This document is a project report submitted by Devesh Kumar Chaurasia for their Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering. The report details their six week industrial training at the Maintenance Section 1 of Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department. During the training, they assisted with repair work and whitewashing of various government buildings in Lucknow, including Chief Engineer's office and residences. The report includes documentation of the repair work undertaken, including specifications, rate analysis, measurement details, and a bill of quantities. It also includes case studies on plastering techniques and types of cracks in buildings.

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SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
A PROJECTREPORT
Submitted by
DEVESH KUMAR CHAURASIA
Roll No.-1742300008
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
School of Management Sciences
(SMS Institute of Technology)
Sultanpur Road, Lucknow – 226501,
Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description Page No.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
i. Introduction ........................................................................................4
ii. Objectives of the training ....................................................................4
iii. Scopeof the industrial training ...........................................................5
CHAPTER 2: UNDERTAKEN PROJECT
Repair work and Whitewash
i. List of officers ...................................................................................7
ii. Detailed work ....................................................................................7
iii. Specifications ....................................................................................7
iv. Rate Analysis ....................................................................................8
v. Details of Measurement ....................................................................8
vi. Bill of Quantity..................................................................................12
vii. Case study on plastering……………………………………………13
viii. Case study on cracks………………………………………………..16
CHAPTER 3 : CONCLUSIONS
i. Conclusions ......................................................................................22
ii. Drawbacks.. .......................................................................................22
iii. Future scope.. .....................................................................................23

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Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my
guide Er. Ashwani Kumar Mishra, Executive Engineer and Er. Naveen
Kumar Sharma, Assistant Engineer, for exemplary guidance, monitoring and
constant encouragement throughout the course . The blessing, help and
guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of
life on which I am about to embark.
I am highly in debt for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support
in completing the project.
Lastly, I thank Almighty, my parents, brother, sister and friends for their
constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.

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Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Lok Nirman Vibhag popularly known as U.P.P.W.D. has a legacy of
more than 130 years. U.P.P.W.D. is responsible for construction,
maintenance and planning of roads, bridges and Govt. Buildings.
As part of graduationrequirements,all the undergraduates,thethird year
and forthyear students,who take bachelorof Civil Engineering in SMS
Lucknow will undergo industrial training programme for a duration of
six weeks. This industrial training is a course for undergraduates that
gives them an opportunity to expose themselves in the real career world
so as to they will learn how to relate theoretical learning before and real
practical in working’s environment. Besides that, in future, they will be
having good preparation and understanding for their field of profession.
THE OBJECTIVE OF INDUSTRIALTRAINING:
• Undergraduates have an opportunity to expose themselves in
working’s environment of their field of profession respectively.
• Forobtainingworking’sexperiencein the industrywhich is relating
to their field of current study.
• Using knowledge which is obtained from industrial training for
their study after finishing training and continuing study at
university afterwards.

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• Training them to be capable in communication and interaction
between workers and superior.
• Training them to be able to prepare a technical report which is
related to industrial training they do.
THE SCOPE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING:
• Observing the whole operation of this industry.
• Doing operation’swork that is involved in unit productionbyeither
using machine or tool.
• Work that involving installment and fabrication of tool.
• Visual inspection and quality control on the final product.
• Repairing any damaged tool if it still can use, or buying a new tool
to replace it.
• Discussion and meeting with super

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CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ON REPAIR WORK
Name of Circle : Maintenance Section No. 1 U.P.P.W.D
Name of Constituency : Lucknow
Name of Construction Site : Lucknow
Name of Department : Construction Division, U.P.P.W.D, Lucknow
Lok Sabha/Vidhan Sabha : Lucknow
Detailed Estimate
Name of the task: Repair work and white wash of Chief Engineers office
and Residence House, Hawlock Road Colony, Kabir
Marg Colony, Gulista Colony, Dilkhusha Colony
situated in Lucknow.

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LIST OF OFFICERS
Sr. No Name of Officer Designation
1. Er. Ashwani Kumar Mishra Executive Engineer
2. Er. Naveen Kumar Sharma Assistant Engineer
List of Officers in charge at construction site
Detailedwork :
For the mentioned work, , the existing coat of colour was first scraped out and all
the voids existing were covered with white cement. The surface was allowed to air
dry and then watered to add moisture. The walls were then coated with a layer ofoil-
bound washable distemper. For repairing the walls the old plaster was first raked
out and cleaned with sand paperfor making the surface smooth. Therepair work was
done as patches of area 2.5 sqm, of thickness 12 mm to 20 mm with cement mortar
(1:4).
Specifications :
All the works were carried out as per Detailed Specifications of U.P.P.W.D.
Lucknow and as directed by Engineer in Charge and Circulars issued by
Chief Engineer(level-I) from time to time.

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RATE ANALYSIS
Sr.No. SOR No. Item of Work Rate
1. 1-14-43 Removing white or colour wash by scrapping and sand
preparing the surface smooth including necessary repairs
to scratches tec completely.
Rs.5.40 per sqm
2. 1-13-41-
1
Distempering with oil-bound washable distemper of
approved brand and manufacture to give an even shade.
New work (two or more coats) including priming coat with
cement primer.
Rs. 93 per sqm
3. 1-14-54 Painting with synthetic enamel paint of approved brand
and manufacture of required colour to give an even shade:
two coats on old work.
Rs. 48.60 per
sqm
4. 1-14-1-1 Repairs to plaster of thickness 12 mm to 20 mm in patches
of area 2.5 sqm with cement mortar (1:4).
Rs. 223.20 per
sqm
5. 1-15-56 Dismantling old plaster or skirting and raking out joints
and cleaning the surface for plaster including disposal of
rubbish to the dumping ground within 50 mts lead.
Rs. 13.70 per
sqm
6. 1-13-2-2 15 mm cement plaster on rough side of single or half
brick wall of mix 1:6.
Rs. 156.30 per
sqm
7. 1-13-21 Extra for providing and mixing water proofing material in
cement plaster work in proportion recommended by the
manufacturers.
Rs. 39.00 per
sqm
8. 1-9-51-2 Providing and fixing fly proof galvanized M.S wire gauge
to windows and clerestory with 12 mm M.S beading.
Rs. 550.20 per
sqm
9. 1-17-11 White vitreous china clay Orissa pattern W.C pan of size
580x440 mm with integral type each foot rests.
Rs. 4855.50 each
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT
Sr. no Particulars of the work No. L B H Quantity
Removing white or colour wash by
scrapping and sand preparing the
Surface smooth including necessary
repairs to scratches tec. completely.

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6. 15 mm thick cement plaster on rough
side of single or double brick wall of
mix 1:6
Quantity same as Item 5
7. Extra for providing and mixing water
proofing material in cement plaster
work in proportion recommended by
the manufacturers.
Quantity same as Item 6
8. Providing and fixing fly proof
galvanized M.S wire gauge to windows
and clerestory with 12 mm M.S
beading.
1x11 0.60 0.45 2.97 sqm
9. White vitreous china clay Orissa
pattern W.C pan of size 580x440 mm
with integral type each foot rests.
1x2 2.00
details of measurement table

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BILL OF QUANTITY
Sr.No. Particulars of item Quantity Rate Amount
1. Removing white or colour wash by
scrapping and sand preparing the surface
smooth including necessary repairs to
scratches tec completely.
4566.98 sqm 5.40 per sqm Rs. 24661.69
2. Distempering with oil-bound washable
distemper of approved brand and
manufacture to give an even shade. New
work (two or more coats) including priming
coat with cement primer.
4566.98 sqm 93.00 per sqm Rs. 424729.14
3. Painting with synthetic enamel paint of
approved brand and manufacture of
required colour to give an even shade: two
coats on old work.
900.26 sqm 48.60 per sqm Rs. 43752.14
4. Repairs to plaster of thickness 12 mm to 20
mm in patches of area 2.5 sqm with cement
mortar (1:4).
125.00 sqm 223.20 per sqm Rs. 27900.00
5. Dismantling old plaster or skirting and
raking out joints and cleaning the surface
for plaster including disposal of rubbish to
the dumping ground within 50 mts lead.
94.08 sqm 13.70 per sqm Rs. 1288.90
6. 15 mm thick cement plaster on rough side
of single or double brick wall of mix 1:6.
94.08 sqm 6057.24 per sqm Rs. 14704.70
7. Extra for providing and mixing water
proofing material in cement plaster work in
proportion recommended by the
manufacturers.
94.08 sqm 39.00 per sqm Rs. 3669.12
8. Providing and fixing fly proof galvanized
M.S wire gauge to windows and clerestory
with 12 mm M.S beading.
2.97 sqm 550.20 per sqm Rs. 1634.09
9. White vitreous china clay Orissa pattern
W.C pan of size 580x440 mm with integral
type each foot rests.
2.00 units 4855.50 per unit Rs. 9711.00
Grand Total Rs. 5,52,051.28

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Plastering as Building Finishes and the Defects
Plastering is enhancing the aesthetic value and hygiene condition in a building.
Plaster finished surface also gives insulation to thermal, fire and sound. The surface
finish can be obtained as smooth, semi-rough or rough as per the desired aesthetic
appearance using ganging trowel, Regi foam and sponge. Cement sand mortar is used
as the plaster mix.
IMPORTANT ASPECTSTO BE CONSIDEREDWHEN PLASTERING
 Plastering work should be levelled, plumbed up and the joints should be at
right angle at the corners or edges.

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 It must cover the non-verticality and non-horizontality of walls and columns
which are resulting from poorworkmanship and non-standard bricks.
 Generally, the plaster thickness should not exceed 15 mm. Else the mortar
bulk might tend to fall due to its self-weight and thus the cracks canbeinitiated
in later stages.
 The mortar mix proportionofcement: sand = 1:5 is generally used for the wall
plastering.
PROCEDUREFOR PLASTERING
It is must to ensure all mechanical and electrical work which associated with the
plaster surface should be completed before commencing plastering. Any holes left
in the wall orhoneycomb effect should befilled with constructiongrout. The surface
should be cleaned well to remove the dusts, loose particles and efflorescence in
bricks and then it should be wetted thoroughly.
1:5 cement: sand mortar should be mixed thoroughly and applied on the prepared
surface from top to bottom and levelled by using the straight edge and plumb bob.
After plastering, curing should be done for entire plastered surface. The curing
should be continued forat least 7 days to protectthe plastered surface from initiation
of thermal cracks.
DEFECTS IN PLASTERING
The defects in the plasterwork can be caused due to several reasons. The bricks,
mortar and concrete have some amounts of voids themselves. Moisture movement
that is causing by drying process of moisture inside the bricks, mortar and concrete
during the initial setting out or due to absorption of moisture from environment and
expand is main reason for the crack development. Quality of bricks used,

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workmanship of brickwork or plastering work, quality of mortar mix used, water
containing salt used for mortar mixture and dry condition of the plaster surface are
some other reasons for the defects in the plastering.
Proper proportioning and mixing of contents and good workmanship (avoid excess
troweling) is important to prevent the surface from cracking.
Crazing and Map cracking, De bonding, Lack of hardness, Grinning, Expansion,
Popping and Blistering are the possible defects in the plaster surface.
 Crazing is caused because of over troweling the mortar with high cement
content. This can be covered easily with the reasonable quality paint with
appropriate filler.
 De bonding is dueto different shrinkage rate through the plaster thickness and
can be noticed if a hollow sound is heard when tapping the surface. The main
reason for this type defect is the excessive thick plaster layers. Cleaning the
surface well to remove dusts and oil, damp the wall properly and applying the
cement slurry coat on the surface before plastering can be minimized the de
bonding.
 Lack of hardness can be observed only by scratching the surface and this is
causing due to insufficient cement content, using the sand with excess dust
and adding some more water after first mixing (re tempering).
 Grinning is due to excess troweling.


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 In the case of drying shrinkage cracks, the crack should be dug along the
crack as a ‘V’ notch up to 10 mm or up to crack depth with 10 mm wide. This
v notch should be made to ensure a bonding with the infill material
(construction grout). Then the surface should be cleaned well to obtain dust
free surface and made it wet. The construction grout can be mixed with water
and applied on the cleaned ‘v’ notch.
Types of cracks: Cracks may be divided in two categories viz
Structuralcracks
Non structuralcracks
i) Structural cracks:
Structural cracks may arise due to various reasons such as incorrect design,
overloading of the structural components, overloading of the soil on which the
building is constructed or other similar factors. Structural cracks endanger the
stability of the building and may be difficult to be rectified. Extensive cracks of
foundations walls, beams, columns or slabs etc, are examples of structural cracks.
ii) Non- structural cracks:
Non- structural cracks are generally due to internal forces developed in the
buildings on account of change in the size of building components, due to moisture
variation, temperature variations, the effect ofgases, liquid and solids on the building
components. The non-structural cracks can be repaired provided the reasons for
cracks are identified and suitable remedial measures are taken to prevent their
reoccurrence.

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Investigationrelating to cracks:
A careful study of the locations of cracks (starting and finishing points) their width
and depth helps in dealing with the diagnosis of different types of cracks.
The following information helps in diagnosing the cracks:
i. Whether the crack is old or new.
ii. Whether it appears on the oppositeface of the member also.
iii. Pattern of the cracks.
iv. Soil condition, type of foundation used, and movement of ground if any.
v. Observations on the similar structures in the same locality.Study ofspecification,
method of construction, used and the test result at the site if any
vi. Climatic condition during which the structure has been constructed.
Limitation of crack width (IS 456:2000):
Depending on the exposure conditions limitations on crack width are imposed as
follows
1. For members in water storage units, sewage treatment plants, structures in
chemically hazardous atmosphere, etc. Cracks are not permitted in R.C.
members.
2. In severe atmosphere up to 0.1mm crack width is permitted.
3. Moderate atmosphere up to 0.2mm crack width is permitted.
4. In mild atmosphere the surface width of cracks should not, in general exceed
0.3mm in members where cracking does not have any serious adverse effects
upon the preservation of reinforcing steel nor upon the durability of structure.
Permissible crack width in reinforced structure as per ACI
Exposure conditions Maximum allowable crack width in
mm
Dry air, protective membrane 0.41
Humidity, moist air 0.30
Sea water and seawater spray; Wetting and
drying
0.15
Water retaining structure 0.10
II) CAUSES FOR THE OCCURANCE OF CRACKS:

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The importance causes responsible for occurrence of the cracks are
1.structural deficiency resulting from design deficiency or construction deficiency
and overloading.
2. Settlement of ground
3.Temperature and Shrinkage effects.
4. Cracks due to faulty workmanship and poorconstruction practice
Cracks due to structural deficiency resulting from design deficiency or
constructiondeficiency and overloads.
Concrete structure and individual members all carry loads. Some carry only the
weight of the materials they are made of, while others carry loads applied to the
structure. All material change volume when subjected to stress,
Concrete is no exception. When subjected to tensile stress, concrete stretches; when
subjected to compressive stress it shortens. Concrete possesses high compressive
strength but little tensile strength, and reinforcing steel provides the needed strength
in tension. The loads induced during construction can be far more severe than they
are experienced in service. Concrete problems, such as excessive deflection,
cracking may be caused by volume changes associated with load effect.
 Cracks occurdue to shear, flexural and torsional steel deficiency.
 Cracks occurdue to abrupt curtailment of reinforcing bars, construction joints
etc.
 Improper anchorage.
 Cracks due to overloading of members

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Cracks due to shrinkage and temperature effect:
Shrinkagecrack:
Shrinkage cracks showup in two basic locations in mostwalls; the approximate
mid-point of a long section of wall, and the narrowed section of the wall such as
across a dooror window head. Shrinkage cracks are virtually uniform in width from
top to bottom and typically extend from the top of the wall to within a couple of feet
of the foundation.
Shrinkage crack in wall masonry Shrinkage crack in cantilever slab

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Temperatureeffect:
Theeffect of temperature on concretestructure and member is one of volume
change. The volume relationship to temperature is expressed by the coefficient of
thermal expansion/contraction. Volume changes create stress when the concrete is
restrained. The resulting stress can be of any type: tension, compression, shear, and
etc. the stressed conditions may result in undesirable behavior such as cracking,
spalling and excessive deflection.
Cracks due to settlement:
Uneven (differential) settlement can be a major structural problem in small
residential buildings, although serious settlement problems are relatively uncommon.
Many signs ofmasonry distress are incorrectly diagnosed as settlement-related when
in fact they are due to moisture and thermal movements.
Indications of differential settlement are vertical distortion or cracking of
masonry walls, warped interior and exterior openings, sloped floors, and sticking
doors and windows. Settlement most often occurs early in the life of a building or
when there is a dramatic change in underground conditions. Often suchsettlement is
associated with improper foundation design, particularly inadequate footers and
foundation walls.

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Gradual differential settlement over a long period of time may produce no
masonry cracking at all, particularly in walls with older and softer bricks and high
lime mortars; the wall will elastically deform instead. More rapid settlements,
however, produce cracks that taper, being largest at one end and diminishing to a
hairline at the other, depending on the direction and location of settlement below the
wall.
Cracking is most likely to occur at corners and adjacent to openings, and usually
follows a rough diagonal along mortar joints (although individual masonry units may
be split). Settlement cracks (as opposed to the similar-appearing shrinkage cracks
that are especially prevalent in concrete block) may extend through contiguous
building elements such as floor slabs, masonry walls above the foundation, and
interior plaster work. Tapering cracks, or cracks that are nearly vertical and whose
edges do not line up, may occur at the joints of projecting bay windows, porches,
and additions. These cracks indicate differential settlement due to inadequate
Cracks due to faulty workmanship and poor constructionpractice:
Methods used to construct concrete structures are different from methods used in
other type of construction. Concrete is one of the few materials in which raw
ingredients are brought together at, or near, the construction site, where they are
mixed, placed and molded into a final product. Every building process includes a
sequence of necessary step-by-step operation-from conceptual plan to finished
structure. There are so many variables affecting the productionof concretethat there
is always a potential for something to go wrong.
Differential settlement caused by variable soil types

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Chapter 3: CONCLUSION
Conclusion
The 6 weeks training that I received at U.P.P.W.D. was great
experience for me not only on technical terms but also in terms of
interaction with other workers. I learnt a great deal on applying the
knowledge I have gained at the University. Learning something from
books and lectures is nothing like having firsthand experience. At
Loadstar I got to apply my Civil Engineering knowledge. The
company gives the full freedom for the trainee to get a sufficient
training. The trainees are allowed to ask and do anything relevant to
the training. Engineers are always very enthusiastic on giving us the
best training experience. The employees do not think of their
designation but only on the work to be done. Teamwork has been
excellent and all of them are like best friends,even with lowerranked
employees like Drivers, Office aids. And also they are most often at
the sites with all kinds of employees.Everyone was friendly fromtop
to bottom. Employees are busy with their work but they always help
us to improve our knowledge.
Drawbacks during the training
A drawback I see in U.P.P.W.D is that it has many health hazards.
Employees are exposed to large amounts of dust. When inhaled,
these particles can cause serious lung disease. Even though there is a
rule to wear protective masks, employees do not do so most of the
time. They should be urged to wear protective gear and lectured on
negative consequences of not wearing them. Also unlike in CEB
where the safety is measured by the number of accidents in a given

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time period, in Loadstar, it is the number of deaths that is shown. I
attached the copy of the Certificate obtained by U.P.PWD.
Future Scope
As an undergraduate of the SMS Lucknow I would like to say that
this training program is an excellent opportunity for us to get to the
ground level and experience the things that we would have never
gained through going straight into a job. I am grateful to U.P.P.W.D
for giving us this wonderful opportunity. The main objective of the
industrial training is to provide an opportunity to undergraduates to
identify, observe and practice how engineering is applicable in the
real industry. It is not only to get experience on technical practices
but also to observe management practices and to interact with fellow
workers. It is easy to work with sophisticated machines, but not with
people. The only chance that an undergraduate has to have this
experience is the industrial training period. I feel I got the maximum
out of that experience. Also I learnt the way of work in an
organization, the importance of being punctual, the importance of
maximum commitment, and the importance of team spirit. The
training program having three destinations was a lot more useful than
staying at one place throughout the whole six weeks. In my opinion,
I have gained lots of knowledge and experience needed to be
successful in a great engineering challenge, as in my opinion,
Engineering is after all a Challenge, and not a Job.

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ThankYou…