1. Introduction to time and space complexity.
2. Different types of asymptotic notations and their limit definitions.
3. Growth of functions and types of time complexities.
4. Space and time complexity analysis of various algorithms.
Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language
Prolog, Prolog Programming IN AI. Prolog is an Artificial Intelligence programming language. Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Its applications include natural language understanding and expert systems. Prolog is notably a so-called nonprocedural, or declarative, language.
1. Introduction to time and space complexity.
2. Different types of asymptotic notations and their limit definitions.
3. Growth of functions and types of time complexities.
4. Space and time complexity analysis of various algorithms.
Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language
Prolog, Prolog Programming IN AI. Prolog is an Artificial Intelligence programming language. Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Its applications include natural language understanding and expert systems. Prolog is notably a so-called nonprocedural, or declarative, language.
Tutorial - Introduction to Rule Technologies and SystemsAdrian Paschke
Tutorial at Semantic Web Applications and Tools for the Life Sciences (SWAT4LS 2014), 9-11 Dec., Berlin, Germany
http://www.swat4ls.org/workshops/berlin2014/
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. What is Prolog?
Prolog stands for programming in logic (PROgrammation en LOgique).
Prolog is the most widely used language to have been inspired by logic
programming research.
Prolog is the only successful example of the family of logic programming
languages.
A Prolog program is a theory written in a subset of first-order logic, called
Horn clause logic.
Prolog is declarative. A Prolog programmer concentrates on what the program
needs to do, not on how to do it.
3. A Little History
Prolog was invented by Alain Colmerauer, a professor of computer science at
the university of Aix-Marseille in France, in 1972.
The first application of Prolog was in natural language processing.
Its theoretical underpinning are due to Donald Loveland of Duke university
through Robert Kowalski (formerly) of the university of Edinburgh
4. Main Advantages
Ease of representing knowledge.
Natural support of pattern-matching.
Natural support of meta-programming.
Meaning of programs is independent of how they are executed.
Simple connection between programs and computed answers and
specifications.
No need to distinguish programs from databases.
5. Anatomy of Prolog Program
Prolog programs are made up of facts and rules.
A fact asserts some property of an object, or relation between two or more
objects.
e.g. parent(jane,alan).
Can be read as “Jane is the parent of Alan.”
Rules allow us to infer that a property or relationship holds based on
preconditions.
e.g. parent(X,Y) :- mother(X,Y).
= “Person X is the parent of person Y if X is Y‟s mother.”
6. Predicate Definitions
Both facts and rules are predicate definitions.
‘Predicate’is the name given to the word occurring before the bracket in a fact
or rule:
parent (jane,alan).
By defining a predicate you are specifying which information needs to be
known for the property denoted by the predicate to be true.
Predicate name
7. Clauses
Predicate definitions consist of clauses.
= An individual definition (whether it be a fact or rule).
e.g. mother(jane, alan). = Fact
parent(P1,P2):- mother(P1,P2). = Rule
A clause consists of a head
And sometimes a body.
-- Facts don‟t have a body because they are always true.
head body
8. Arguments
A predicate head consists of a predicate name and sometimes some arguments
contained within brackets and separated by commas.
mother(jane, alan).
A body can be made up of any number of subgoals (calls to other predicates) and
terms.
Arguments also consist of terms, which can be:
-- Constants e.g. jane,
-- Variables e.g. Person1, or
-- Compound terms
Predicate name Arguments
9. Terms: Constants
Constants can either be:
Numbers:
integers are the usual form (e.g. 1, 0, -1, etc), but
floating-point numbers can also be used (e.g. 3.0E7)
Symbolic constants:
always start with a lower case alphabetic character and contain any mixture of
letters, digits, and underscores (but no spaces, punctuation, or an initial capital).
e.g. abc, big_long_constant, x4_3t.
String constants:
are anything between single quotes e.g. „Like this‟.
10. Terms: Variables
Variables always start with an upper case alphabetic character or an underscore.
Other than the first character they can be made up of any mixture of letters, digits, and
underscores.
e.g. X, ABC, _89two5, _very_long_variable
There are no “types” for variables (or constants) – a variable can take any value.
All Prolog variables have a “local” scope:
--- they only keep the same value within a clause; the same variable used outside
of a clause does not inherit the value (this would be a “global” scope).
11. Naming Tips
Use real English when naming predicates, constants, and variables.
e.g. “John wants to help Somebody.”
Could be: wants(john, to_help, Somebody).
Not: x87g(j,_789).
Use a Verb Subject Object structure:
wants(john, to_help).
BUT do not assume Prolog Understands the meaning of your chosen
names!
-- You create meaning by specifying the body (i.e. preconditions) of a clause.
12. Using Predicate Definitions
Command line programming is tedious
e.g. | ?- write(„What is your name?‟), nl, read(X),
write(„Hello „), write(X).
We can define predicates to automate commands:
| ?- greetings.
What is your name?
|: tim.
Hello tim
X = tim ?
yes
Prolog Code Terminal
greetings:-
write(‘What is your name?’),
nl,
read(X),
write(‘Hello ‘),
write(X).
13. Running prolog program on windows
After SWI-Prolog has been installed on a Windows system, the following important new things
are available to the user:
A folder (called directory in the remainder of this document) called swipl containing the
executable, libraries, etc., of the system.
No files are installed outside this directory.
A program swipl-win.exe, providing a window for interaction with Prolog.
The program swipl.exe is a version of SWI-Prolog that runs in a console window.
The file extension .p1 is associated with the program swipl-win.exe.
Opening a .p1 file will cause swipl-win.exe to start, change directory to the directory in which
the file to open resides, and load this file.
14. Executing a query
After loading a program, one can ask Prolog queries about the program.
?- likes (sam, x) .
X = dahl ;
X = tandoori ;
……
X = chips ;
?-
15. Prolog Execution
Most Prolog clauses have both a declarative reading and a procedural reading.
Whenever possible, the declarative reading is to be preferred.
mother (X, Y) :- parent (X, Y), female (X) .
Declarative reading: x is the mother of y
if x is parent of y and x is female
16. Prolog Execution
Procedural reading :
To show that x is the mother of y, first show that x is a parent of y, then show that x is female.
Clauses:
parent (john, bill) .
parent (jane, bill) .
female(jane) .
Query:
| ?- mother (M, bill) .
17. Prolog Execution
The clause of mother /2 will be located, and the unification X=M, Y=bill will occur.
Then parent (M, bill) will be attempted, resulting in the unification M=john.
Next, female (john) will be attempted, but will fail.
Prolog will backtrack to parent (M, bill) and look for another solution for this; it will
succeed and unify M=jane.
Finally, it will attempt female (jane), and succeed; so the inquiry will succeed,
having performed the unification M=jane.