sections outline methods like Audiolingualism and the Communicative Approach, discussing techniques such as minimal pairs, tongue twisters, and using visual aids to teach pronunciation communicatively and improve intelligibility.
This document discusses the history and various approaches to teaching pronunciation. It describes two general approaches: 1) an intuitive-imitative approach used before the 19th century where students imitate models without explicit instruction, and 2) an analytic-linguistic approach developed later using tools like phonetic alphabets to explicitly teach sounds. Subsequent methods incorporated aspects of both, including the Direct Method using imitation with some analysis, and Audiolingualism using imitation supported by linguistic information and minimal pair drills. Later approaches like the Cognitive Approach deemphasized pronunciation. The Communicative Approach stresses the importance of intelligible pronunciation for communication. The document outlines techniques commonly used to teach pronunciation communicatively.
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Pronuciation research article
1. Pronunciation research by written questionnaire
J.C. Wells
University College London
E-mail: j.wells@phon.ucl.ac.uk
the number of syllables in a word, or obstruent voicing
ABSTRACT assimilation:
This paper discusses pronunciation research using a written Avez-vous l’impression de prononcer: a) le d
questionnaire to ask people overt questions about their de médecin comme un d ou comme un t ? …
pronunciation. Several investigations that have used this b) le b d’absent comme un b ou comme un
approach are discussed. The technique is particularly p ?…
useful for large-scale surveys of variability in lexical What all these questions have in common is that they do not
incidence or in the phonological system. It is unsuitable for address matters of phonetic detail, but only matters of
surveying variability in phonetic realization. phonology.
1. INTRODUCTION “If this had been a phonetic survey aiming to
determine the exact nature of this or that
Dialectologists have always been ready to ask language articulation by a given subject, the oral
consultants (informants) questions about lexical matters method would have been the only advisable
(‘What is your word for this?’). Syntacticians readily seek one, indeed the only possible one. But since
out the opinion of speakers on whether some proposed it was a phonological survey … the presence
string of words is acceptable (well-formed) or not (‘Can of an expert observer was much less
you say two furnitures?’). Such questions can be asked indispensable.” [My translation. – JCW]
either orally or in writing. In this session I want to argue Thirty years later, still dealing with French, Walter’s survey
that some aspects of pronunciation, too, can be usefully [2] was equally phonological, but returned to ‘the oral
investigated by the administration of a written method’, perhaps since audio recording techniques had
questionnaire. now become readily available. Her sample size was a mere
Ever since Chomsky redefined the goals of linguistics, seventeen people. This survey is particularly noteworthy,
linguists have been attempting to model the knowledge of however, in that it appears to be the first to have been
language that the native speaker carries in the mind. If we carried out explicitly as part of the research for a
can speak a language, one of the things we know is how to pronunciation dictionary [3]. This dictionary, claiming in
pronounce it. The task of the phonetician, it may be argued its title to be concerned with French pronunciation ‘as it
— or at least one task — is to model that knowledge. Some really is’, reports for some thousands of words which of the
(but by no means all) of this knowledge is available to informants (identified as a to y) pronounced what.
introspection, and therefore for investigation by written JEÛNE nm
questionnaire.
ʒøn (abcdgjlprtvwx)
This is not a new idea. In 1945 Martinet [1] published a ʒœn (dmny)
justly famous survey of the phonology of spoken French ʒœ:n (k)
using as his respondents French officers in a
prisoner-of-war camp. Most of his questions concerned the
identity or non-identity of minimal pairs:
2. THE LPD SURVEYS
Prononcez-vous de façon identique: a) jeune In preparing a new pronunciation dictionary of English, the
et jeûne ? … b) veule et veulent ? … c) filleul Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, I felt the need to
et filleule ? … supplement my own intuitions — both as a native speaker
of RP-style English and as a long-time observer of the
(i.e. in this case exploring the putative opposition /œ - ø/). speech of those around me — with some kind of objective
Other questions concerned the presence of absence of the data regarding the relative prevalence of the competing
so-called e muet, the French schwa that comes and goes: pronunciations of various words that I knew to be subject to
fluctuating or contentious pronunciation. An example
Quelle prononciation vous paraît la plus
would be zebra, pronounced by some as /ˈzi:brə/ but by
naturelle … de j’me dis, je m’dis, je me dis ?
others as /ˈzebrə/. Rather than attempt to explore data from
Others again concerned such matters as liaison consonants, a spoken corpus (something impossible then, and far from
2. easy today), I carried out an opinion poll of speakers’ those with only a high school diploma, 69% among those
preferences in such words. I used a written questionnaire to with an associate’s degree from a community college, 62%
ask a sample of speakers of British English a battery of among those with a bachelor’s degree, and only 55%
some ninety such questions [4]. The findings of this survey among those with a postgraduate degree. Another
were duly published in the first edition of the dictionary [5]. interesting finding, shown in fig. 2, was that younger
people are significantly more likely than older people to
This sort of question is readily understood by everyone, prefer /ɔ/ (as against /ɑ/) in orange and tomorrow.
non-phoneticians and phoneticians alike. Indeed, many
laymen have strong views about such matters. The survey
was based on a postal questionnaire submitted to a panel of
275 native speakers of British English. Many were
professionally concerned with speech in some way (e.g. as
academic phoneticians or radio announcers), but more than
a quarter of them were volunteers recruited from among the
general public. The survey revealed that for zebra 83%
preferred /e/ and only 17% /i:/. This finding was reported in
the dictionary, along with the findings for the other ninety
words investigated.
Whereas Walter used too few informants to enable any
statistical inferences to be made about possible associations
between phonological and social variables, the larger
sample size of this first LPD survey was sufficient to permit
several such inferences. In particular, an association
between pronunciation preference and respondent’s age o(range)≠(kn)o(t)
group became evident in several of the words investigated.
(tom)o(rrow)≠(kn)o(t)
Fig. 2. AmE vowel preferences, by age ([6])
In 1998, in preparation for a revised edition of LPD, I
conducted a further similar survey of British pronunciation
preferences, using the largest sample yet — 1932
respondents from all parts of Britain [7, 8], who gave their
views on a further hundred items. The sample size made
possible some statistically very robust conclusions about
associations between pronunciation preferences and
respondents’ age.
Fig. 1. BrE stress preferences, by age ([4])
Fig.1 demonstrates the change in stress pattern preferences
in the words applicable, formidable, and kilometre:
younger respondents were more likely than older
respondents to vote for antepenultimate stress (as opposed
to initial stress).
Following up the first LPD survey, Shitara [6] carried out a
similar survey of American English pronunciation
preferences. She questioned a sample of 395 native Fig. 3. BrE preferences for [tʃ] over [tj], by age [8]
speakers, most of them academics in phonetics/linguistics,
Rather than answering in handwriting on a paper form,
language teachers or students, following the same
respondents were also offered the option of answering by
procedure. Again, given this larger sample size, it was
e-mail or on the web.
possible to demonstrate differences in pronunciation
preferences between different age groups and also certain
correlations with region, sex, ethnicity, and occupation. 3. THE QUESTIONNAIRE
For example, Shitara found that the percentage preferring Sociolinguists are well aware that informants are not able to
/-bju-/ rather than /-bru-/ in February was 78% among give an accurate account of their own pronunciation. Labov
3. pointed out [9] that “in the conscious report of their own Two words rhyme, in the English-language understanding
usage … New York respondents are very inaccurate”, of this term, if and only if they are pronounced identically
generally over-reporting, i.e. claiming to use more in respect of the primary-stressed vowel and whatever
prestigious variants than they really did. Trudgill [10], follows that vowel. We can therefore often use rhyming and
however, found that in Norwich there was a sex difference, non-rhyming to identify post-stress consonants (notably
with women indeed tending to over-report, but men on the final consonants) and of course vowels.
contrary tending to under-report.
one (count: one, two, three) Focus on the vowel sound
The LPD surveys, accordingly, did not ask respondents to a. /wɒn/ the word rhymes with John, on
report their actual usage. Rather, respondents were asked b. /wʌn/ the word rhymes with gun, son
which they preferred of a number of variant
pronunciations of each questionnaire item. Furthermore, Where identification by rhyming is not feasible, we must do
these variants were such as to be available to the conscious our best to identify sounds in other ways. Given the popular
awareness of the respondents, and such that their association of the terms “vowel” and “consonant” with
identification did not require any specialized phonetic letters rather than with sounds, it is important to be explicit
knowledge. that we are concerned with sounds.
In each survey the questionnaire consisted of about a to associate (to combine, connect) Focus on the -oci-
hundred multiple-choice questions. The instructions given a. /-s-/ the consonant sound is as in (neur)osis, gross
to respondents typically asked them to “indicate the b. /-ʃ-/ the consonant sound is as in ocean, motion
pronunciation you prefer. Usually this will also be your
own pronunciation”. A typical question took the following Respelling, likewise, may be straightforward in some cases
form: but fraught with difficulty in others.
Asia (name of continent) Focus on the –s- chrysanthemum (a flower) Focus on the -san-.
a. /ˈeɪʃə/ the consonant sound is as in pressure AYSH-uh a. /-s-/ the middle bit is like san kri-SAN-themum
b. /-z-/ the middle bit is like zan kri-ZAN-themum
b. /ˈeɪʒə/ the consonant sound is as in measure AYZH-uh
direction (the way someone is facing or moving)
Notice here that the target is first presented in ordinary
Focus on the first syllable
spelling. To ensure that the respondent has identified the
right lexical item, it is then glossed. The respondent’s a. /daɪ-/ the vowel sound is as in die DIE-rection
attention is then drawn to the part of the word on which to b. /daɪə-/ the vowel sound is as in dire DIRE-rection
focus, and the two (or more) options are presented: in IPA, c. /dɪ-/ the vowel sound is as in dig DIH-rection
by comparison with other words, and in respelling. d. /də-/ the vowel sound is as in the last part of ladder
DUH-rection
4. RHYMING AND RESPELLING English spelling conventions offer no way of
unambiguously indicating short vowels in non-final open
When the language under investigation is English, the
syllables. Nor is there a satisfactory respelling for /aʊ/ to
notorious inadequacy of English spelling makes it
distinguish it from /əʊ/, since its two usual spellings are
appropriate, as in the example given, to identify these
both ambiguous, as seen in now and snow, foul and soul.
options in more than one way. The IPA transcription targets
the phonetician and the knowledgeable layman; then
follows an explanation in terms of similar-sounding words, 5. PHONOLOGY VERSUS PHONETICS
and finally the respelling, which is intended to be
self-explanatory to anyone accustomed to the spelling Martinet, the pioneer of written questionaires in
conventions of English. pronunciation research, famously was also the first to
define phonology as functional phonetics [11]. It was with
In other languages, where the relationship between this in mind that he characterized his own study [1] as
orthography and pronunciation is more direct, this degree dealing with phonology rather than with phonetics. In
of repetition may not be necessary. Trubetzkoyan terms [12, 13], he was concerned with
questions of the system (the number and identity of the
Particular care must be taken in cases where ordinary
items in the phonemic inventory) and with questions of
spelling conventions are ambiguous. In the identification of
lexical incidence (how phonemes are distributed in
consonants, this applies to pairs such as /θ-ð, s-z, ʃ-ʒ/. particular lexical items, given the phonemic system). He
Sometimes possible rhymes can be exploited in the also dealt with matters of phonotactics (what sequences of
questionnaire; sometimes other devices may be needed. phonemes are permitted in particular positions), something
booth (stall, telephone box) Focus on the -th that rather falls outside Trubetzkoy’s scope. He firmly
a. /buːθ/ the word rhymes exactly with truth eschews questions of phonetic realization.
b. /buːð/ the word rhymes exactly with smooth Perhaps the easiest matter to investigate is lexical incidence,
including stress placement. Respondents appear to have a
4. good feel for it, and can usually answer confidently. aware only of the default realization of a phoneme. They
cannot tell you whether they prefer (or use) clear /l/ or dark
The location of a word’s primary stress is something on /l/ in vitally. They do not know how much labialization they
which respondents often hold strong views — not only in use for initial /r/.
notorious cases such as controversy, but also in less fraught
cases such as applicable, kilometre, Caribbean. Nor are stated allophonic preferences of much value.
Speech-conscious people such as volunteer to answer
Equally, we can readily ask about /ʃ/ vs/ ʒ/ in Asia, /θ/ vs/ ð/ written questionnaires generally claim to prefer [t] over [ʔ]
in booth, and /ʌ/ vs. /ɒ/ in one, as exemplified above: all are under all circumstances. Perhaps if we were to present them
matters of lexical incidence. with audio clips of, say, atmosphere as [ˈætnməs-],
This does not apply where the phonemic system is [ˈætʔməs-], [ˈæʔməs-], pronounced by a phonetician able to
uncertain or variable at the relevant point. We can ask the keep everything else constant, we would get a more
English whether they prefer room with /uː/ or /ʊ/, but it is realistic answer. Meanwhile, we certainly cannot use a
pointless to ask the Scots, who have no such opposition in purely written questionnaire for research into phonetic
detail.
their system. Again, in English English /ʊə/ is in the course
of disappearing from the phonemic inventory. Faced with a
question such as whether sure (traditionally /ʃʊə/) is or is REFERENCES
not a homophone of shore /ʃɔː/, the honest answer for some
speakers is sometimes yes, sometimes no. Their usage is [1] A. Martinet, La prononciation du français
inconsistent, their mental lexicon contains both contemporain, Paris: Droz, 1945.
possibilities, and their preference is undecided. This was [2] H. Walter, La dynamique des phonèmes dans le lexique
allowed for in the 1998 LPD survey: français contemporain, Paris: France Expansion, 1976.
shore (edge of the sea) and sure (certain) [3] A. Martinet et H. Walter, Dictionnaire de la
a. these two words sound exactly the same
prononciation française dans son usage réel, Paris:
b. these words sound different from one another
France-Expansion, 1973.
c. sometimes the same, sometimes different
[4] J.C. Wells, “Age grading in English pronunciation
In other cases it may be better to present respondents with a
preferences”, Proceedings of the XIIIth ICPhS 95,
forced choice, which is simpler for statistical processing.
Stockholm, vol. 3, pp. 696-699, 1995.
Weak vowels present a particular problem. As any teacher
[5] J.C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, first
of English phonetics knows, beginners tend to deny the
edition, Harlow: Longman, 1990.
existence of vowel weakening (reduction). The spelling
reinforces their view. To elicit data about preferences in the [6] Y. Shitara, “A survey of American pronunciation
suffix -less the LPD 1998 survey wording was as follows: preferences”, Speech Hearing and Language, work in
progress vol. 7, University College London, 1993.
careless (inattentive, unthinking) Focus on -less
a. the vowel sound is as in the second syllable [7] J.C. Wells, “Pronunciation preferences in British
of callous (harsh) English: a new survey”, Proceedings of the XIVth
b. the vowel sound is as in the second syllable of Alice ICPhS 99, San Francisco, 1999.
c. callous and Alice rhyme anyhow,
so can’t decide between a and b [8] J.C. Wells, “British English pronunciation preferences:
d. the vowel sound is as in the word less a changing scene”, JIPA 29(1): 33-50, 1999.
Presumably answer d. is simply wrong as far as the actual [9] W. Labov, The social stratification of English in New
performance of native speakers of British or American York City, Washington DC: Center for Applied
English is concerned. Yet 38% of respondents voted for it. Linguistics, 1966.
Their expressed preference coincides with no one’s usage
in the real world. Perhaps a more realistic response would [10] P. Trudgill, On dialect, Oxford: Blackwell, pp.173ff.,
have been obtained if the respondents had had to listen to 1983.
the different options, rather than read about them. Would
they still have voted for the option that suggests only
[11] A. Martinet, Phonology as functional phonetics,
Publications of the Philological Society xv, London:
African English or foreigner-talk?
Oxford University Press, 1949.
What we cannot ask for is information about phonetic
realization. Details relating to positional allophones of [12] N. Trubetzkoy, “Phonologie et géographie
vowels, velarization of consonants, kinds of r-sound — linguistique”, Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de
interesting as they may be in the description of English Prague, 4:228-234, 1931.
phonetics — are normally just not available to the [13] J.C. Wells, Accents of English, Cambridge:
introspection of non-phoneticians. People are generally Cambridge University Press, vol. 1, pp. 73-80, 1982.