The article is based on an analysis of national and European legal acts,
documents and source literature and its aim is to describe education and information
in consumer policy in Poland. The protection of consumer rights within the scope
of information and education is presented as a prime objective of the consumer policy strategy of the European Union and government programs of consumer policy
in Poland. Certain aspects of information and education policy of the government
are investigated, which are included in the Consumer Policy Strategy 2014–2018.
The competencies of consumer authorities in the institutional context are thoroughly
discussed in terms of education and information in Poland. Moreover, the consumer
identity of information and education policy between Poland and the European Union
is indicated.
1.consumer protection
2.Philosophy of consumer right and responsibilities as prescribed by international consumer protection philosophy
3.consumer right and responsibilities as given by UN general assembly
The importance of marketing to any business can not be over emphasized . There are so many defects in the present
marketing system such as the way of making the prospective customers know the products the firms have, locating
the right firms that have the products needed by consumers. The broad objective of this work is to assess the use of
emarketing by agribusiness firms in South Eastern Nigeria. Specifically, the study ascertains the extent of use of
emarketing by agribusiness firm in south east, the perception of the agribusiness firms to the use of emarketing in
their business, and the performance of firms as they age in e-marketing. The data were obtained from primary
sources through well-structured questionnaire, observation and oral interviews. The data were analyzed using
descriptive statistics, regression and likert rating scale techniques. Findings from the study show that e-marketing
has not be fully adopted in south east Nigeria, and that e-marketing when well-practiced can help reduce cost, reduce
time, promote sales, improves sales and increase production generally.
: The main goal of the studies described in this article may be defined as an
analysis of the promotional processes of regional and traditional products executed with
the use of symbols regulated by European law: Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG),
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).
The analysis presented here and the trends in promotional activities deducted from
it, primarily result from the specifics of the goods. The shape of the information system is also influenced by social and cultural factors decisive for the recognizability
and renown of the products, which have been confirmed by the results of the questionnaire conducted for the study. What is worth noting is the correlation between quality
and tradition, reflected, among other things, in declarations regarding the reasons for
the choice of these products: the sense of pride and the willingness to continue the
traditions were chosen by 45% of the survey participants. The Traditional Speciality
Guaranteed (TSG) has proven to be the most recognizable European symbol (38%).
Japan is the second-largest retail market globally. For decades Japanese consumer’s preferences and cultural trends have been influential trend setting phenomenona. To understand how global consumer trends are transforming, it is important to look Japanese consumers behavior and attitudes towards consuming. Today we see behavior shifting. The change of Japanese consumers is not only about what people in Tokyo buy, but also how and what they think when they make decisions for purchases.
Future Watch report and analysis of consumer trends and lifestyles in Japan was done in collaboration with Euromonitor International’s Tokyo office researchers.
The article is based on an analysis of national and international legislation, on documentation and on the subject literature. It aims to present the adaptation process of Polish consumer
policy to European standards. The article discusses the legal basis for the adjustment of national
consumer legislation and the strategies of consumer policies towards the European Union. The
second part of the article describes the process of adjustment of Polish legislation to the EU
legislation. The last part includes concluding remarks and elaborations concerning the actual
problems of the Union connected with the implementation of consumer-protection-related regulations into the national legal standards, the function and the role of relevant consumer policy.
1.consumer protection
2.Philosophy of consumer right and responsibilities as prescribed by international consumer protection philosophy
3.consumer right and responsibilities as given by UN general assembly
The importance of marketing to any business can not be over emphasized . There are so many defects in the present
marketing system such as the way of making the prospective customers know the products the firms have, locating
the right firms that have the products needed by consumers. The broad objective of this work is to assess the use of
emarketing by agribusiness firms in South Eastern Nigeria. Specifically, the study ascertains the extent of use of
emarketing by agribusiness firm in south east, the perception of the agribusiness firms to the use of emarketing in
their business, and the performance of firms as they age in e-marketing. The data were obtained from primary
sources through well-structured questionnaire, observation and oral interviews. The data were analyzed using
descriptive statistics, regression and likert rating scale techniques. Findings from the study show that e-marketing
has not be fully adopted in south east Nigeria, and that e-marketing when well-practiced can help reduce cost, reduce
time, promote sales, improves sales and increase production generally.
: The main goal of the studies described in this article may be defined as an
analysis of the promotional processes of regional and traditional products executed with
the use of symbols regulated by European law: Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG),
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).
The analysis presented here and the trends in promotional activities deducted from
it, primarily result from the specifics of the goods. The shape of the information system is also influenced by social and cultural factors decisive for the recognizability
and renown of the products, which have been confirmed by the results of the questionnaire conducted for the study. What is worth noting is the correlation between quality
and tradition, reflected, among other things, in declarations regarding the reasons for
the choice of these products: the sense of pride and the willingness to continue the
traditions were chosen by 45% of the survey participants. The Traditional Speciality
Guaranteed (TSG) has proven to be the most recognizable European symbol (38%).
Japan is the second-largest retail market globally. For decades Japanese consumer’s preferences and cultural trends have been influential trend setting phenomenona. To understand how global consumer trends are transforming, it is important to look Japanese consumers behavior and attitudes towards consuming. Today we see behavior shifting. The change of Japanese consumers is not only about what people in Tokyo buy, but also how and what they think when they make decisions for purchases.
Future Watch report and analysis of consumer trends and lifestyles in Japan was done in collaboration with Euromonitor International’s Tokyo office researchers.
The article is based on an analysis of national and international legislation, on documentation and on the subject literature. It aims to present the adaptation process of Polish consumer
policy to European standards. The article discusses the legal basis for the adjustment of national
consumer legislation and the strategies of consumer policies towards the European Union. The
second part of the article describes the process of adjustment of Polish legislation to the EU
legislation. The last part includes concluding remarks and elaborations concerning the actual
problems of the Union connected with the implementation of consumer-protection-related regulations into the national legal standards, the function and the role of relevant consumer policy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
This EIU report has been commissioned by Gilead Sciences. It looks at health outcomes of treatment relative to cost and at the structure of Spanish healthcare delivery, the process of making healthcare more accountable in Spain, and the growth and adoption of value-based measures.
This presentation was made by Moritz ADER, OECD, at the OECD-MENA meeting dedicated to Budgeting for Societal Outcomes: Gender, Youth and Sustainable Development Goals Budgeting, held in Caserta, Italy, on 18-19 July 2019
Consumer Right, Consumer Protection, Choice of Selection, Right to get information, Right Product, Right Quality, right to Claim Awareness, Consumer protection Council of India, Right to education right to Rederessel and consumer Grievance Consumer Protection Act and latest amendment Central level State Level
Consumer Protection for Sale of Goods under the Malaysian Sale of Goods Act 1...AJHSSR Journal
Consumers enter into various types of contracts for supply of goods or services in their
everyday lives. The consumer market is very lop-sided. Therefore, the call for consumer protection is
unavoidable. Today‟s consumers need to be equipped with high consumerism knowledge and skills to be wellinformed
of market developments, necessary to empower them to be better able to act, make effective decisions
and to ensure that they become more empowered, savvy and resilient. However, empowered consumers will not
be created without the government intervening to protect consumers with adequate legislations. This paper aims
to examine the existing Malaysian laws specifically the Sale of Goods Act 1957 and the Consumer Protection
Act 1999 in protecting consumers in a sale of goods transaction and determine their adequacy. The paper
focuses on two important protections namely; quality and fitness of goods. The paper adopts a legal library
based research methodology focusing mainly on primary and secondary legal sources. Although the
aforementioned Malaysian laws continue to protect consumers of goods, the paper concludes that there is a need
to completely revamp these laws in order to reflect a more uniform and modernised approach
The concept of demand and supply and information asymmetricMarko Lucas Hupa
This presentation is about the concept of demand and supply in the process of service delivery, it also provide elaborations on the concept of information asymmetric in service delivery and how it act as a challenge to service recipients and therefore it suggest strategies and measure which the government can take to avoid the problem of information asymmetric in service delivery.
This paper aims to examine the activity of the Mamy Głos Foundation [We
have a voice], an organization founded in 2015 by junior high school students from
a handful of towns in Poland. For this purpose, a review of available materials about
this organization will be carried out and information will be collected using in-depth
interviews with the founders of the organization. The main research question concerns
the motivation behind young people’s activity in the foundation, the methods used to
achieve the goals of the organization and its founders’ profiles. Their activity will be
presented in the context of political activism among young people, including gender
differentiation.
The United Kingdom joined the EEC/EU in 1973. Its membership has been
one of the thorniest issues in British politics over the last forty-five years. The United
Kingdom was one of the most Euroskeptic member states in the EU. The ‘added
value’ brought by London to the EU was the English language, which successively
supplanted French from the function of working language of the EU. English is not
only the official language of the EU (it is one of 24 official languages), but primarily
has a dominant position in the EU. It is used for communication between the EU and
the world, between European institutions and during informal meetings. The purpose
of this article is to analyze the position of English in the EU, to show its strengths, and
finally to answer the question of whether the present status of English in the EU will
remain after the UK leaves.
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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
This EIU report has been commissioned by Gilead Sciences. It looks at health outcomes of treatment relative to cost and at the structure of Spanish healthcare delivery, the process of making healthcare more accountable in Spain, and the growth and adoption of value-based measures.
This presentation was made by Moritz ADER, OECD, at the OECD-MENA meeting dedicated to Budgeting for Societal Outcomes: Gender, Youth and Sustainable Development Goals Budgeting, held in Caserta, Italy, on 18-19 July 2019
Consumer Right, Consumer Protection, Choice of Selection, Right to get information, Right Product, Right Quality, right to Claim Awareness, Consumer protection Council of India, Right to education right to Rederessel and consumer Grievance Consumer Protection Act and latest amendment Central level State Level
Consumer Protection for Sale of Goods under the Malaysian Sale of Goods Act 1...AJHSSR Journal
Consumers enter into various types of contracts for supply of goods or services in their
everyday lives. The consumer market is very lop-sided. Therefore, the call for consumer protection is
unavoidable. Today‟s consumers need to be equipped with high consumerism knowledge and skills to be wellinformed
of market developments, necessary to empower them to be better able to act, make effective decisions
and to ensure that they become more empowered, savvy and resilient. However, empowered consumers will not
be created without the government intervening to protect consumers with adequate legislations. This paper aims
to examine the existing Malaysian laws specifically the Sale of Goods Act 1957 and the Consumer Protection
Act 1999 in protecting consumers in a sale of goods transaction and determine their adequacy. The paper
focuses on two important protections namely; quality and fitness of goods. The paper adopts a legal library
based research methodology focusing mainly on primary and secondary legal sources. Although the
aforementioned Malaysian laws continue to protect consumers of goods, the paper concludes that there is a need
to completely revamp these laws in order to reflect a more uniform and modernised approach
The concept of demand and supply and information asymmetricMarko Lucas Hupa
This presentation is about the concept of demand and supply in the process of service delivery, it also provide elaborations on the concept of information asymmetric in service delivery and how it act as a challenge to service recipients and therefore it suggest strategies and measure which the government can take to avoid the problem of information asymmetric in service delivery.
This paper aims to examine the activity of the Mamy Głos Foundation [We
have a voice], an organization founded in 2015 by junior high school students from
a handful of towns in Poland. For this purpose, a review of available materials about
this organization will be carried out and information will be collected using in-depth
interviews with the founders of the organization. The main research question concerns
the motivation behind young people’s activity in the foundation, the methods used to
achieve the goals of the organization and its founders’ profiles. Their activity will be
presented in the context of political activism among young people, including gender
differentiation.
The United Kingdom joined the EEC/EU in 1973. Its membership has been
one of the thorniest issues in British politics over the last forty-five years. The United
Kingdom was one of the most Euroskeptic member states in the EU. The ‘added
value’ brought by London to the EU was the English language, which successively
supplanted French from the function of working language of the EU. English is not
only the official language of the EU (it is one of 24 official languages), but primarily
has a dominant position in the EU. It is used for communication between the EU and
the world, between European institutions and during informal meetings. The purpose
of this article is to analyze the position of English in the EU, to show its strengths, and
finally to answer the question of whether the present status of English in the EU will
remain after the UK leaves.
This article aims to identify the major cores of the 15-M Movement mindset
and explain how particular historical factors shaped it. The research problems are to identify the types of relations the movement established between the people and the ruling
elites in its political manifestos, and the sources of these discursively created relations.
The research field encompasses the content of political manifestos published between
the Spanish general election on March 9, 2008 and immediately after the demonstrations
held on May 15, 2011. To solve these problems, the research applies source analysis of
the political manifestos. These are: (1) The Manifesto of ¡Democracia Real YA!; (2) The
Manifesto of the Puerta del Sol Camp, and (3) The Manifesto “May 68 in Spain.” The
research uses the technique of relational qualitative content analysis to determine the
relations between the semantic fields of the major categories of populism, ‘the people’
and ‘the elites,’ as well as to identify the meanings formed by their co-occurrence. The
tool used is a content analysis instruction whose major assumption is to identify all the
attempts to create images of ‘the people,’ ‘the elites,’ and relations between them.
The article analyzes the structure, content, properties and effects of the
Russian-Ukrainian ‘hybrid war’ in its non-military dimension. Particular emphasis is
placed on the aspect of the information and propaganda war, as well as activities in
cyberspace. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is described in the context of the new war
strategy of General Valery Gerasimov. Contemporary practice of hybrid actions in the
conflict in Ukraine has revealed that, for the first time, a stronger opponent, Russia,
uses the full spectrum of hybrid interaction on an opponent who is weak and unable
to defend the integrity of its territory. The military conflict of 2014 showed not only
the weakness of the Ukrainian state, but also, more importantly, the inefficiency of the
organizations responsible for ensuring international security: NATO, OSCE and the
UN. In the longer term, it should be noted that the escalation of hybrid activities in
Ukraine clearly threatens the states on the Eastern flank of the North Atlantic Alliance.
The analysis conducted refers to the problem defined in the form of questions: what
is the essence of hybrid operations? What is the nature of non-military hybrid operations? What was the course of these activities in Ukraine? How was international law
interpreted in relation to this conflict?
The article has three dimensions: methodological, theoretical, and empirical. A point of departure for the methodological remarks is a characterization of the
three main approaches in the vibrant interdisciplinary research field dealing with the
phenomenon of conspiracy theories. In this context, the content analysis method is
discussed as a promising approach to gain new data on conspiracy narratives. On the
theoretical level, the concept of conspiracy narratives is discussed in reference to the
popular understanding of the conspiracy theory. The main aim of the empirical part is
determining to what extent the media are saturated with different kinds of conspiracy
narratives. The analysis covers over 200 articles from two popular Polish news magazines (Sieci and the Polish edition of Newsweek) which occupy positions on opposite sides of the political divide in a society polarized, inter alia, by a conspiratorial
suspicion that in 2010 an airplane carrying President Lech Kaczyński on board was
deliberately crashed in Russia.
This paper looks at the proposals of the European Commission for the
Multiannual Financial Framework 2021–2027, and explores how to achieve a better
future for Europe by ensuring compliance with the legally binding values and objectives of the EU: democracy, equality, the rule of law, economic, social and territorial
cohesion and solidarity between the member states.
It is argued that introducing progressivity, a reform of the EU’s finances involving
a paradigm shift in the financing of policies with redistributive effects and a reform of
the system of the EU’s ‘own resources,’ would ensure that solidarity becomes a matter
of the rule of law and not of governance through conditionalities and fines.
It is pointed out that, unless the EU undertakes an effective reform of its redistributive policies to ensure that progressivity and solidarity in the EU become a matter
of the rule of law, the Union will bear less and less resemblance to a democracy and
will increasingly look like an empire with an economically stronger and more rapidly
developing ‘core,’ and an economically weaker ‘periphery’ in the East and the South
lagging behind the ‘core.’
What is needed is collective action by the member states most immediately interested in a reform to make the system of EU’s ‘own resources’ less regressive and to
introduce progressivity in the financing of the policies of the EU. It would take significant skill for those countries to organize themselves as a group and to act together
in the course of the adoption of the legislative proposals for the next MFF in order to
make the EU more equitable.
Contemporary diplomacy has evolved into a network involving various
new actors, including international sports organizations. The article is dedicated to the
issue of the sports diplomacy of international bodies which are in charge of international sporting competitions, particularly the International Federation of Association
Football (FIFA), an organization that manages football on a global level.
The research presented in this article is a case study dedicated to the issue of the
influence of international sports organizations on the governments of sovereign states,
specifically FIFA. The objective of the research is to investigate whether international
sports organizations are able to make governments change their political decisions.
The hypothesis that has been investigated states that international sports governing
bodies are diplomatic actors capable of influencing states.
One of the first laws adopted by the new political leadership in Ukraine
in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 was the new concept of local
governance reform and the organization of territorial authority in Ukraine. The aforementioned law, as well as official declarations by top politicians on the necessity of
empowering Ukrainian citizens to take part in the decision-making process and shape
their local communities, led to positive expectations regarding the transformation of
local governance in Ukraine. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of the legal
basis framing the functioning of civil society in Ukraine, focusing on major attempts
to conduct reform and on the main outcomes of implemented actions. Additionally,
emphasis is placed on the current state of cooperation between social and political
actors, and the trends in civil participation in the decision-making process regarding
decentralization and local governance reform in Ukraine.
Lobbying, understood as all actions performed by or on behalf of interest
groups directed at influencing of the process of policy formation and implementation,
occurs in every political regime. The article examines whether the illiberal type of
democracy that exists in Hungary (2010–2014) exerts an influence on the effectiveness of lobbying control.
Illiberal democracy differs from liberal democracy with regard to five systemic core
principles, such as the rule of law, government control and accountability, the integrity
of political elites, media freedom and civil rights and protection of minorities. This
article shows that all of these systemic criteria constituting illiberal democracy were
met in Hungary between 2010–2014. Examination of the case of Hungary with regard
to lobbying control suggests that illiberal democracy had diminished the effectiveness
of lobbying control in this country.
Agrarianism was founded in Germany in the second half of the nineteenth
century, but it exercised the greatest influence in the predominantly agricultural countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Central European agrarianism was the ideology
of peasants and it proclaimed that land was the greatest wealth of the nation, agriculture was the most important branch of economy, and peasants were the morally
healthiest and thus the most valuable part of the society. Agrarianism was a personalist
ideology, which proclaimed a conception of man as a subject of social and economic
life. It criticized both extreme liberalism and totalitarian political ideology and advocated the concept of a ‘third way of development’ – between capitalism and communism. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation and development
of Polish agrarianism, and the related process of transfer and reception of knowledge.
The analysis focuses on the concept of land, man and labor, formulated by the representatives of the mainstream of agrarianism. In the 1930s, the Polish agrarians voiced
demands for land reform and the development of smallholder agriculture which, in
their opinion, made an optimal use of the land, capital and labor, that is, the most
important resources available to interwar Poland.
Using a proprietary computer program, simulations of voting in the Council
after Great Britain’s withdrawal from the EU were carried out. In the case of some of
them, a methodological innovation consisting in departing from the assumption that
the emergence of each possible coalition is equally probable was used. The analysis
conducted indicates that after Brexit the ability of the Council members to form small
minimally blocking coalitions will change significantly. At the same time, the assessment of the ability of states to block decisions in the Council and made on the basis
of the Preventive Power Index, differs fundamentally from the results of the analysis
focusing on building small minimally blocking coalitions.
This research is funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, under project no.
UMO-2016/23/D/HS5/00408 (SONATA 12 grant) entitled “The Impact of Brexit and
Unconditional Introduction of the ‘Double Majority’ Voting System on DecisionMaking in the Council of the European Union.”
Teoretycy i praktycy storytellingu koncentrują się zazwyczaj na formalnych właściwościach przekazu, upatrując klucza do jego perswazyjnej skuteczności w realizacji strukturalnych cech opowiadania. Niniejszy artykuł kładzie natomiast
nacisk na poznawczy aspekt relacji komunikat-odbiorca, upatrując w nim ważnego
czynnika determinującego siłę perswazyjnego oddziaływania storytellingu. W pierwszej części tekst analizuje psychologiczne przesłanki skuteczności perswazyjnej narracyjnego komunikatu. Część kolejna stanowi teoretyczną propozycję w jaki sposób
zwiększyć skuteczność jego oddziaływania, uwzględniając budowę, właściwości
i funkcje schematów poznawczych oraz w oparciu o model poznawczych reakcji na
perswazję.
The author examines the nexus between international law and the concept
of human security that emerged in the 1990s. The article proceeds in three parts. Part
one outlines the concept of human security, its genesis and contents. Part two examines the nexus between human security and international law and briefly considers the
most representative aspects of international law, including international jurisprudence,
that, in the author’s opinion, reflect human security imperatives. Finally, conclusions
provide answers to the questions posed and indicate the increased value of the human
security concept. The questions read as follows: How can human security strengthen
international actions (actions based on international law)? Where in international law
is human security reflected? In other words, what aspects of international law reflect
a human security-centered approach? What is the role of international law in human
security? Taking all this into account, what is the added value of adopting the concept
of human security? This article is inevitably interdisciplinary, as it combines the perspectives of international law and international relations.
Najważniejszą barierą rozwoju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw
(MŚP) jest ograniczony dostęp do źródeł finansowania. W fazie startu wykorzystują
one zwykle środki własne, rodziny i przyjaciół. Następnie zaś sięgają one po kredyt bankowy, którego otrzymanie jest trudne ze względu na brak historii finansowej,
gwarancji i ekonomiczną ich słabość. Nieliczne mogą korzystać z grantów rządowych i wsparcia międzynarodowych organizacji (np. Unii Europejskiej). Pomocnymi mogą być alternatywne źródła finansowania takie jak venture capital, mezzanine,
crowdfunding, emisja obligacji oraz publiczna emisja akcji (Initial Public Offering:
IPO). Ten ostatnio wymieniony sposób finansowania może przynieść znaczne korzyści dla MŚP; umocnić ich pozycję rynkową i umożliwić ekonomiczną ekspansję, ale
związany jest z wieloma barierami. Do najważniejszych należą trudność spełnienia
kryteriów notowania na giełdzie lub specjalnych platformach, nawet jeśli są one łagodniejsze niż dla dużych firm, wysokie koszty, brak wiedzy o rynku kapitałowym
i niska płynność akcji MŚP. Dlatego niezbędne jest podjęcie przez rządy, organizacje
międzynarodowe i krajowe oraz interesariuszy działań zmierzających do likwidacji
lub ograniczenia tych barier.
Dyskusje i badania polskiego członkostwa w strefie euro są w obecnych, dynamicznie zmieniających się warunkach obarczone dużą dozą niepewności,
stąd ograniczać się mogą jedynie do kreślenia scenariuszy. Niniejsze opracowanie
skupia się na aspektach gospodarczych decyzji o: 1) definitywnej rezygnacji z wprowadzenia wspólnej waluty w Polsce, 2) szybkiej akcesji do strefy euro oraz 3) odsunięciu w czasie udziału Polski w tej strefie. Każdy z wariantów rodzi inne skutki polityczno-ekonomiczne i tym samym wyznacza inne ścieżki długookresowego rozwoju
polskiej gospodarki.
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań nad traumą społeczno-kulturową
w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Do weryfikacji teorii traumy zostały wykorzystane reprezentatywne dane sondażowe z Białorusi, Bułgarii, Węgier, Rumunii, Polski,
Rosji i Ukrainy. Prowadzone analizy pokazały, że społeczeństwo postkomunistyczne
negatywnie oceniło zmiany systemu gospodarczego i politycznego. Źródłem traumy był spadek poziomu życia oraz wzrost przestępczości. Respondenci uważali, że
w wyniku transformacji stracili na zmianach i pod wpływem powstałej traumy pesymistycznie oceniali przyszłość. Rekcją na pojawiającą się traumę była nostalgia za
socjalizmem i bezpieczeństwem społecznym przezeń oferowanym. Czynnikami łagodzącymi szok w społeczeństwie postkomunistycznym było wykształcenie, młodszy
wiek i orientacja proeuropejska.
Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest przybliżenie prób reformy systemu
wyborczego do Rady Najwyższej Ukrainy podejmowanych w okresie przypadającym
po Euromajdanie. Analizie zostały poddane rozwiązania prawne zawarte w zarejestrowanych i poddanych pod głosowanie w parlamencie projektach ordynacji wyborczych. Przybliżono także stanowisko poszczególnych sił politycznych wobec potrzeby reformy systemu wyborczego, na co pozwoliła analiza programów wyborczych,
zapisów umowy koalicyjnej zawartej w RN VIII kadencji, jak również wyników
głosowania nad poszczególnymi projektami ustaw w parlamencie. Ponadto uwaga
została skupiona na wynikach badań opinii publicznej, pozwalających ukazać, który
z wariantów systemu wyborczego jest najbardziej pożądany przez ukraińskie społeczeństwo.
Mołdawia jest państwem, które z jednej strony podejmuje wysiłki
zmierzające ku demokratyzacji i europeizacji jej systemu politycznego i prawnego,
z drugiej – działania te są chaotyczne, brak im konsekwencji i są uwarunkowane
bieżącą sytuacją polityczną. Jednym z obszarów podlegających takim politycznym
przesileniom jest samorząd terytorialny. Cele artykułu są dwojakie: po pierwsze, periodyzacja i charakterystyka kolejnych etapów kształtowania się modelu samorządu
lokalnego w Mołdawii, po drugie – charakterystyka aktualnie obowiązujących rozwiązań i wskazanie podstawowych problemów istotnie wpływających na jego funkcjonowanie.
Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy relacji państwo–diaspora na
przykładzie Czarnogóry. W literaturze przedmiotu zauważalny jest brak dogłębnych
badań tego zjawiska. Czarnogóra stanowi interesujący przypadek ze względu fakt, że
liczba osób żyjących w diasporach jest porównywalna do liczby mieszkańców tego
państwa. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. Pierwsza z nich stanowi przedstawienie
rozważań teoretycznych na temat diaspor, ale także relacji państwo–diaspora. W kolejnej została pokrótce scharakteryzowana czarnogórska diaspora – jej historia, liczebność oraz kierunki emigracji. Trzecia część stanowi analizę kształtowanych przez
Czarnogórę relacji z diasporą. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na proces instytucjonalizacji owych stosunków. Artykuł kończy podsumowanie.
Poziom życia obywateli poszczególnych państw świata utożsamiany
jest najczęściej z wysokością produktu krajowego brutto w ujęciu nominalnym oraz
per capita. W przestrzeni publicznej natomiast mówi się o rozwoju „społeczno-gospodarczym” mającym mieć odbicie w powyżej wymienionych wskaźnikach gospodarczych. Przekonanie o uniwersalności tych mierników, a także zrównywanie rozwoju społecznego z gospodarczym staje się coraz częstszą podstawą zarzutów wobec
miernika PKB. Jaka jest jednak prawdziwa relacja PKB do poziomu szczęśliwości
obywateli? Zagadnienie to stanowi przedmiot rozważań autorów.
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Education and information in consumer policy in the Republic of Poland
1. DOI 10.14746/ssp.2019.2.3
Mira Malczyńska-Biały
University of Rzeszów
ORCID: 0000-0003-3083-800X
Education and information in consumer policy
in the Republic of Poland
Abstract: The article is based on an analysis of national and European legal acts,
documents and source literature and its aim is to describe education and information
in consumer policy in Poland. The protection of consumer rights within the scope
of information and education is presented as a prime objective of the consumer pol-
icy strategy of the European Union and government programs of consumer policy
in Poland. Certain aspects of information and education policy of the government
are investigated, which are included in the Consumer Policy Strategy 2014–2018.
The competencies of consumer authorities in the institutional context are thoroughly
discussed in terms of education and information in Poland. Moreover, the consumer
identity of information and education policy between Poland and the European Union
is indicated.
Key words: consumer, consumer rights, consumer policy, Office of Competition and
Consumer Protection, Trade Inspection, Association of Polish Consumers, Polish
Consumer Federation
Introduction
The need for consumer protection in the area of information and
education results from the disparity between professionals and
consumers. The adequate knowledge of purchasers of the terms and
conditions of contracts, the safety of products, unfair market practices
and ways of pursuing claims are essential for their full participation in
market mechanisms.
While economic entities demonstrate a vast knowledge of consumer
policy, consumer expertise is rather superficial and limited. The principal
objective of the article is to present the inclusion of education and in-
formation in consumer policy in Poland. In order to do that, the identity
of the European Union policy was analyzed together with the national
consumer policy. Furthermore, the main goals of contemporary consumer
2. 48 Mira Malczyńska-Biały ŚSP 2 ’19
policy in Poland are examined within the context of consumer informa-
tion and education.
The subject of this article is the consideration of education and in-
formation in consumer policy in the Republic of Poland after 1998. It
focuses on the measures of particular authorities, such as the Office of
Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) and consumer entities,
for example, the Polish Consumer Federation and Polish Consumer As-
sociation.
The chronological study area covered the period after 1998. The go-
vernment’s implementation of the first consumer policy program for the
years 1998–1999 forms an initial period of study. In 2014, basic assump-
tions of the seventh consecutive policy paper for the years 2014–2018
were highlighted. It summarized the action taken by the Republic of Po-
land towards improving the level of consumer rights protection in the
Polish market, as well as providing equal opportunities in a community
market.
The following research questions were asked: what initiatives should
be undertaken to enhance information and education measures in consu-
mer policy? What are the barriers in consumer education? How important
are consumer education and information in government consumer policy
programs? To what extent does the Republic of Poland meet EU stan-
dards in terms of education and information activities?
The article is based on the following assumptions: consumer educa-
tion and information were indicated as a prime goal in every government
consumer policy program, which varied according to the measures taken
in order to complete it. What is more, contemporary EU consumer policy
defines minimum standards which a member state needs to achieve.
The basic research method employed in this paper is content ana-
lysis. It was used to investigate European and national legal acts and
government consumer policy programs. In the article, a comparative
analysis is also performed to compare the information and education
consumer policy carried out by the state after 1998. Furthermore, the
elements of a system analysis are implemented, since consumer policy
is perceived as a subsystem of European community policies. Finally,
some elements of a decision-making method are used to analyze the
process of implementing the political decisions of the President of the
Council of Ministers. The decisions concern the adoption of consumer
policy strategies by means of appropriate informational and educational
measures, as well as legal action.
3. ŚSP 2 ’19 Education and information in consumer policy... 49
The exegesis of the chosen aspects of EU and national legal acts wi-
thin the scope of consumer protection and consumer policy were of key
importance while analyzing education and information in consumer po-
licy in the Republic of Poland. The texts of government strategies and
consumer policy programs were examined, which had been developed by
the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection and adopted by the
President of the Council of Ministers in the years 1998–2004, emphasi-
zing the demands and activities connected with education and informa-
tion. Additionally, consumer policy entities in Poland, which influence
purchasers’ information and education, were characterized. A wide array
of methods specific to political studies was used, namely; legal and insti-
tutional analysis, and historical and systems analysis.
When investigating consumer education and information in consumer
policy, two spheres could be indicated at the national level. The first one
is connected with the process of increasing consumer knowledge through
education (schools, educational campaigns organized by governmental
authorities, consumer organizations, media activity). The second one, on
the other hand, is linked to providing a suitable legal environment by
vendors and entrepreneurs, as well as supplying relevant and law-abiding
information (on packages, labels, and prices shown in advertisements).
Article 546 of the Civil Code in Polish law requires sellers to provide
buyers with explanations regarding the legal and actual relations concer-
ning the product sold and providing necessary documentation, such as
manuals (Ustawa z dnia 23 kwietnia 1964 r. – Kodeks). Lack of instruc-
tion manuals curtails the freedom of general assessment and free market
choice for consumers. The foundation of a right choice is based on factual
information about the characteristics of products and services offered, the
conditions of safe usage of products and complaints procedures (Dutkie-
wicz, 1998, pp. 280–285). According to the rules in civil law, the infor-
mation concerning products and services ought to be substantive, reliable
and complete. It works on the principle that “a well-informed consumer
becomes a well-protected consumer” (Łętowska, 2004, p. 123).
Education and information in consumer policy programs in Poland
Developing consumer knowledge is one of the priorities of Polish go-
vernment policy in the context of consumer education and information.
Consumer policy consists of a vast number of the country’s conscious ac-
4. 50 Mira Malczyńska-Biały ŚSP 2 ’19
tions leading to the creation of such conditions that enable consumers to
achieve their goals and fulfill their expectations (Niepokulczycka, 1993,
p. 12). Education and information play a key role in domestic and inter-
national consumer policy, as evidenced by the inclusion of broadly-un-
derstood education in basic consumer policy instruments1
by the Organi-
zation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Consumer,
2010, p. 77). The appropriate knowledge and awareness of consumers
constitute the basis for the implementation of particular programs and
demands of consumer protection included in government strategies. In
1998, the government started to pay more attention to consumer protec-
tion in education and information by launching, for the first time in the
history of Poland, a consumer program entitled Government Project of
Consumer Policy 1998–1999, and later a number of subsequent docu-
ments, such as Government Consumer Policy Program 1998–1999, Go-
vernment Consumer Policy 2000–2001, Government Consumer Policy
2002–2003, Strategy of Consumer Policy 2004–2006, Strategy of Consu-
mer Policy 2007–2009 and Strategy of Consumer Policy 2010–2013. In
practice, it entailed the need for education and the provision of relevant
consumer information at every step of the transaction process. Consumer
Policy 2014–2018 is the currently applicable program (Polityka, 2014.).
One of the main priorities included in the program for the years
2014–2018 is “raising consumer awareness – the policy of education and
information.” Within that framework, the President of the Office of Com-
petition and Consumer Protection has planned informational and educa-
tional actions and projects, the purpose of which is to spread legal and
economic knowledge among all market participants, in particular chil-
dren and teenagers, as well as consumers over the age of sixty. These
educational actions were intended to trigger an increase of awareness of
consumer rights, to enable consumers to seek redress more effectively
and adopt a critical attitude towards certain market offers.
The campaigns for children and teenagers aim to develop their con-
sumer consciousness at an early stage of education. Youths, actively par-
ticipating in purchase decision-making, have a positive influence on the
purchasing decisions of adult family members. The initiatives for adults
aim at the intellectual support of those particularly vulnerable to unfair
market practices used by sellers. Elements of consumer knowledge are
1
The other instruments are contract terms, standards of behaviors and good mar-
ket practices, permits from companies and service providers, financial instruments,
the ways of pursuing claims and redress mechanisms.
5. ŚSP 2 ’19 Education and information in consumer policy... 51
provided by universities of the third age and senior citizens clubs. The
Office of Competition and Consumer Protection also undertakes educa-
tional initiatives for entrepreneurs. The main idea of these actions is to ad-
opt a pro-consumer attitude, in particular assent to reaching an amicable
settlement of disputes with consumers, such as mediation, arbitration and
courts of conciliation, as an alternative to judicial redress.
The informative measures taken in the years 2014–2018 are closely con-
nected with the legislative process as well as current judicial decisions of
the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. They
inform about current proceedings and decisions of the President and pro-
vide information concerning market research. Furthermore, various educa-
tional activities are also undertaken in relation to current or new consumer
laws. This requires conducting an intensive campaign targeted at all market
participants. Additionally, clear and coherent information and educational
measures targeted at particular consumer groups is of key importance, ta-
king account of their age, education and place of residence.
In line with the consumer policy of information and education in the
years 2014–2018, close cooperation with the media has also been deve-
loped. Conferences, debates, workshops and seminars have been held for
a wide target audience and have created opportunities for experts, consu-
mers, entrepreneurs and administrative employees to exchange opinions.
The findings of social research, conclusions, recommendations as well as
information campaigns are all made available on the website of the Office
of Competition and Consumer Protection in order to reach the widest
possible group of people. Highly specialized authorities and institutions
have been involved in carrying out information and education activities
in the years 2014–2018. For instance, the Polish Financial Supervision
Authority, in the period of the binding document, has been responsible for
organizing seminars for representatives of institutions involved in consu-
mer protection and academics.
In the telecommunication services sector, the Office of Electronic
Communication introduced a system of certification for telecommuni-
cation services; for example, certificates in the Safer Internet category,
which facilitates consumer activity on the telecommunication services
market. The Ministry of National Education continues these educational
measures by spreading knowledge about consumer rights. Furthermore,
the National Centre for Supporting Vocational and Continuing Education
has devised an exemplary curriculum, which includes such elements as
consumer rights and complaints procedures.
6. 52 Mira Malczyńska-Biały ŚSP 2 ’19
The postulate regarding spreading legal and economic consumer
knowledge among children and teenagers, included in government pro-
grams on consumer policy in Poland, is connected with the introduction
of elements of consumer knowledge into the core curriculum in schools.
This is defined as an obligatory set of educational aims and contents, de-
scribed in the form of general and specific requirements regarding the
knowledge and skills needed by a student after completing a particular
stage of education (Ustawa z dnia 7 września 1991 r. o systemie). On the
basis of the Regulation of the Minister of National Education of February
14, 2017 on the core curriculum for pre-school education and the core
curriculum for general education in primary schools, we can observe that
consumer education does not play a significant role in the teaching con-
tent in those age groups. The ability to use ICT technologies, in particular
searching and making use of information, is one of the educational aims
included in the regulation for I–III grades. This skill might be useful in
purchasing processes.
In grades V–VIII the teaching content of particular subjects, such as
Biology, includes elements of consumer knowledge, specifically elements
of ecology and environmental protection.
Consumer education also involves students in primary schools with
moderate to severe intellectual disabilities acquiring knowledge about
purchasing processes within the core curriculum for general education.
Learning about new types of shops, planning and doing the shopping,
as well as recognizing the expiry dates of products are crucial examples
here.
Elements of consumer policy were also included in the core curri-
culum for primary schools within the subject of business studies. The
teaching content for this subject involves, among other things, ways of
seeking redress. The student gains knowledge about some aspects of con-
sumer rights and their institutions, the rules for making complaints where
a product is unfit for purpose, being able to distinguish between infor-
mation and persuasion in an advertisement, and, finally, to indicate the
benefits and drawbacks of advertisements and their influence on consu-
mers. The issues of household income and expenditure, investing money
and consumer protection are also taken into account. It is essential to
develop a critical approach towards the interpretation of the information
in ads and to show both positive and negative instances of their effects on
consumers. Consumer knowledge at a higher educational level depends
on the type of school and education profile (high school, technical colle-
7. ŚSP 2 ’19 Education and information in consumer policy... 53
ge, vocational school, post-secondary school) (Rozporządzenie Ministra
Edukacji Narodowej z dnia 14 lutego 2017 r. w sprawie).
The entities in charge of consumer information and education
in Poland
Consumer information and education in Poland are supervised by the
President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Ustawa
z dnia 16 lutego 2007 roku o ochronie), the Office of Competition and
Consumer Protection (Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia
5 lutego 1997 roku w sprawie), the Trade Inspection (Ustawa z dnia
15 grudnia 2000 r. o Inspekcji) and local government units (Ustawa z dnia
24 lipca 1998 r. o zmianie) as well as consumer organizations (Ustawa
z dnia 7 kwietnia 1989 r. – Prawo). The President of the Office of Compe-
tition and Consumer Protection is the head of the government administra-
tion responsible for the protection of competition and consumers. Under
Article 31, section 12 of the Act of 16 February 2007 on competition and
consumer protection, the President arranges publication and education
programs disseminating knowledge of consumer rights. The President is
also obliged to gather and publicize judicial decisions on consumer pro-
tection, in particular by publishing important decisions on the website of
the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Article 31, section
15). The President performs his tasks with the help of the Office (Article
28, section 6, of 20 June 2007 on competition and consumer protection).
The Consumer Protection Department is in charge of the promotion of
information and educational activities of the Office. Its central role is to
create and develop government consumer policy in that area. Further-
more, it supports local government units and community organizations
as well as initiates product and service analyses in terms of education
and information (Departamenty). The main responsibilities of the Offi-
ce of Competition and Consumer Protection and Trade Inspection are to
exercise control over usage of the Polish language in the performance of
public tasks and legal transactions within the territory of the Republic of
Poland (Ustawa z dnia 7 października 1999 r. o języku). Both institutions
ensure foreign terms are not used exclusively in Polish legal transactions,
and that foreign products and service descriptions, as well as offers and
advertisements have a Polish language version (10 lat, 2000, p. 15). The
Trade Inspection’s authorities cooperate with district consumer advocates
8. 54 Mira Malczyńska-Biały ŚSP 2 ’19
and non-governmental organizations, which represent consumer interests,
in order to share knowledge and exchange information about market prac-
tices which violate consumer rights (Obwieszczenie Prezesa Rady Mini-
strów z dnia 19 maja 2018 r. w sprawie). Since 1999, the Trade Inspection
has published a quarterly entitled Biuletyn Inspekcji Handlowej to perform
government consumer policy tasks in education and information.
Consumer education on consumer protection is also the responsibility
of local authorities under Article 38 of the Act on competition and con-
sumer protection. The introduction of elements of consumer knowledge
into the school curriculum is of key importance (Ustawa z dnia 7 września
1991 r. o systemie). The district consumer advocate performs tasks con-
nected with information and education related to consumer protection
(Article 38 section 1 of theAct on Competition and Consumer Protection).
The type of information given ranges from minor issues linked with ad-
vertisements of everyday products to serious problems with credit agree-
ments. In many cases, the main role of a consumer advocate is to famil-
iarize consumers with their rights and help them take the right direction
(Kirstein, 2006, p. 199). Additionally, there are also various consumer or-
ganizations that contribute to public access to consumer information and
education. The Polish Consumer Federation and Polish Consumer Asso-
ciation are nationwide organizations responsible for consumer protection.
The Polish Consumer Federation is a voluntary, self-governing consumer
organization. One of the main aims of the Federation is the creation of
a system of individual consumer interests’ protection in order to guaran-
tee access to reliable information about products and services, as well as
consumer education. The Consumer Federation informs consumers about
the advantages of available products and those recently launched on the
market, and warns consumers against purchasing goods and services of
poor quality (Statut Federacji). The Federation is highly active regarding
consumer information and education, thereby creating the opportunity for
consumers to make conscious, rational and safe choices. Their purpose
is to make consumers aware of the pitfalls linked to consuming products
with harmful substances, to carry out research on the assessment of the
level of consumer awareness of the quality of groceries and the content of
consumer education in general education. Additionally, they aim to study
the influence of consumers on the quality of the Polish market economy,
informing consumers about their rights, and the dangers associated with
the use of certain products, and providing the public with the results of
product assessments through press releases, and TV and radio broadcasts
9. ŚSP 2 ’19 Education and information in consumer policy... 55
(Niepokulczycki, Zborowska, 1993, pp. 32–33). The main function of the
Consumer Federation is to offer consumers a free counselling service and
help in case of redress. It also performs its tasks in the area of drawing up
and publicizing educational programs, testing products and services and
publishing its results, and finally, publishing magazines, research reports,
brochures and leaflets (Wymysłowski, 2006, pp. 244–245).
The Polish Consumer Association is responsible for raising consumer
awareness with regard to their right to information and education. The
function in question is performed in association with non-governmental
organizations. Since 2001, The Polish Consumer Association, on behalf
of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, has offered a legal
consultation desk for consumer rights adviser and published a quarterly
entitled Bulletin informing about judicial decisions concerning consumer
rights. The Association also carries out a number of tasks intended for
young consumers (Rokicka, 2003, p. 12); for instance, educational proj-
ects, a guide to consumer rights in Poland and the EU, and various com-
petitions for students connected with food safety and marketing tricks
(Łuczak, 2006, p. 192.)
On Polish consumer policy in education and information and EU
standards
Treaties, directives and resolutions constitute the basis for consumer po-
licy in terms of education and information in the European Union. Consu-
mer protection, as an element of EU policy, was clearly set out in the Treaty
of Maastricht. UnderArticle 129a (1) of the Treaty, the EU was supposed to
trigger the attainment of a high level of consumer protection in the field of
health and safety, the economic interests of consumers and providing them
with information (Treaty on European Union). Under Article 153 of the
Treaty of Amsterdam, consumer rights were extended by the consumers’
right to information and education, and their right to organize themselves in
order to safeguard their interests (The Treaty of Amsterdam).
The process of amending Polish legislation to meet EU standards re-
garding consumer protection started in 1991 with the signing of the Asso-
ciation Agreement, which entered into force on February 1, 1994 (Układ
Europejski).
Consumer protection in terms of education and information can be
analyzed on two different planes. The first is the education of the Euro-
10. 56 Mira Malczyńska-Biały ŚSP 2 ’19
pean consumer, and increasing their awareness in the economic and legal
context, which enables them to participate efficiently and consciously in
a free market economy. It is also worth mentioning the Resolution on
consumer education in primary and secondary schools (Resolution of the
Council). The consumer right to information ought to guarantee a free,
self-determining choice and safety. Consequently, it brought about inte-
rventions in the content and form of information provided in particular
situations.
The second one is connected with the provision of reliable information
by entrepreneurs and vendors about products available on the market. The-
re are two types of information expected by consumers, namely product
information and information about the terms and conditions of consumer
contracts. As for the former, each product should be labelled with essential
information, such as its characteristics, purpose and instructions for use.
The EU directives paid special attention to the mass purchasing of
products, for example food, cosmetics, medicines and toys for children.
Precise information about their components, use and possible dangers was
of key importance. Therefore, EU legislation imposed a large number of
strict obligations concerning labelling, both regulating giving information
correctly and banning certain contents within labels (Streżyńska, 2000,
p. 98). A good example is the Council Directive 79/112/EEC of 18 De-
cember 1978 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States
relating to the labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs for sale
to the ultimate consumer (Council Directive 79/112/EEC). Under Article
2 of the directive, the information provided on a product label should be
clear and comprehensive. The product’s type, identity, origin and pro-
perties should not be misleading. The issue of labelling was particularly
significant in the case of imported goods, because terms used on labels
that sound similar could have different meanings in a different country
(Ustaborowicz-Jakimowicz, 1996, p. 242). The Decree of the Minister
for Agriculture and Food Economy on labelling of food products, stimu-
lants and permitted additives intended for trade turnover is the legal basis
for regulations as regards labelling of foodstuffs (Rozporządzenie Mini-
stra Rolnictwa…, 1994). Council Directive 90/496 EEC of 24 September
1990 on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs (Council Directive 90/496 EEC)
and Council Resolution of 5April 1993 on future action on the labelling of
products in the interest of the consumer (Council Resolution 93/C 110/01)
are also constituents of consumer legislation. The main aim of the reso-
lutions was the introduction of consistent rules of publishing information
11. ŚSP 2 ’19 Education and information in consumer policy... 57
about nutritional values on foodstuffs. It was intended to eliminate tech-
nical barriers to trade and improve the situation of consumers by enabling
them to make informed choices (Eichler, 1996, p. 261). Information about
price is another important issue. In the EU legislation, Council Directive
79/581/EEC of 19 June 1979 on consumer protection in the indication of
the prices of foodstuffs (Council Directive 79/581) and Council Directive
88/314/EEC of 7 June 1988 on consumer protection in the indication of
the prices of non-food products (Council Directive 88/314) regulate the
right to information. The Act of 5 July 2001 on prices regulated the ways
of informing about the quality and prices of goods and services.
The requirement to provide appropriate information on the terms and
conditions of a contract, its subject and content of the object of perfor-
mance, as well as possible effects, is a main quality of law of contracts
and results from a contractual duty of loyalty (Grzybowski, 1974, p. 550).
A specific form should be observed, for example, in writing. A consumer
ought to be informed in written form about their special privileges (for
instance the right of withdrawal) as in the case of off-premises contracts
(Ustawa z dnia 2 marca 2000 r. o ochronie). The requirement of writ-
ten form and providing specific and accurate information about contract
terms is particularly respected by the European law concerning consumer
loans (Council Directive 87/102).
It is worth mentioning the importance of the regulations included in
the Act of 23 August 2007 on the prevention of unfair market practices
(Ustawa z dnia 23 sierpnia 2007 r. o przeciwdziałaniu). The Act is the
implementation of Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer
commercial practices in the internal market (Directive 2005/29). Two
new definitions appeared in the act, namely, the definition of a product
and the offer of its purchase. The legislator pays attention to the fact that
unfair market practices which mislead consumers can be based either on
action or abandonment. Action does not always have to take the form of
spreading untrue information, but even of giving true information if the
way of providing it is misleading, thereby influencing the decision-ma-
king of an ordinary consumer, who otherwise would not have made that
particular choice. Advertisements are a special source of information for
consumers. When misleading, they can put consumers’ interests at risk
(Nowińska, Vall, 2000, p. 90).
At the time of Poland’s accession to the European Union, Polish con-
sumer policy had begun to follow the trends and accomplish the objec-
12. 58 Mira Malczyńska-Biały ŚSP 2 ’19
tives of European consumer policy included in programs and strategies.
The paramount goals in terms of consumer information and education
were reflected in domestic consumer policy programs. The methods and
scope of activities used to achieve those goals were the only distinction.
The current strategy of EU consumer policy is in the form of Regu-
lation (EU) No 254/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 26 February 2014 on the multiannual consumer programme for the
years 2014–2020 (Regulation (EU) No 254/2014). According to Article
2, the primary goal of the program is to guarantee a high level of consu-
mer protection and strengthen consumer status. Consumer information
and education, as well as the support of consumer organizations, are key
elements. This is specifically connected with an increase in the level of
education, information and awareness of consumers concerning their ri-
ghts, the development of the database for consumer protection policy and,
finally, providing support for consumer organizations taking into account
the specific needs of consumers prone to different threats. Hence the ade-
quate operations, which aim to ensure and improve the availability of the
database, create smart regulations and detect dysfunctions of the market
and changing consumer needs. They are also intended to determine the
most problematic spheres for consumers, and include their interests in
other EU policies. Furthermore, an increase in the transparency of consu-
mer markets and information can be observed. Consumers ought to have
access to comparable and reliable information, also in relation to cross-
border transactions. Not only should they be able to compare prices, but
also the quality and well-balanced nature of goods and services. In the
years 2014–2020, the EU is focusing on an increase in the level of life-
long consumer education, especially of those individuals who are vulne-
rable to threats.
Conclusions
Education and information activities play an important role in consu-
mer protection, especially as regards ignorance and lack of experience.
Their main purpose is to enable consumers to adopt various attitudes in
the process of conscious decision making when purchasing goods and se-
rvices. Both information and education are essential elements of consumer
policy in Poland. They consist of various methods of raising awareness, to
prevent irrational or unnecessary purchases, and aim at the dissemination
13. ŚSP 2 ’19 Education and information in consumer policy... 59
of consumer rights. A knowledgeable consumer, who is able to make use
of their rights to seek redress, becomes a stakeholder for manufacturers
and vendors. As a consequence, they are obliged to behave according to
good commercial practices and business ethics. The process of adapting
Poland to meet EU requirements resulted in the appearance of legal and
institutional instruments which aim to protect consumer rights. However,
the knowledge of rights and the awareness of possible actions are still at
a low level among Polish consumers. They are not familiar with the rules
of conditions of sale, do not read contracts, reluctantly make complaints
about products which are unusable, presupposing that there is no prospect
of success in a battle against strong manufacturers and that the judicial
procedure is far too expensive, time-consuming and complicated. They
do not know about the institutions and organizations acting on behalf of
consumer protection and education, and they lack knowledge of the func-
tioning of arbitration tribunals (Konsumentów portret…, 2007, p. 33).
The hypotheses formulated have been positively assessed. Education
and information have been a paramount goal in government consumer
policy programs. Any differences among particular programs have resul-
ted from the measures taken in order to complete them. As far as contem-
porary EU consumer policy is concerned, it sets the minimum standards
which a member state ought to meet. There is an opportunity for more
effective consumer policy in the field of information and education, ho-
wever, Poland achieves the minimum standards set.
Consumer education is a long-lasting and ongoing process of adapta-
tion to the EU system, especially in a country with a rapidly developing
market. One of the main barriers to consumer education and informa-
tion is the lack of publication of a nationwide consumer affairs magazine.
Hence, it is reasonable to spread knowledge about and popularize other
sources of information and, in the case of the publications of consumer
organizations, to create the conditions to publish them more widely (Ozi-
mek, 1999, pp. 9–10). Moreover, the introduction of so-called ‘consumer
knowledge’ into school curricula at all levels of education is another vi-
tal factor that leads to the development of consumer awareness, without
which the work of consumer advocates, the Office of Competition and
Consumer Protection and Trade Inspection will not yield the expected
results (Niepokulczycka, 2003, p. 46).
Finally, all the measures concerning education and information of
consumer protection entities are inherently limited, owing to their finan-
cial capacities.
14. 60 Mira Malczyńska-Biały ŚSP 2 ’19
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Streszczenie
Artykuł oparty został na analizie aktów prawa krajowego i unijnego, dokumentów
oraz literatury przedmiotu i ma na celu przedstawienie edukacji i informacji w polity-
ce konsumenckiej w Polsce. Ochrona praw konsumentów w aspekcie informacyjno-
edukacyjnym ukazana została jako nadrzędny cel strategii polityki konsumenckiej
Unii Europejskiej oraz rządowych programów polityki konsumenckiej w Polsce.
Analizie poddano wybrane aspekty polityki edukacyjnej i informacyjnej rządu, za-
warte w „Strategii polityki konsumenckiej na lata 2014–2018”. W kontekście insty-
tucjonalnym omówiono kompetencje poszczególnych podmiotów ochrony praw kon-
sumenta w zakresie edukacji i informacji w Polsce. Wskazano ponadto na tożsamość
konsumenckiej informacyjno-edukacyjnej polityki krajowej z unijną.
Słowa kluczowe: Federacja Konsumentów, konsument, Inspekcja Handlowa, polity-
ka konsumencka, prawa konsumenta, Stowarzyszenie Konsumentów Polskich, Urząd
Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów
Article submitted: 14.09.2018; article accepted: 28.09.2018.