: The main goal of the studies described in this article may be defined as an
analysis of the promotional processes of regional and traditional products executed with
the use of symbols regulated by European law: Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG),
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).
The analysis presented here and the trends in promotional activities deducted from
it, primarily result from the specifics of the goods. The shape of the information system is also influenced by social and cultural factors decisive for the recognizability
and renown of the products, which have been confirmed by the results of the questionnaire conducted for the study. What is worth noting is the correlation between quality
and tradition, reflected, among other things, in declarations regarding the reasons for
the choice of these products: the sense of pride and the willingness to continue the
traditions were chosen by 45% of the survey participants. The Traditional Speciality
Guaranteed (TSG) has proven to be the most recognizable European symbol (38%).
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children v2zq
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Farmers organisations and quality chains in VietnamIFAD Vietnam
In all countries, demand for quality food is on the increase. Governments and multinationals are promulgating rules and standards regarding production conditions, inspections and certification. But smallholders often struggle to meet such conditions and to take advantage of these new opportunities.
Vietnam provides a good example of this issue. Demand for quality, safe and tasty food is rapidly increasing in domestic and international markets. Family farmers cultivating small areas – the vast majority of producers – cannot meet this demand adequately, despite active public policies in favour of quality. What can be done to remedy this situation?
The Trade for Development Centre of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC) aims at economic and social empowerment of small producer organisations, by both enhancing business knowledge and improving their access to markets.
TDC implements a Producer Support Programme through which financial and technical assistance is provided to producer organisations. Within the framework of this programme, TDC has decided to carry out a market study on wild-sourced botanicals and the EU market, thus anticipating the growing opportunities for these products in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
In this context, the study focuses on wild-collected medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) which have a potential for livelihoods enhancement and conservation action. Moreover, these species are assessed in terms of sustainable trade. The countries covered in this study are Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Tanzania, Mozambique and Vietnam.
- Market Study 2014
The article is based on an analysis of national and European legal acts,
documents and source literature and its aim is to describe education and information
in consumer policy in Poland. The protection of consumer rights within the scope
of information and education is presented as a prime objective of the consumer policy strategy of the European Union and government programs of consumer policy
in Poland. Certain aspects of information and education policy of the government
are investigated, which are included in the Consumer Policy Strategy 2014–2018.
The competencies of consumer authorities in the institutional context are thoroughly
discussed in terms of education and information in Poland. Moreover, the consumer
identity of information and education policy between Poland and the European Union
is indicated.
Définition des rôles institutionnels, J.P. Boutonnet, Institut National de la...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/en
Définition des rôles institutionnels, J.P. Boutonnet, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA France), H. Ilbert, Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen (IAM Montpellier), Hubert Devautour (CIRAD Montpellier)
English
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children v2zq
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Farmers organisations and quality chains in VietnamIFAD Vietnam
In all countries, demand for quality food is on the increase. Governments and multinationals are promulgating rules and standards regarding production conditions, inspections and certification. But smallholders often struggle to meet such conditions and to take advantage of these new opportunities.
Vietnam provides a good example of this issue. Demand for quality, safe and tasty food is rapidly increasing in domestic and international markets. Family farmers cultivating small areas – the vast majority of producers – cannot meet this demand adequately, despite active public policies in favour of quality. What can be done to remedy this situation?
The Trade for Development Centre of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC) aims at economic and social empowerment of small producer organisations, by both enhancing business knowledge and improving their access to markets.
TDC implements a Producer Support Programme through which financial and technical assistance is provided to producer organisations. Within the framework of this programme, TDC has decided to carry out a market study on wild-sourced botanicals and the EU market, thus anticipating the growing opportunities for these products in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
In this context, the study focuses on wild-collected medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) which have a potential for livelihoods enhancement and conservation action. Moreover, these species are assessed in terms of sustainable trade. The countries covered in this study are Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Tanzania, Mozambique and Vietnam.
- Market Study 2014
The article is based on an analysis of national and European legal acts,
documents and source literature and its aim is to describe education and information
in consumer policy in Poland. The protection of consumer rights within the scope
of information and education is presented as a prime objective of the consumer policy strategy of the European Union and government programs of consumer policy
in Poland. Certain aspects of information and education policy of the government
are investigated, which are included in the Consumer Policy Strategy 2014–2018.
The competencies of consumer authorities in the institutional context are thoroughly
discussed in terms of education and information in Poland. Moreover, the consumer
identity of information and education policy between Poland and the European Union
is indicated.
Définition des rôles institutionnels, J.P. Boutonnet, Institut National de la...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/en
Définition des rôles institutionnels, J.P. Boutonnet, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA France), H. Ilbert, Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen (IAM Montpellier), Hubert Devautour (CIRAD Montpellier)
English
Integrating local, national and regional levels in defining and implementing ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/en
Integrating local, national and regional levels in defining and implementing origin products and GI related strategies, policies and technical cooperation programs. (English)
"Seminar on Food Product Quality Linked to Geographic Origin and Traditions i...ExternalEvents
"Seminar on Food Product Quality Linked to Geographic Origin and Traditions in the Mediterranean
Casablanca, Morocco, 8-9 November 2007
Background paper"
Integrating local, national and regional levels in defining and implementing ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/en
Integrating local, national and regional levels in defining and implementing origin products and GI related strategies, policies and technical cooperation programs. (English)
"Seminar on Food Product Quality Linked to Geographic Origin and Traditions i...ExternalEvents
"Seminar on Food Product Quality Linked to Geographic Origin and Traditions in the Mediterranean
Casablanca, Morocco, 8-9 November 2007
Background paper"
This paper aims to examine the activity of the Mamy Głos Foundation [We
have a voice], an organization founded in 2015 by junior high school students from
a handful of towns in Poland. For this purpose, a review of available materials about
this organization will be carried out and information will be collected using in-depth
interviews with the founders of the organization. The main research question concerns
the motivation behind young people’s activity in the foundation, the methods used to
achieve the goals of the organization and its founders’ profiles. Their activity will be
presented in the context of political activism among young people, including gender
differentiation.
The United Kingdom joined the EEC/EU in 1973. Its membership has been
one of the thorniest issues in British politics over the last forty-five years. The United
Kingdom was one of the most Euroskeptic member states in the EU. The ‘added
value’ brought by London to the EU was the English language, which successively
supplanted French from the function of working language of the EU. English is not
only the official language of the EU (it is one of 24 official languages), but primarily
has a dominant position in the EU. It is used for communication between the EU and
the world, between European institutions and during informal meetings. The purpose
of this article is to analyze the position of English in the EU, to show its strengths, and
finally to answer the question of whether the present status of English in the EU will
remain after the UK leaves.
This article aims to identify the major cores of the 15-M Movement mindset
and explain how particular historical factors shaped it. The research problems are to identify the types of relations the movement established between the people and the ruling
elites in its political manifestos, and the sources of these discursively created relations.
The research field encompasses the content of political manifestos published between
the Spanish general election on March 9, 2008 and immediately after the demonstrations
held on May 15, 2011. To solve these problems, the research applies source analysis of
the political manifestos. These are: (1) The Manifesto of ¡Democracia Real YA!; (2) The
Manifesto of the Puerta del Sol Camp, and (3) The Manifesto “May 68 in Spain.” The
research uses the technique of relational qualitative content analysis to determine the
relations between the semantic fields of the major categories of populism, ‘the people’
and ‘the elites,’ as well as to identify the meanings formed by their co-occurrence. The
tool used is a content analysis instruction whose major assumption is to identify all the
attempts to create images of ‘the people,’ ‘the elites,’ and relations between them.
The article analyzes the structure, content, properties and effects of the
Russian-Ukrainian ‘hybrid war’ in its non-military dimension. Particular emphasis is
placed on the aspect of the information and propaganda war, as well as activities in
cyberspace. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is described in the context of the new war
strategy of General Valery Gerasimov. Contemporary practice of hybrid actions in the
conflict in Ukraine has revealed that, for the first time, a stronger opponent, Russia,
uses the full spectrum of hybrid interaction on an opponent who is weak and unable
to defend the integrity of its territory. The military conflict of 2014 showed not only
the weakness of the Ukrainian state, but also, more importantly, the inefficiency of the
organizations responsible for ensuring international security: NATO, OSCE and the
UN. In the longer term, it should be noted that the escalation of hybrid activities in
Ukraine clearly threatens the states on the Eastern flank of the North Atlantic Alliance.
The analysis conducted refers to the problem defined in the form of questions: what
is the essence of hybrid operations? What is the nature of non-military hybrid operations? What was the course of these activities in Ukraine? How was international law
interpreted in relation to this conflict?
The article has three dimensions: methodological, theoretical, and empirical. A point of departure for the methodological remarks is a characterization of the
three main approaches in the vibrant interdisciplinary research field dealing with the
phenomenon of conspiracy theories. In this context, the content analysis method is
discussed as a promising approach to gain new data on conspiracy narratives. On the
theoretical level, the concept of conspiracy narratives is discussed in reference to the
popular understanding of the conspiracy theory. The main aim of the empirical part is
determining to what extent the media are saturated with different kinds of conspiracy
narratives. The analysis covers over 200 articles from two popular Polish news magazines (Sieci and the Polish edition of Newsweek) which occupy positions on opposite sides of the political divide in a society polarized, inter alia, by a conspiratorial
suspicion that in 2010 an airplane carrying President Lech Kaczyński on board was
deliberately crashed in Russia.
This paper looks at the proposals of the European Commission for the
Multiannual Financial Framework 2021–2027, and explores how to achieve a better
future for Europe by ensuring compliance with the legally binding values and objectives of the EU: democracy, equality, the rule of law, economic, social and territorial
cohesion and solidarity between the member states.
It is argued that introducing progressivity, a reform of the EU’s finances involving
a paradigm shift in the financing of policies with redistributive effects and a reform of
the system of the EU’s ‘own resources,’ would ensure that solidarity becomes a matter
of the rule of law and not of governance through conditionalities and fines.
It is pointed out that, unless the EU undertakes an effective reform of its redistributive policies to ensure that progressivity and solidarity in the EU become a matter
of the rule of law, the Union will bear less and less resemblance to a democracy and
will increasingly look like an empire with an economically stronger and more rapidly
developing ‘core,’ and an economically weaker ‘periphery’ in the East and the South
lagging behind the ‘core.’
What is needed is collective action by the member states most immediately interested in a reform to make the system of EU’s ‘own resources’ less regressive and to
introduce progressivity in the financing of the policies of the EU. It would take significant skill for those countries to organize themselves as a group and to act together
in the course of the adoption of the legislative proposals for the next MFF in order to
make the EU more equitable.
Contemporary diplomacy has evolved into a network involving various
new actors, including international sports organizations. The article is dedicated to the
issue of the sports diplomacy of international bodies which are in charge of international sporting competitions, particularly the International Federation of Association
Football (FIFA), an organization that manages football on a global level.
The research presented in this article is a case study dedicated to the issue of the
influence of international sports organizations on the governments of sovereign states,
specifically FIFA. The objective of the research is to investigate whether international
sports organizations are able to make governments change their political decisions.
The hypothesis that has been investigated states that international sports governing
bodies are diplomatic actors capable of influencing states.
One of the first laws adopted by the new political leadership in Ukraine
in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 was the new concept of local
governance reform and the organization of territorial authority in Ukraine. The aforementioned law, as well as official declarations by top politicians on the necessity of
empowering Ukrainian citizens to take part in the decision-making process and shape
their local communities, led to positive expectations regarding the transformation of
local governance in Ukraine. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of the legal
basis framing the functioning of civil society in Ukraine, focusing on major attempts
to conduct reform and on the main outcomes of implemented actions. Additionally,
emphasis is placed on the current state of cooperation between social and political
actors, and the trends in civil participation in the decision-making process regarding
decentralization and local governance reform in Ukraine.
Lobbying, understood as all actions performed by or on behalf of interest
groups directed at influencing of the process of policy formation and implementation,
occurs in every political regime. The article examines whether the illiberal type of
democracy that exists in Hungary (2010–2014) exerts an influence on the effectiveness of lobbying control.
Illiberal democracy differs from liberal democracy with regard to five systemic core
principles, such as the rule of law, government control and accountability, the integrity
of political elites, media freedom and civil rights and protection of minorities. This
article shows that all of these systemic criteria constituting illiberal democracy were
met in Hungary between 2010–2014. Examination of the case of Hungary with regard
to lobbying control suggests that illiberal democracy had diminished the effectiveness
of lobbying control in this country.
Agrarianism was founded in Germany in the second half of the nineteenth
century, but it exercised the greatest influence in the predominantly agricultural countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Central European agrarianism was the ideology
of peasants and it proclaimed that land was the greatest wealth of the nation, agriculture was the most important branch of economy, and peasants were the morally
healthiest and thus the most valuable part of the society. Agrarianism was a personalist
ideology, which proclaimed a conception of man as a subject of social and economic
life. It criticized both extreme liberalism and totalitarian political ideology and advocated the concept of a ‘third way of development’ – between capitalism and communism. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation and development
of Polish agrarianism, and the related process of transfer and reception of knowledge.
The analysis focuses on the concept of land, man and labor, formulated by the representatives of the mainstream of agrarianism. In the 1930s, the Polish agrarians voiced
demands for land reform and the development of smallholder agriculture which, in
their opinion, made an optimal use of the land, capital and labor, that is, the most
important resources available to interwar Poland.
Using a proprietary computer program, simulations of voting in the Council
after Great Britain’s withdrawal from the EU were carried out. In the case of some of
them, a methodological innovation consisting in departing from the assumption that
the emergence of each possible coalition is equally probable was used. The analysis
conducted indicates that after Brexit the ability of the Council members to form small
minimally blocking coalitions will change significantly. At the same time, the assessment of the ability of states to block decisions in the Council and made on the basis
of the Preventive Power Index, differs fundamentally from the results of the analysis
focusing on building small minimally blocking coalitions.
This research is funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, under project no.
UMO-2016/23/D/HS5/00408 (SONATA 12 grant) entitled “The Impact of Brexit and
Unconditional Introduction of the ‘Double Majority’ Voting System on DecisionMaking in the Council of the European Union.”
Teoretycy i praktycy storytellingu koncentrują się zazwyczaj na formalnych właściwościach przekazu, upatrując klucza do jego perswazyjnej skuteczności w realizacji strukturalnych cech opowiadania. Niniejszy artykuł kładzie natomiast
nacisk na poznawczy aspekt relacji komunikat-odbiorca, upatrując w nim ważnego
czynnika determinującego siłę perswazyjnego oddziaływania storytellingu. W pierwszej części tekst analizuje psychologiczne przesłanki skuteczności perswazyjnej narracyjnego komunikatu. Część kolejna stanowi teoretyczną propozycję w jaki sposób
zwiększyć skuteczność jego oddziaływania, uwzględniając budowę, właściwości
i funkcje schematów poznawczych oraz w oparciu o model poznawczych reakcji na
perswazję.
The author examines the nexus between international law and the concept
of human security that emerged in the 1990s. The article proceeds in three parts. Part
one outlines the concept of human security, its genesis and contents. Part two examines the nexus between human security and international law and briefly considers the
most representative aspects of international law, including international jurisprudence,
that, in the author’s opinion, reflect human security imperatives. Finally, conclusions
provide answers to the questions posed and indicate the increased value of the human
security concept. The questions read as follows: How can human security strengthen
international actions (actions based on international law)? Where in international law
is human security reflected? In other words, what aspects of international law reflect
a human security-centered approach? What is the role of international law in human
security? Taking all this into account, what is the added value of adopting the concept
of human security? This article is inevitably interdisciplinary, as it combines the perspectives of international law and international relations.
Najważniejszą barierą rozwoju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw
(MŚP) jest ograniczony dostęp do źródeł finansowania. W fazie startu wykorzystują
one zwykle środki własne, rodziny i przyjaciół. Następnie zaś sięgają one po kredyt bankowy, którego otrzymanie jest trudne ze względu na brak historii finansowej,
gwarancji i ekonomiczną ich słabość. Nieliczne mogą korzystać z grantów rządowych i wsparcia międzynarodowych organizacji (np. Unii Europejskiej). Pomocnymi mogą być alternatywne źródła finansowania takie jak venture capital, mezzanine,
crowdfunding, emisja obligacji oraz publiczna emisja akcji (Initial Public Offering:
IPO). Ten ostatnio wymieniony sposób finansowania może przynieść znaczne korzyści dla MŚP; umocnić ich pozycję rynkową i umożliwić ekonomiczną ekspansję, ale
związany jest z wieloma barierami. Do najważniejszych należą trudność spełnienia
kryteriów notowania na giełdzie lub specjalnych platformach, nawet jeśli są one łagodniejsze niż dla dużych firm, wysokie koszty, brak wiedzy o rynku kapitałowym
i niska płynność akcji MŚP. Dlatego niezbędne jest podjęcie przez rządy, organizacje
międzynarodowe i krajowe oraz interesariuszy działań zmierzających do likwidacji
lub ograniczenia tych barier.
Dyskusje i badania polskiego członkostwa w strefie euro są w obecnych, dynamicznie zmieniających się warunkach obarczone dużą dozą niepewności,
stąd ograniczać się mogą jedynie do kreślenia scenariuszy. Niniejsze opracowanie
skupia się na aspektach gospodarczych decyzji o: 1) definitywnej rezygnacji z wprowadzenia wspólnej waluty w Polsce, 2) szybkiej akcesji do strefy euro oraz 3) odsunięciu w czasie udziału Polski w tej strefie. Każdy z wariantów rodzi inne skutki polityczno-ekonomiczne i tym samym wyznacza inne ścieżki długookresowego rozwoju
polskiej gospodarki.
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań nad traumą społeczno-kulturową
w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Do weryfikacji teorii traumy zostały wykorzystane reprezentatywne dane sondażowe z Białorusi, Bułgarii, Węgier, Rumunii, Polski,
Rosji i Ukrainy. Prowadzone analizy pokazały, że społeczeństwo postkomunistyczne
negatywnie oceniło zmiany systemu gospodarczego i politycznego. Źródłem traumy był spadek poziomu życia oraz wzrost przestępczości. Respondenci uważali, że
w wyniku transformacji stracili na zmianach i pod wpływem powstałej traumy pesymistycznie oceniali przyszłość. Rekcją na pojawiającą się traumę była nostalgia za
socjalizmem i bezpieczeństwem społecznym przezeń oferowanym. Czynnikami łagodzącymi szok w społeczeństwie postkomunistycznym było wykształcenie, młodszy
wiek i orientacja proeuropejska.
Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest przybliżenie prób reformy systemu
wyborczego do Rady Najwyższej Ukrainy podejmowanych w okresie przypadającym
po Euromajdanie. Analizie zostały poddane rozwiązania prawne zawarte w zarejestrowanych i poddanych pod głosowanie w parlamencie projektach ordynacji wyborczych. Przybliżono także stanowisko poszczególnych sił politycznych wobec potrzeby reformy systemu wyborczego, na co pozwoliła analiza programów wyborczych,
zapisów umowy koalicyjnej zawartej w RN VIII kadencji, jak również wyników
głosowania nad poszczególnymi projektami ustaw w parlamencie. Ponadto uwaga
została skupiona na wynikach badań opinii publicznej, pozwalających ukazać, który
z wariantów systemu wyborczego jest najbardziej pożądany przez ukraińskie społeczeństwo.
Mołdawia jest państwem, które z jednej strony podejmuje wysiłki
zmierzające ku demokratyzacji i europeizacji jej systemu politycznego i prawnego,
z drugiej – działania te są chaotyczne, brak im konsekwencji i są uwarunkowane
bieżącą sytuacją polityczną. Jednym z obszarów podlegających takim politycznym
przesileniom jest samorząd terytorialny. Cele artykułu są dwojakie: po pierwsze, periodyzacja i charakterystyka kolejnych etapów kształtowania się modelu samorządu
lokalnego w Mołdawii, po drugie – charakterystyka aktualnie obowiązujących rozwiązań i wskazanie podstawowych problemów istotnie wpływających na jego funkcjonowanie.
Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy relacji państwo–diaspora na
przykładzie Czarnogóry. W literaturze przedmiotu zauważalny jest brak dogłębnych
badań tego zjawiska. Czarnogóra stanowi interesujący przypadek ze względu fakt, że
liczba osób żyjących w diasporach jest porównywalna do liczby mieszkańców tego
państwa. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. Pierwsza z nich stanowi przedstawienie
rozważań teoretycznych na temat diaspor, ale także relacji państwo–diaspora. W kolejnej została pokrótce scharakteryzowana czarnogórska diaspora – jej historia, liczebność oraz kierunki emigracji. Trzecia część stanowi analizę kształtowanych przez
Czarnogórę relacji z diasporą. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na proces instytucjonalizacji owych stosunków. Artykuł kończy podsumowanie.
Poziom życia obywateli poszczególnych państw świata utożsamiany
jest najczęściej z wysokością produktu krajowego brutto w ujęciu nominalnym oraz
per capita. W przestrzeni publicznej natomiast mówi się o rozwoju „społeczno-gospodarczym” mającym mieć odbicie w powyżej wymienionych wskaźnikach gospodarczych. Przekonanie o uniwersalności tych mierników, a także zrównywanie rozwoju społecznego z gospodarczym staje się coraz częstszą podstawą zarzutów wobec
miernika PKB. Jaka jest jednak prawdziwa relacja PKB do poziomu szczęśliwości
obywateli? Zagadnienie to stanowi przedmiot rozważań autorów.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
1. DOI 10.14746/ssp.2019.2.8
Inga Oleksiuk
University of Economics and Human Science in Warsaw
ORCID: 0000-0003-2682-8968
Agnieszka Werenowska
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
ORCID: 0000-0002-2545-4442
Promotion of regional and traditional products
Abstract: The main goal of the studies described in this article may be defined as an
analysis of the promotional processes of regional and traditional products executed with
the use of symbols regulated by European law:Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG),
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).
The analysis presented here and the trends in promotional activities deducted from
it, primarily result from the specifics of the goods. The shape of the information sys-
tem is also influenced by social and cultural factors decisive for the recognizability
and renown of the products, which have been confirmed by the results of the question-
naire conducted for the study. What is worth noting is the correlation between quality
and tradition, reflected, among other things, in declarations regarding the reasons for
the choice of these products: the sense of pride and the willingness to continue the
traditions were chosen by 45% of the survey participants. The Traditional Speciality
Guaranteed (TSG) has proven to be the most recognizable European symbol (38%).
Key words: intellectual property protection in the EU, promotion, visual commu-
nication
Introduction
In the EU countries the origin of food products is increasingly captur-
ing consumers’ attention. The multitude of products creates the need
to distinguish those which provide guarantees of quality and flavor, while
at the same time being elements of the European heritage. In light of the
principles of the EU agricultural product quality policy it is necessary to
secure implements allowing for efficient labelling and promotion of tradi-
tional and regional products of defined specific features, especially those
related to their geographical origin (Regulation (EU) No. 1151/2012).
Considering the above, the European system of legal protection of tradi-
2. 136 Inga Oleksiuk, Agnieszka Werenowska ŚSP 2 ’19
tional products’ signs, as an element of their promotion, has been chosen
as the subject of the study.
The main goal of the study may be defined as an analysis of specific
promotional processes of regional and traditional products with the use of
the symbols regulated by EU law, i.e. Traditional Speciality Guaranteed
(TSG), Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographi-
cal Indication (PGI). The goal has been reached by attempting to answer
the following questions:
do the currently applied tools for promotion of regional and traditional––
products have their own specifics?
how recognizable are the legally protected symbols of regional and––
traditional products?
what are the sources of information on traditional and regional prod-––
ucts and what is the role played in this respect by the legally regulated
sui generis symbols (TSG, PDO and PGI)?
The defined subject matter exceeds the limits of linguistic analysis
of the binding regulations. It seems desirable to use the tools of purpose
analysis and functional analysis. Such an approach is favored by the
complex, multifaceted character of the issues related to the promotion of
traditional and regional products with the use of legal instruments. As-
sessment of the legal practice and viewing certain phenomena as parts of
a larger whole – a political and socio-economic system – requires the use
of external comparative analysis related to the numerous achievements
of political and economic sciences. In view of the above, the analysis of
source and secondary materials has been presented in this article. The
state of the matters has been established, identifying relationships among
many phenomena and processes. Sampling procedures have been used,
both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted, and the ques-
tionnaire contained both closed and open questions.
Therefore, in order to achieve the goal, presentation of political and
economic processes against the backdrop of the contents of the examined
regulations is required, both from the point of view of the functions they
have and the values they serve in regular practice.
Tools for promotion of traditional and regional products
The need to promote agricultural products has been recognized by
the European Commission which appropriated €188.5 million for this
3. ŚSP 2 ’19 Promotion of regional and traditional products 137
purpose in 2018. This amount exceeded that for 2017 by €46 million
(see: the European Commission, Promotion of Agricultural Products in
the EU, Introduction). The financing is available not only for projects
promoting European agricultural products globally and in the EU. The
projects cover a wide range of issues related, among other things, to
campaigns promoting healthy nutrition. EU internal projects specifical-
ly highlight policies to inform customers of the EU systems and sym-
bols of quality such as geographical indications and labels of ecological
products.
An important role in promotion of regional and traditional products
is played by organizations whose activities are aimed at the populariza-
tion of knowledge about such products. The AREPO (French: Associa-
tion des Régions Européennes et des Produits d’Origine – the European
Association of Geographical Indications, EAGI) is the most impor-
tant association functioning on the European level (Adamczuk, 2013,
p. 18). Meanwhile, every member state may create its own quality as-
surance mechanisms promoting regional and traditional food products.
In Poland the most well-known symbols of quality are: Jakość Trady-
cja [Quality Tradition] and Poznaj Dobrą Żywność [Try Fine Food]
(Decision by Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of July
21, 2004 on the template of the quality symbols for produce and agri-
cultural products, Journal of Laws of 2004, No. 170, item 1794) as well
as System Gwarantowanej Jakości Żywności [Guaranteed Food Quality
System].
In Poland one such important organization is the Polish Chamber of
Regional and Local Products (PIPRiL). Through its activities, the organi-
zation is tasked with effective communication with groups of addressees:
food manufacturers, processors, controlling institutions, self-governing
bodies and consumers. The primary goal is to inform the public about the
role of traditional and regional products on the Polish and European mar-
kets. Products may obtain (1) the Quality Tradition mark, registered in the
Polish Patent Office under the registration number Z-307821 and protect-
ed in accordance with Industrial Property Law, as a collective guarantee
mark awarded by the Polish Centre for Testing and Certification (PCTC);
and (2) regional symbols awarded to manufacturers of produce, foods and
alcoholic beverages, provided they meet the standards set in the rules of
obtaining the symbols. Since 2007, in line with the Decision of the Min-
ister of Agriculture and Rural Development of June 12, 2007, the Polish
Chamber of Regional and Local Product is entitled to grant the Quality
4. 138 Inga Oleksiuk, Agnieszka Werenowska ŚSP 2 ’19
Tradition mark. It rewards food products of high quality and renown. To
date the mark has been awarded to 73 traditional products.
Since 2000 the Chamber, together with the Union of the Provinces
of the Republic of Poland, has been organizing Our Culinary Heritage
– Tastes of Regions competition. The main purpose of the competition is
to promote regional products and to prepare producers for participation
in national and EU food products quality systems. Pioneering documen-
tation of culinary traditions from all parts of Poland has been gathered
through the years of the competition’s existence.
To promote these unique products it is possible to use various
tools, such as sales promotion, advertising, public relations or personal
sale. Here promotion has various functions: informative, visualizing,
activating, economic, educational and competitive purposes (Wiktor
2005, p. 40). Sales promotion is a typical strategy used for regional and
traditional products. The promotion consists of the use of economic
incentives to boost the offer, selling the message ‘buy now and you
will be better off’ (Sławińska, 2008, p. 150). This very effective tool,
also called supplementary promotion, brings the desired results if it
is used as a part of an integrated marketing communication system.
Therefore, it should not be used as a stand-alone tool but as one com-
plementary with other measures, such as advertising and public rela-
tions. Sales promotion tools include, among other things, degustation,
awards, drawing lots and token gifts (Blythe, 2002, p. 241). Displays
in retail shops employing original visual elements are also typical for
food products. Such measures are effective when combined with, for
example, advertising campaigns, which in the researched area prima-
rily regard “informing and reminding about the quality values of the
product, its nutritional and health-related properties, labelling, specific
methods of manufacturing and high regard for the natural environment,
as well as creating the need in the customers to continue traditions and
the desire the sense of pride in the riches of the culinary heritage” (Ter-
eszczuk, 2009, p. 194).
One of the tools used, among others, by organizations active in this
area are events, i.e. special occasions, planned and financed by them-
selves. They may be organized for various purposes related to image
creation, advertising or marketing activities. A specific characteristic
and one of the main advantages of such events is the possibility to evoke
emotions and build direct ties with the audience (Jaska, Werenowska,
2017, p. 46).
5. ŚSP 2 ’19 Promotion of regional and traditional products 139
The events’ openness for the public boosts chances to reach out to
specific groups of recipients. This is especially important for regional
and traditional products. Although, as it results from the analysis of the
questionnaire survey, internet communication was the least effective one,
this should not discourage its use. In the case of specific traditional and
regional products, it should be used in conjunction with traditional forms
of promotion.
Currently, both enterprises and consumers have the need for interac-
tive communication (Taranko, 2015, p. 52). In the twenty-first century
owning a website has become a standard and a necessity. For the gen-
eration Y (born after 1980) and generation Z (born after 1996) of the
recipients, contacting a communication source only through a website
or an internet portal is – as such – not sufficient. What is required is
a social media presence. The media include mass applications – so-
cial or industry apps, business portals with films, photos and articles,
blogs, microblogs, as well as industry and individual social servers.
They may be divided according to the recipients, functions and types.
They guarantee interaction between the sender and the recipient; they
are active, lively and timely. They inspire interest in the product, enable
direct contacts with the recipients and allow the opportunity to present
information about the product. Immediate feedback from the customer
and from the producer is vital. It is also worth noting that publishing
entries and accessing the contents of many industry portals is totally
free of charge. Examples may be provided by lokalnazywnosc.pl or
ekotarg.pl.
The need to correctly position a promotion system within the region-
al strategies of development is worth highlighting. Adamczyk suggests
“incorporating regional food products into the region’s tourist product.
Traditional and regional products would become a fixed item of the so-
cial awareness inventory, as proven by vast experience of West European
regions” (Adamczuk, 2013, p. 23). Self-governing bodies also play a sig-
nificant role in the promotion of the discussed products. Their activities
contribute to the increased awareness of the products and to their promo-
tion. The producer alone is not capable of taking sufficient responsibility
for the promotion of and information about traditional and regional prod-
ucts. Properly authorized bodies and industry associations are helpful and
even indispensable in this respect, promoting the products with regional
indications.
6. 140 Inga Oleksiuk, Agnieszka Werenowska ŚSP 2 ’19
Legal protection of EU symbols of regional and traditional products
The European system of legal protection of symbols (Regulation (EU)
No 1151/2012 and the regulations cited in the preamble) is a vital instru-
ment for the development of the economic competitiveness of agricultural
products and foodstuffs on the global market – which indirectly contrib-
utes to the increase of quality of these products. This has been reflected
in the establishment of the EU symbols aimed at the popularization of
the protected designation of origin and protected geographical indications
from the European Union. The labels may bear the title: ‘protected desig-
nation of origin’ or ‘protected geographical indication,’ or the abbrevia-
tions: PDO or PGI respectively (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Symbols of protected European marks
Source: https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality_en.
In view of the binding EU law (Regulation (EU) No 1151/20120,
cf.: Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006), the la-
bels identify the product as coming from a specific geographical area,
which needs to be understood as signifying that at least one stage of the
product’s manufacturing needs to take place in the area. The quality,
renown and/or a specific feature of a given product is also crucial for
awarding it with the protection stemming from the geographical indica-
tion. The indicated feature should primarily result from its geographical
origin. In the case of products marked with the ‘protected designation
of origin’, they must (1) identify the product as coming from a specific
geographical area, which needs to be understood as signifying that at
least one stage of the product’s manufacturing needs to take place in
the area; (2) the product is distinguished by its quality, good opinion or
other specific features. The feature which distinguishes a product from
7. ŚSP 2 ’19 Promotion of regional and traditional products 141
other goods similar in kind (point 2) is associated by the customer with
an area indicated in point 1.
In compliance with provisions of the regulation’s preamble (Regula-
tion (EU) No 1151/20120, cf. Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of
20 March 2006), the system of geographical indications regarding agri-
cultural products and foodstuffs, as well as the system of traditional qual-
ity guaranteed have certain common goals and regulations (cf. Barańczyk
2008, passim; Kondrat, 2003, p. 13; Szczepanowska-Kozłowska, 2004,
pp. 6–7; Szewc, Jyż, 2011, p. 130; Gualieri, Vaccari, Catizzone, 2017,
p. 15).
In the case of traditional products, “[a] name shall be eligible for regis-
tration as a ‘traditional speciality guaranteed’where it describes a specific
product or foodstuff that (a) results from a mode of production, process-
ing or composition corresponding to traditional practice for that product
or foodstuff; or (b) is produced from raw materials or ingredients that are
those traditionally used” (Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012, Art. 18).
An analysis of the discussed legal institutions from the perspective of
social sciences allows us to see that the key reason for considering a given
mark as subject to legal protection is provided by its informative and per-
suasive functions. The labelled product is distinguished by quality, good
opinion and/or other specific features. As an example, what is worth not-
ing is the reference to local legends used as a justification for awarding
the EU symbol to a specific Polish sausage (C 205/70 PL Official Journal
of the European Union 29.6.2017, 73).
According to the doctrine, labelling of the products is a message di-
rected at an average consumer (Szczepankowska-Kozłowska, 2004, p. 6;
Kondrat, 2003, p. 13; Sieńczyło-Chlabicz, 2015, p. 569). The essence of
the communication process discussed and the regulations referenced as-
sert that the message, in the form of a geographic indication, is relayed
at various levels of communication and this is a transmission not only
of data but also of the interpretation code. The intangible value stems
from the fact that the consumer receives information about the features
and quality of a given product and he gives a meaning to them, which is
a source of positive feeling, associations and assessments (a positive de-
notation). The use of geographical indications as a form of regional prod-
ucts promotion requires relevant cultural competence and legal aware-
ness. At the same time, it facilitates the strengthening of the community
and boosts knowledge of the customs and traditions. The premises, areas
of interest and tools of the discussed promotional activities are largely
8. 142 Inga Oleksiuk, Agnieszka Werenowska ŚSP 2 ’19
congruent with the axiological assumptions, scope and means of the legal
protection. It is worth noting that not only on the normative level, but also
in social practice, and especially in communication, cultural aspects of
manufacturing and distribution of the products are taken into account (cf.:
Oleksiuk, 2015, p. 85).
Analysis of the questionnaire survey
The choice of subject matter discussed in this article was justified
by the results of the questionnaire survey regarding the popular inter-
est in traditional and regional products, where 92% of the respondents
declared making purchases of Polish traditional products, and 89% gave
the same answer with reference to regional products. The questionnaire
survey was conducted between March and July 2018, involving inhab-
itants of Mazovia, Wielkopolska (Great Poland) and West Pomerania
– 215 individuals, comprising 139 women and 76 men. Over half of
the respondents (63%) declared secondary education status and 37%
– higher education. No respondents with primary education status were
surveyed (cf.: Brand recognition Poznaj Dobrą Żywność, TNS Report,
2018, passim).
The age group of 18–25 had the largest representation (56%). Young
people aged 26–35 formed the second largest group surveyed (24%), fol-
lowed by individuals above the age of 45 (11%). People aged 35–45 were
the least represented group surveyed (9%). The sample varied in terms of
the place of origin: villages (21%), towns with over 50 thousand residents
(19%), towns with 50–100 thousand residents (9%), cities with 100–500
thousand residents (16%) and those with over 500 thousand (30%). All
respondents were Polish citizens.
Identifying the rate of recognizability of the symbols under discussion
throughout the surveyed population was the most important task from
the point of view of an assessment of the promotional activities, regard-
ing the discussed products. The survey participants were presented with
three main symbols regulated by law and applicable to the territory of
the European Union, and two Polish symbols (not subject to regulations
sui generis): 38% of the respondents recognized the TSG symbol, 16%
– PDP or POG, respectively. As many as 75% of respondents declared
familiarity with the Quality Tradition mark and 10% of them – with the
Our Culinary Heritage mark (Chart 1).
9. ŚSP 2 ’19 Promotion of regional and traditional products 143
Chart 1. Recognition of traditional and regional products
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
16%16%
38%
75%
“Quality Tradition”
mark
Traditional
Speciality
Guaranteed
Protected
Designation
of Origin
Protected
Geographical
Indication
Source: Own study.
What is worth noting is the fact that the highest rate of recognizabil-
ity was recorded with reference to a mark not subject to regulations sui
generis. The disproportion between the declared recognition of the Polish
mark (81%) and the European one (48%) was especially visible in the
recipients with secondary education. Among respondents with higher
education there was no such significant difference. The finding that all the
presented marks gained at least 10% of recognizability is satisfying. In the
age group of above 36 a higher recognition of the European marks was
recorded (42%) than in the remaining age groups. The lowest recognition
of these marks was recorded in the youngest age group of respondents
(10%). No correlation between the gender and the rate of recognizability
of the analyzed symbols was identified.
The issues of recognizability are strictly related to the source of in-
formation about the discussed products. An analysis of the findings has
identified two dominant sources of information: friends (56%) and food
fairs public fairs and trade fairs (60%). The main distinguishing fea-
ture of the sources of information has been identified as direct contact,
which may be regarded as a feature characteristic of this type of prod-
ucts. In this context, it should be stated that traditional forms of promo-
tion were unsuccessful. Press and radio advertising did not even score
10. 144 Inga Oleksiuk, Agnieszka Werenowska ŚSP 2 ’19
10% of the indications. TV commercials were mentioned by 26% of the
respondents, predominantly women. Product placement – a promotional
tool which has recently gained in popularity – scored only 6% in the
group of men. Worth highlighting in this respect is the fact that social
media was indicated by only 11% of the respondents and blogs – by
15%. Websites have proved to be the most popular form of social media
(44%). An analysis of the above presented data from the point of view
of the respondents’ age suggests that further research is encouraged by
the fact that traditional forms, such as food fairs and trade fairs proved
more effective (30%) than social media (18%). The respondents’ edu-
cation did not translate into their preferences for traditional or modern
sources of information.
The limited role of the new media in the area researched has been
confirmed by the findings regarding the use of specialized internet ap-
plications by the respondents. Although a quarter of the respondents de-
clared that they use them, the most popular was the application Zdrowe
Zakupy (healthy purchases) – dedicated to healthy food products, and not
the application targeted at Polish products (Polska smakuje, https://www.
polskasmakuje.pl/aplikacja-mobilna/) which would not be equivalent to
findings of research devoted to the reasons for making purchases, in the
light of which the reason for the choice of regional and traditional prod-
ucts were their flavor properties (70%) and not health properties (14%).
The sense of pride was important for 27% of the respondents.
The above considerations speak in favor of continuation of further
studies of the social and cultural conditions which can influence the rec-
ognizability and renown of the products.
Discovering the sources of information preferred by the respondents
was also an important part of the study. The regularity found here has
been increased interest in the analyzed products on occasions of direct
contact with the seller or the producer. Also, it has been established that
the applications dedicated to the subject matters were used by only 7%
of the respondents. Therefore, it would be reasonable to undertake re-
search regarding the potential of mobile applications as a form of pro-
motion of the said products.
The specifics of promotion of traditional and regional products were
highlighted by the responses of the survey respondents regarding their
consumer behavior. Occasional food fairs were indicated as the main
place for the purchase of the analyzed products (63%), which corresponds
to the sources of information declared by the respondents.
11. ŚSP 2 ’19 Promotion of regional and traditional products 145
Referring to the thoughts presented above on the European promotion-
al policy, it should be stressed that its goals are not limited to economic
aspects but also have political and cultural dimensions. In this context, the
findings are interesting, suggesting that quality is associated with tradi-
tion. Almost all of the respondents (93%) named tradition as a defining
feature of the said products. Even more interestingly, over a half (55%,
or 119 respondents) quoted quality and renown as characteristic features
of regional products. These features were reflected in the reasons for the
purchases, with the sense of pride and continued tradition selected by as
many as 45% of the survey participants. In the context of the short list of
traditional products known to the respondents, dominated by meat-and-
cabbage stew (bigos) and the pork chop (schabowy) it is worth noting
that the former belongs to the noble culinary tradition (Mickiewicz, 1834;
Book IV {co to jest?}; Wielądko, 1783) and the latter draws from peas-
ants’ and laborers’ traditions and gained popularity among Poles as late
as the nineteenth century (Ćwierczakiewicz, 1871, p. 75). Also cited were
dumplings (pierogi), alcoholic beverages and traditional fermented prod-
ucts. Dishes popular in the multinational culture of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, such as łazanki (type of noodles), meads and bagels,
were marginal among the responses.
Conclusions
In the European Union, advantages of high quality products are in-
creasingly noticed, also those of traditional and regional products. The
bio-diversity of the agricultural production is also appreciated. This justi-
fies the research and analyses of the subject matters named in the title of
this article. The questionnaire survey conducted confirmed a high interest
in the discussed products. Almost all of the respondents declared making
purchases of traditional products (92%) and regional ones (89%).
Identifying the rate of recognizability of the indicated symbols in the sur-
veyed sample has been important from the point of view of the effectiveness
of the promotional activities conducted. The highest rate of recognizability
was attributed to the symbol not subject to regulations sui generis. 75% of re-
spondents declared familiarity with the Polish Quality Tradition mark, 38%
recognized the TSG symbol and 16% indicated PDP or POG, respectively.
In this context it is worth noting that the role of professional com-
munication strategies is growing. The assumptions and goals of the
12. 146 Inga Oleksiuk, Agnieszka Werenowska ŚSP 2 ’19
strategies are defined not only by the costs but also taking account of
intangible factors, such as aspirations and cultural competence of the
consumers. The significance of common values has been confirmed in
the results of the questionnaire survey analyzed. Firstly, the respondents
indicated tradition (93%) as a defining feature of the discussed products.
Secondly, over half of the respondents pointed out their high quality and
reputation (55%). The sense of pride and the willingness to keep up the
traditions were an important reason for the choice of regional and tradi-
tional products, quoted by 45% of the respondents.
Supporting promotion of European regional and traditional products
by means of legal regulation of the protected signs is also important from
the point of view of the general public. Protection of exclusive rights
guarantees maintenance and development of regional traditions, in the
interest of farmers, producers and consumers, as well as local communi-
ties.
In light of these considerations it may be claimed that the specifics
of promotional activities in this area result from the correlation of spe-
cific features of the products, market practices and legal regulations. The
above considerations speak in favor of continuation of further studies of
the social and cultural conditions which can influence the recognizability
and renown of the products.
References
Legal acts:
Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on the protection of geo-
graphical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products
and foodstuffs, not in force.
Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of
21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and food-
stuffs, OJ L 343, 14.12.2012, pp. 1–29, EUR-Lex – 32012 R1151 – EN,
CELEX:32012R1151.
Polish Industrial Property Law as amended by act of 23 January 2004 and act of
29 June 2007, Journal of Laws of 2017, item 776.
Act ofAugust 25, 2006 on food and nutrition safety, Journal of Laws of 2006, No. 171,
item 1225.
Act of December 17, 2004 on registration and protection of names and designations
of agricultural products and foodstuffs as well as traditional products, Journal
of Laws No. 171 of 2017, item 1168.
13. ŚSP 2 ’19 Promotion of regional and traditional products 147
Documents:
Brand recognition “Poznaj Dobrą Żywność”, TNS Report, 2018 for the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development, https://www.gov.pl/rolnictwo/rozpozna-
walnosc-marki-pdz, 30.08.2018.
European Commission, Policies, information and services, Promotion of EU
farm products, https://ec.europa.eu/info/promotion-eu-farm-products_pl,
30.08.2018.
Polish Centre for Testing and Certification (PCTC), https://www.pcbc.gov.pl/en/
services/product-certification/food-products/znak-jakosc-tradycja, 30.08.2018.
Polish Chamber of Regional and Local Products, http://www.produktyregionalne.pl/,
30.08.2018.
“Quality Tradition” mark registered in the Polish Patent Office under registration
number Z-307821 and protected in accordance to Industrial Property Law
as a collective guarantee mark, Polish Centre for Testing and Certification
(PCTC), https://www.pcbc.gov.pl/en/services/product-certification/food-
products/znak-jakosc-tradycja, 30.08.2018.
Literature on the subject
Adamczuk F. (2013), Produkty tradycyjne i regionalne i ich wykorzystanie w pro-
mocji regionu, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
no. 307, p. 23.
Barańczyk I.(2008), Ochrona prawna oznaczeń geograficznych, Warszawa.
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Promocja produktów regionalnych i tradycyjnych
Streszczenie
Podstawowym celem studiów opisanych w artykule była analiza specyfiki proce-
sów promocyjnych produktów regionalnych i tradycyjnych z wykorzystaniem ozna-
czeń regulowanych przez prawo europejskie: Gwarantowana Tradycyjna Specjalność
(GTS), Chroniona Nazwa Pochodzenia (ChNP), oraz Chronione Oznaczenie Geo-
graficzne (ChOG). Dokonano krytycznego przeglądu narzędzi promocji produktów
tradycyjnych i regionalnych odnosząc się do roli ochrony prawnej oznaczeń wyrobów
15. ŚSP 2 ’19 Promotion of regional and traditional products 149
w UE. Zwrócono uwagę, że na kształt systemu promocyjnego i informacyjnego mają
wpływ uwarunkowania społeczno-kulturowe, które oddziałują na rozpoznawalność
i renomę produktów, co znalazło potwierdzenie w wynikach przeprowadzonych ba-
dań sondażowych. Na uwagę zasługuje istnienie korelacji jakości z tradycją, czego
wyrazem były między innymi deklaracje dotyczące motywu wyboru tych produk-
tów: poczucie dumy i kontynuowanie tradycji wybrało 45% badanych. Najbardziej
rozpoznawalnym europejskim oznaczeniem był symbol Gwarantowanej Tradycyjnej
Specjalności (38%).
Słowa kluczowe: ochrona własności intelektualnej w UE, promocja, komunikacja
wizualna
Article submitted: 14.01.2019; article accepted: 28.01.2019.